ENV 609: Ecosystem service valuation

(Chapter 4)
History of Integrated natural Resource management

Brundtland Report (1987):

Introduced the concept of sustainable development, defining
it as meeting present needs without compromising future
generations.

"Development that meets the needs of the present without

compromising the ability of future generations to meet their
own needs."
History of Integrated natural Resource management
History of Integrated natural Resource management
Role of CGIAR (Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research)
INRM in Practice (2000s Onward)
Community-Based Resource Management: Projects started
involving local communities to ensure that management
strategies were culturally appropriate and practically effective.
Adaptive Management: Recognized the need for flexibility in
management practices to respond to changing environmental
conditions.

CGIAR
Key organization of Integrated Natural Resource management
Sectors
Project Name Location Integrated Highlights Donor Agencies Timeline
Agriculture,
Improved land IDRC (Canada), Rockefeller
East Africa forestry, water
African productivity while Foundation, SIDA,
(Ethiopia, Kenya, management, 1995 –
Highlands conserving natural Netherlands Ministry of
Madagascar, socio- 2005
Initiative (AHI) resources through Foreign Affairs, NORAD;
Tanzania, Uganda) economic
community engagement Hosted by ICRAF
development
Europe (Germany,
Austria, Czech
Republic, Slovakia,
Collaborative effort
Hungary, Slovenia, Water quality,
Danube River among multiple countries European Union, GEF,
Croatia, Bosnia and navigation, 1994 –
Basin to manage and protect UNDP, National
Herzegovina, hydropower, Ongoing
Management the Danube River Governments
Serbia, Bulgaria, biodiversity
ecosystem
Romania, Moldova,
Ukraine,
Montenegro)
Soil
Integrated
conservation, Restored degraded
Watershed
water watersheds, enhancing Government of India, State 2009 –
Management India
harvesting, water availability and Governments, World Bank Ongoing
Programme
agriculture, rural livelihoods
(IWMP)
afforestation
Fisheries, Empowered coastal
Integrated tourism, communities to
Asian Development Bank
Coastal mangrove sustainably manage 1990s –
Philippines (ADB), Global Environment
Management conservation, resources and improve Ongoing
Facility (GEF), USAID, UNDP
Projects disaster risk resilience to natural
reduction disasters
 Examples Integrated Natural Resource management in Bangladesh
1. Integrated Coastal Zone Management Plan (ICZMP)

Sectors Integrated: Coastal management, agriculture, fisheries, disaster risk reduction, and community
development.
Objective: To develop a sustainable management framework for the coastal zones, addressing challenges like
cyclones, salinity intrusion, and erosion.

Activities:
Stakeholder Engagement: Involving local communities, government agencies, and NGOs in planning and
implementation.
Resource Management: Promoting sustainable fishing practices and mangrove reforestation.
Disaster Preparedness: Enhancing early warning systems and constructing cyclone shelters.

Outcomes:
Resilient Livelihoods: Improved income opportunities through diversified agriculture and aquaculture.
Environmental Protection: Restoration of mangrove ecosystems, which act as natural barriers against storms.
Policy Influence: Informed national policies on coastal zone management.
 Examples Integrated Natural Resource management in Bangladesh

2. Sundarbans Integrated Resource Management

Sectors Integrated: Forestry, biodiversity conservation, fisheries, tourism, and community livelihoods.
Objective: To conserve the Sundarbans mangrove forest— a UNESCO World Heritage site— while supporting the
well-being of local communities.
Activities:
Co-management Practices: Involving local stakeholders in forest management decisions.
Alternative Livelihoods: Introducing beekeeping, crab farming, and eco-tourism to reduce dependence on forest
resources.
Conservation Efforts: Strengthening anti-poaching measures and wildlife monitoring.

