CBSE Class 10th NCERT Solution: Mathematics

Chapter 3
Pair of Linear Equations in Two Variables

Exercise: 3.1
Question 1: Aftab tells his daughter, “Seven years ago, I was seven times as old as you were
then. Also, three years from now, I shall be three times as old as you will be.” (Isn’t this
interesting?) Represent this situation algebraically and graphically.

Solution:

Let the present age of Aftab = x

Present age of his daughter = y

Seven years ago,

Age of Aftab = x − 7

Age of his daughter = y − 7

As per the question,

x  7  7( y  7)
x  7 y  42.......................(1)

Three years hence,

Age of Aftab = x + 3

Age of his daughter = y + 3

According to the question,

x  3  3( y  3)
x  3 y  6.......................(2)

Now,

x  7 y  42

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CBSE Class 10th NCERT Solution: Mathematics

X -7 0 7
Y 5 6 7

x  3y  6

X 6 3 0
Y 0 -1 -2

Graph:

Question 2: The coach of a cricket team buys 3 bats and 6 balls for Rs 3900. Later, she buys
another bat and 3 more balls of the same kind for Rs 1300. Represent this situation
algebraically and geometrically.

Solution:

Let the cost of a bat = Rs x.

Cost of a ball = Rs y

As per the question,

3 x  6 y  3900
x  3 y  1300

Now,

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CBSE Class 10th NCERT Solution: Mathematics

3x  6 y  3900

X 300 100 -100

Y 500 600 700

x  3 y  1300

X 400 700 1000

Y 300 200 100

Graph:

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CBSE Class 10th NCERT Solution: Mathematics

Question 3: The cost of 2 kg of apples and 1 kg of grapes on a day was found to be Rs 160.
After a month, the cost of 4 kg of apples and 2 kg of grapes is Rs 300. Represent the situation
algebraically and geometrically.

Solution:

Let the cost of 1 kg of apples = Rs x.

Cost of 1 kg of grapes = Rs y

As per the question,

2 x  y  160
4 x  2 y  300

Now,

2 x  y  160

X 50 60 70
Y 60 40 20

4 x  2 y  300

X 70 80 75
Y 10 -10 0

Graph:

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CBSE Class 10th NCERT Solution: Mathematics

Exercise: 3.2
Question 1: Form the pair of linear equations in the following problems, and find their
solutions graphically.

(i) 10 students of Class X took part in a Mathematics quiz. If the number of girls is 4 more
than the number of boys, find the number of boys and girls who took part in the quiz.

(ii) 5 pencils and 7 pens together cost Rs 50, whereas 7 pencils and 5 pens together cost Rs
46. Find the cost of one pencil and that of one pen.

Solution:

(i)

Let the number of girls = x

The number of boys = y.

As per the question,

x  y  10
x y4

Now,

x  y  10

X 5 4 6
Y 5 6 4

x y 4

X 5 4 3
Y 1 0 -1

Graph:

(ii)

Let the cost of 1 pencil = Rs x

The cost of 1 pen = Rs y.

As per the question,

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CBSE Class 10th NCERT Solution: Mathematics

5 x  7 y  50
7 x  5 y  46

Now,

5x  7 y  50

X 3 10 -4
Y 5 0 10

7 x  5 y  46

X 8 3 -2
Y -2 5 12

Graph:

Question 2: On comparing the ratios of coefficients, find out whether the lines representing
the following pairs of linear equations at a point, are parallel or coincident:

(i) 5x  4 y  8  0, 7 x  6 y  9  0

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CBSE Class 10th NCERT Solution: Mathematics

(ii) 9 x  3 y  12  0, 18 x  6 y  24  0
(iii) 6 x  3 y  10  0, 2 x  y  9  0

Solution:

(i)
5x  4 y  8  0
7x  6 y  9  0

a1  5, b1  4, c1  8
a2  7, b 2  6, c 2  9

a1 b1

a2 b2

Equations have a unique solution and pair of lines intersects at exactly one point.

(ii)
9 x  3 y  12  0
18 x  6 y  24  0

a1  9, b1  3, c1  12
a2  18, b 2  6, c2  24

a1 b1 c1
   Infinite solution 
a2 b2 c2

(iii)
6 x  3 y  10  0
2x  y  9  0
a1  6, b1  3, c1  10
a2  2, b 2  1, c2  9
a1 b1 c1
   No solution 
a2 b2 c2

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CBSE Class 10th NCERT Solution: Mathematics

Question 3: On comparing the ratios of coefficients, find out whether the following pairs of
linear equations are consistent, or inconsistent:

(i) 3 x  2 y  5, 2 x  3 y  7
(ii) 2 x  3 y  8, 4 x  6 y  9
3 5
(iii) x  y  7, 9 x  10 y  14
2 3
(iv) 5 x  3 y  11,  10 x  6 y  22
4
(v) x  2 y  8, 2 x  3 y  12
3
Solution:

(i) 3x  2 y  5, 2 x  3 y  7
a1  3, b1  2, c1  5
a2  2, b 2  3, c2  7
a1 b1
  consistent 
a2 b2

(ii) 2x  3 y  8, 4x  6 y  9
a1 b1 c1
   inconsistent 
a2 b2 c2

3 5
(iii) x  y  7, 9x  10 y  14
2 3

a1 b1
  Consistent 
a2 b2

(iv) 5x  3 y  11,  10x  6 y  22

a1 b1 c1
   Consistent 
a2 b2 c2

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CBSE Class 10th NCERT Solution: Mathematics

4
(v ) x  2 y  8, 2 x  3 y  12
3

a1 b1 c1
   Consistent 
a2 b2 c2

Question 4: Which of the following pairs of linear equations are consistent/ inconsistent? If
consistent, obtain the solution graphically.

(i) x  y  5, 2 x  2 y  10
(ii) x  y  8, 3 x  3 y  16
(iii) 2 x  y  6  0, 4 x  2 y  4  0
(iv) 2 x  2 y  2, 4 x  4 y  5  0

Solution:

(i) x  y  5, 2x  2 y  10
a b c
Since, 1  1  1
a2 b2 c2
Solution is

x y 5

X 4 3 2
Y 1 2 3

2 x  2 y  10

X 4 3 2
Y 1 2 3

Graph:

(ii) x  y  8, 3x  3 y  16

a1 b1 c1
Since,  
a2 b2 c2
Pair of equations is inconsistent

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CBSE Class 10th NCERT Solution: Mathematics

(iii) 2x  y  6  0, 4x  2 y  4  0

a1 b1
Since, 
a2 b2
Solution is

2x  y  6  0

X 0 1 2
Y 6 4 2

4x  2 y  4  0

X 1 2 3
Y 0 2 4

Graph:

(iv) 2x  2 y  2, 4x  4 y  5  0

a1 b1 c1
Since,  
a2 b2 c2
Pair of equations is inconsistent

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CBSE Class 10th NCERT Solution: Mathematics

Question 5: Hall the perimeter of a rectangular garden, whose length is 4 m more than its
width, is 36 m. find the dimensions of the garden.

Solution:

Let the width of the garden = x

Length = y

According to the question,

yx4
y  x  36

Graphical representation:

Hence, the length and width of the given garden is 20 m and 16 m respectively.

Question 6: Given the linear equation 2x + 3y – 8 = 0, write another linear equations in two
variables such that the geometrical representation of the pair so formed is
(i) intersecting lines(ii) parallel lines
(iii) coincident lines

Solution: Intersecting lines:

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CBSE Class 10th NCERT Solution: Mathematics

a1 b1

a2 b2

The second line will be:

2x  4 y  6  0

Parallel lines

a1 b1 c1
 
a2 b2 c2

The second line will be:

4x  6 y  8  0

Coincident lines

a1 b1 c1
 
a2 b2 c2

The second line will be:

6 x  9 y  24  0

Question 7: Draw the graphs of the equations x - y + 1 = 0 and 3x + 2y - 12 = 0. Determine

the coordinates of the vertices of the triangle formed by these lines and the x-axis, and shade
the triangular region.

Solution:

x  y 1  0
3 x  2 y  12  0

Solution tables are:

X 0 1 2
Y 1 2 3

X 4 2 0
Y 0 3 6

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CBSE Class 10th NCERT Solution: Mathematics

Graph:

Therefore, the vertices of the triangle are (2, 3), (—1, 0), and (4, 0).

Exercise: 3.3
Question 1: Solve the following pair of linear equations by the substitution method.