Outcomes:
Biodiversity Preservation: Improved habitat protection for endangered species like the Bengal tiger.
Economic Benefits: Enhanced income for communities through sustainable enterprises.
Increased Awareness: Education programs promoting conservation ethics.
 Examples Integrated Natural Resource management in Bangladesh

3. Community-Based Fisheries Management (CBFM)

Sectors Integrated: Fisheries, water resources, agriculture, and community development.
Objective: To empower local fishing communities to sustainably manage inland fisheries resources.

Activities:
Community Organization: Formation of local groups to oversee fishery resources.
Sustainable Practices: Implementing seasonal fishing bans and protected areas.
Capacity Building: Training on resource management and alternative income activities.

Outcomes:
Resource Recovery: Notable increases in fish populations and diversity.
Improved Livelihoods: Stability in income and food security for fisherfolk.
Policy Impact: Influencing national inland fisheries policies towards community management models.
 Examples Integrated Natural Resource management in Bangladesh

4. Haor Basin Integrated Management (Supported by IFAD)

Sectors Integrated: Water management, agriculture, fisheries, disaster risk reduction, and infrastructure
development.
Objective: To develop the haor (wetland) areas in northeastern Bangladesh in a sustainable manner.

Activities:
Flood Management: Constructing embankments and improving drainage systems.
Agricultural Support: Introducing flood-resilient crop varieties and farming techniques.
Fisheries Enhancement: Habitat restoration for fish breeding.

Outcomes:
Reduced Vulnerability: Decreased damage from flash floods.
Economic Growth: Increased agricultural productivity and fish yields.
Social Development: Better access to education and health services through infrastructural improvements.
.
 Examples Integrated Natural Resource management in Bangladesh

5. Chittagong Hill Tracts Watershed Co-management (Supported by UNDP)

Sectors Integrated: Forestry, agriculture, water resources, indigenous community development, and biodiversity
conservation.

Objective: To manage the hilly watersheds sustainably while respecting the rights and traditions of indigenous
peoples.

Activities:
Participatory Planning: Involving indigenous communities in decision-making processes.
Agroforestry Promotion: Combining tree cultivation with crops to prevent soil erosion.
Conservation Initiatives: Protecting critical habitats and promoting biodiversity.

Outcomes:
Environmental Restoration: Reduction in deforestation and land degradation.
Cultural Preservation: Support for traditional practices and knowledge.
Enhanced Livelihoods: Diversified income sources for indigenous populations.
.
Why Environmental pollution overlooked in INRM initiatives

1.Project Priorities: INRM projects in Bangladesh may have historically focused on sectors like agriculture,
forestry, or disaster management due to the country's vulnerability to floods and cyclones. Immediate
concerns like food security and natural disasters might have taken precedence over pollution issues.

2.Institutional Framework: Environmental pollution often falls under the purview of environmental
ministries or agencies, while INRM projects might be managed by agricultural or forestry departments.
This fragmentation can lead to pollution not being integrated into broader natural resource management
initiatives.

3.Funding and Donor Influence: Donor agencies supporting INRM projects might have specific agendas or
focus areas. If their priorities didn't explicitly include pollution control, the projects would reflect that.

4.Data and Awareness Gaps: There might have been a lack of comprehensive data on pollution levels
when these projects were planned. Without solid evidence of the pollution's impact on natural resources,
integrating it into INRM projects could have been overlooked.
.
Forest Management

What is forest?
What does it mean by forest management?
What is traditional forest management?
What is alternative (sustainable) forest
management?
What is collaborative forest management?
Classification of Forest
Even Aged Forest
Forest Age
Uneven Aged Forest Legal Classification
 Reserved Forests
Pure Forest / Monoculture
Species Composition  Protected Forests
Mixed Forest  Village Forests
High Forest  USF
Forest regeneration
Coppice Forest

Productive Forest Administrative Classification

 State Forest Department C.C.F.
Management Objective Protection Forest
D.C.C.
Recreational Forest C.F.
 Forest Division D.F.O.
Tropical Evergreen
 Sub-Forest Division A.C.F.
Tropical Semi-Evergreen  Range R.O.
Forest Ecology Tropical Moist deciduous  Beat B.O., Foresters
Fresh water Swamp
Tidal Mangrove Forest
Administrative structure of forest management
Administrative structure of forest management
Administrative structure of forest management
Ecological classification of forests of Bangladesh
Traditional forest management
Silviculture:
Silviculture is the art and science of controlling the establishment, growth, composition, health, and
quality of forests and woodlands to meet the diverse needs and values of landowners and society
such as wildlife habitat, timber, water resources, restoration, and recreation on a sustainable basis
(USDA).

A silvicultural system is a planned series of treatments

for tending, harvesting, and re-establishing a stand to
meet management objectives.

These treatments are applied throughout the life of

the stand and are combinations of regeneration
methods and stand tending, called intermediate
treatments.
 Difference Silvicultural systems
Silviculture

Even-aged Systems Two-aged Systems uneven-aged Systems

(In between even aged and uneven aged
management system)
Single Tree Selection
Regeneration Methods Intermediate Treatments

1. Release cutting
1. Clear cutting a. Cleaning
2. Seed-tree Method b. Weeding
3. Shelterwood Method c. Liberation cutting
4. Coppice 2. Improvement Cutting a. Crown thinning
3. Thinning b. Low thinning
4. Sanitation and Salvage Cutting c. Selection Thinning
5. Other treatments d. Geometric Thinning
a. Pruning
b. Fertilization
c. Prescribed Burning
d. Application of pesticides
Silvicultural systems for Sal forest
Coppice
is a method of regenerating a stand in which all trees in the previous stand are cut, knocked over, or
injured at the root and the majority of regeneration is from stump sprouts or root suckers.
This is primarily used in hardwood stands; however, coastal redwoods may also be regenerated using
this method.
Silvicultural systems for Hill forest
Clearcutting (CC)
is a method of regenerating an even-aged stand in which a cohort, or new age class of seedlings,
develops in a fully-exposed microenvironment after removal, in a single cutting, of all trees in the
previous stand.
Regeneration is from natural seeding, direct seeding, planted seedlings, and/or advance regeneration.
Cutting may be done in groups or patches (group or patch clearcutting), or in strips (strip clearcutting).
Silvicultural systems for the Sundarbans

Single-tree selection (Selection cutting)

is a method of creating or perpetuating new age
classes in uneven-aged stands in which individual
trees of all size classes are periodically removed
more-or-less uniformly throughout the stand to
achieve desired stand structural characteristics.
Under this method of uneven-aged management,
only individual undesirable or excess trees are
harvested. Their removal releases established
understory trees from suppression and helps
establish new regeneration through exposure of
mineral soil and increased penetration of light and
moisture to the forest floor.
Silvicultural systems for the Sundarbans

Single-tree selection (Selection cutting)

is a method of creating or perpetuating new age
classes in uneven-aged stands in which individual
trees of all size classes are periodically removed
more-or-less uniformly throughout the stand to
achieve desired stand structural characteristics.
Under this method of uneven-aged management,
only individual undesirable or excess trees are
harvested. Their removal releases established
understory trees from suppression and helps
establish new regeneration through exposure of
mineral soil and increased penetration of light and
moisture to the forest floor.
 Traditional Forest management vs Sustainable forest management

Feature Traditional Forest Management Forest Ecosystem Management

Maximizing timber production and

Focus
economic returns

Clear-cutting, selective logging,

Methods
replanting specific tree species

Goals Short-term economic gains

Management Forests as a collection of resources to be

Perspective harvested

Considerations Primarily economic

 Traditional Forest management vs Sustainable forest management

Feature Traditional Forest Management Forest Ecosystem Management

Maximizing timber production Sustaining the health and diversity

Focus
and economic returns of the ecosystem

Selective logging, preserving old-

Clear-cutting, selective logging,
Methods growth forests, maintaining
replanting specific tree species
biodiversity

Goals Short-term economic gains Long-term ecological sustainability

Management Forests as a collection of

Forests as complex ecosystems
Perspective resources to be harvested

Economic, ecological, and social

Considerations Primarily economic
values
 Sustainable Forest Management

SFM encompasses the administrative, legal, technical, economic,

social and environmental aspects of the conservation and use of
forests. It implies various degrees of human intervention, ranging
from actions aimed at safeguarding and maintaining forest
ecosystems and their functions to those favouring specific
socially or economically valuable species or groups of species for
the improved production of goods and services. In addition to
forest products (comprising both wood and non-wood forest
products), sustainably managed forests provide important
ecosystem services, such as carbon sequestration, biodiversity
conservation, and the protection of water resources. (FAO)
 Origin of Sustainable Forest Management (SFM)
SFM emerged as a response to growing concerns about unsustainable forest practices and the need
for more responsible management of forest resources. The concept gained significant momentum
following the publication of the Brundtland Report in 1987 (Our Common Future) , which introduced
the idea of sustainable development. This report emphasized the importance of meeting the needs of
the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.

Several international agreements and initiatives further solidified the concept of SFM, including:
1992 Rio Earth Summit: This conference established the principle of sustainable development and
adopted the Forest Principles, which outlined guidelines for responsible forest management.
Intergovernmental Panel on Forests (IPF): Established in 1995, the IPF developed a set of criteria and
indicators for sustainable forest management.

Intergovernmental Forum on Forests (IFF): The IFF, which replaced the IPF in 1997, continued to
promote SFM and developed a global forest convention.

United Nations Forum on Forests (UNFF): Established in 2001, the UNFF serves as the primary
international body for discussing and promoting sustainable forest management.
Sustainable Forest Management
 Transition towards Sustainable Forest Management
1. Resource
Stewardship
2. Philosophical
Traditional Forest management Sustainable Forest management
Differences
3. Community based Ecocentric
Forest management

Biocentrism
 from silviculture toward ecoculture;
 from volume toward quality;
 from stands toward landscapes; Anthropocentrism
 from ownerships toward councils and communities;
 from the forest as product toward the forest as capital; Egocentric
 from current income toward natural capital and green
finance; and
 from blind consumption toward consumer awareness.
 Transition towards Sustainable Forest Management
1. Resource
Stewardship
2. Philosophical
Traditional Forest management Sustainable Forest management
Differences
3. Community based Ecocentric
Forest management

Biocentrism

Anthropocentrism

Egocentric
Sustainable Forest Management (SFM)
 Sustainable Forest Management (SFM)

1. What is the role of planted forests in achieving sustainable forest management?

2. Is forest certification applied where it is most needed?

3. Does government ownership protect forests?

4. How does SFM contribute to addressing global environmental issues, such as climate change
and biodiversity loss?

5. What are the economic benefits of SFM?

6. How can SFM be integrated into broader land use planning and management?

7. What are the challenges and opportunities for SFM in developing countries?
Sustainable Forest Management- Social/Community Forestry
Sustainable Forest Management- Social/Community Forestry
 First attempted in 1979 and 1980 with the Betagi and Pomora projects in Rangunia upazila of Chittagong.
 Community Forestry Project (1982-1987) Developed a participatory approach to resource generation and
management.
 Upazila Afforestation and Nursery Development Project (1987-95) and Extended Social Forestry Project (1995-
97) Raised agroforestry and woodlot plantations in the degraded and encroached sal forest land.
 Forest Resources Management Project (1992-2000) Developed forest and human resources for forestry
development in the country.
 Coastal Green Belt Project (1995-2000): Created a live shelterbelt of trees along the coastlines of the country.
 Forestry Sector Project (1997-2004) Aimed to augment and strengthen the overall tree resource base in the
country and to reduce the rate of depletion of forest.
Achievements (Up to 2014-2015):
Raised 51,389 hectares of woodlot plantation, 10,626 hectares of agroforest, 64,834 km of strip plantation, and
9,007 hectares of other plantations. Involved about 6,05,566 participants in social forestry programmes and
distributed an amount of Taka 2,362 million to 1,20,413 participants as benefit of social forestry.
Sustainable Forest Management- Social/Community Forestry
Sustainable Forest Management- Co management
The concept of collaborative or co management is defined as "a situation in which two or more social
actors negotiate, define and guarantee amongst themselves a fair sharing of the management
functions, entitlements and responsibilities for a given territory, area or set of natural resources"
(Borrini Feyerabend et al 2007)
In other words, co management seeks to incorporate those actors that depend on the protected area
and its natural resources in decision making processes as well as to increase accountability and the
sharing of responsibility. The expected result is a more equitable and long term natural resource
conservation backed by resource users, management authorities and other relevant stakeholders It
institutionalizes multi stakeholder engagement, including government agencies, civil society, and natural
resource dependent local communities, through the sharing of management functions, responsibilities
and benefits derived from the protected area.
Sustainable Forest Management- Co management

 Co-management is sharing governance between BFD and the communities including other
stakeholders who are linked with people living around forests and forest products.

 With USAID supported Nishorgo Support Project (NSP) during the period of 2004-2008,
five protected areas were first brought under co-management.
Lawachara National Park
Rema-Kalenga Wildlife Sanctuary
Satchari Reserve Forest (proposed as a Wildlife Sanctuary)
Teknaf Game Reserve
Chunati Wildlife Sanctuary

 After completion of Nishorgo Support Project, a follow-up project was developed called
Integrated Protected Area Co-management (IPAC) during 2008-2013 which is then followed
by Climate Resilient Eco-System and Livelihood (CREL) during 2013-2017.
Achievement of NSP programme
Achievement of NSP programme
Achievement of NSP programme

• 178 (No.) nurseries

• 2,14,105 (No.) tree seedlings planted
• 934 (No.) Households started bamboo prod.
• 3142 (No.) vegetable gardens
• 112 (Family) chicken rearing
• 531 ((No.) ) milk cows & beef fattening
• 40 (No.) goat fattening
• 78 (No.) pig rearing
• 148 (No.) shops
• 173 (No.) ponds- fish culture and trading
• 420 groups formed
• 9,815 members
• 45% women
• 107,660 beneficiaries, including family members
• 302 (families) other AIGs
Co management in natural resource management
 Natural resource based (forests and/or wetlands)
ecotourism is now the most interesting topic to Best practices of Co managements
the nature lover and policy maker throughout the  Put people at the center.
world because of its linkage with economic  Learn by doing.
benefits, nature management and biodiversity  Secure access to resources for local
conservation. communities.
 Build new institutions for resource
 Communities living in and around the forests management.
and/or wetlands are involved in protection of  Find innovations that deliver early
Protected Areas (PAs) with consequent sharing of returns.
benefit arising out of the PAs through supporting  Build linkages and networks.
their capacity building in other income  Innovations must be
generating activities. interdisciplinary.
 Policies should enable local
 For management of PAs, all stakeholders of the innovation.
localities are involved through formation of
comanagement committees
Co management structure
There are three tiers of co management organizations

 The Village Conservation Forums ( established at community level, are the basis of the co
management system giving a platform to resource users and poor communities around a protected
area

 The People’s Forum ( is the next tier constituting the umbrella structure of resource users and
poorest people bringing the VCFs of a protected area together

 The overarching structure for co management is the Co Management Committee (CMC consisting of
representatives of the PF, the FD, other government agencies, the local government, civil society, and
other relevant stakeholders Currently, 28 CMCs are functioning in 22 forest protected areas in the
country Co management has increased biodiversity conservation and the socio economic well being
of communities associated with the protected areas through this process of shared governance
(Source FD)