(i) x  y  14, x  y  4
s t
(ii) s  t  3,   6
3 2
(iii) 3 x  y  3, 9 x  3 y  9
(iv) 0.2 x  0.3 y  1.3, 0.4 x  0.5 y  2.3
(v) 2 x  3 y  0, 3 x  8 y  0
3x 5 y x y 13
(vi)   2,  
2 3 3 2 6

Solution:

(i) x  y  14, x  y  4
x  y  14

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CBSE Class 10th NCERT Solution: Mathematics

x  14  y ...(1)

Put value of x in equation 2

x y 4
14  y  y  4
2 y  10
y5

Now,
x  14  y
x  14  5
x9

We have, x  9, y  5

s t
(ii) s  t  3,  6
3 2
s t  3
s  3t ...(1)

Put value of s in equation 2

s t
 6
3 2
2 s  3t  36
2  3  t   3t  36
6  2t  3t  36
5t  36  6
5t  30
t6

Now,
s  3t
s  3 6
s9
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CBSE Class 10th NCERT Solution: Mathematics

We have, s  9, t  6

(iii) 3x  y  3, 9 x  3 y  9

These equation has infinite possible solutions

solutions can be given by:
y  3x  3

(iv) 0.2 x  0.3 y  1.3, 0.4 x  0.5 y  2.3

0.2 x  0.3 y  1.3
1.3  0.3 y
x ...(1)
0.2
Put value of x in equation 2
0.4 x  0.5 y  2.3
 1.3  0.3 y 
0.4    0.5 y  2.3
 0.2 
2.6  0.6 y  0.5 y  2.3
0.1y  0.3
y 3

Now,
1.3  0.3 y
x
0.2
1.3  0.3  3
x
0.2
0.4
x
0.2
x2

We have, x  2, y  3

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CBSE Class 10th NCERT Solution: Mathematics

(v) 2 x  3 y  0, 3x  8 y  0
2x  3y  0
3
x y ...(1)
2

Put value of x in equation 2

3x  8 y  0
 3 
3 y   8y  0
 2 
3y
  8y  0
2
3 y  4 y  0
y0

Now,
3
x y
2
3
x 0
2
x0

we have, x  0, y  0

3x 5 y x y 13
(vi)   2,  
2 3 3 2 6
3x 5 y
  2
2 3
3x 5y
 2 
2 3
3x 6  5 y

2 3
12  10 y
x ...(1)
9

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CBSE Class 10th NCERT Solution: Mathematics

put value of x in equation 2

x y 13
 
3 2 6
1  12  10 y  y 13
  
3 9  2 6
12  10 y 3 y 13
 
9 2 2
12  10 y 13 3 y
 
9 2 2
12  10 y 13  3 y

9 2
24  20 y  117  27 y
24  117  47 y
47 y  141
y3

Now,
12  10 y
x
9
12  10  3
x
9
18
x
9
x2

We have, x  2, y  3

Question 2: Solve 2x + 3y = 11 and 2x - 4y = - 24 and hence find the value of 'm for which y
= mx + 3.

Solution:

2 x  3 y  11
2 x  4 y  24

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CBSE Class 10th NCERT Solution: Mathematics

2 x  3 y  11
11  3 y
x ...(1)
2

Put value of x in equation 2

2 x  4 y  24
x  2 y  12
11  3 y
 2 y  12
2
11  3 y  4 y  24
11  7 y  24
7 y  24  11

7 y  35
y5

Now,
11  3 y
x
2
11  3  5
x
2
x  2
Now,
y  mx  3
5  2 m  3
2 m  2
m  1

Question 3: Form the pair of linear equations for the following problems and find their
solution by substitution method:

(i) The difference between two numbers is 26 and one number is three times the other. Find
them.

(ii) The larger of two supplementary angles exceeds the smaller by 18 degrees. Find them.

(iii) The coach of a cricket team buys 7 bats and 6 balls for 3800. Later, she buys 3 bats and 5
balls for ` 1750. Find the cost of each bat and each ball.
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CBSE Class 10th NCERT Solution: Mathematics

(iv) The taxi charges in a city consist of a fixed charge together with the charge for the
distance covered. For a distance of 10 km, the charge paid is ` 105 and for a journey of 15
km, the charge paid is ` 155. What are the fixed charges and the charge per km? How much
does a person have to pay for travelling a distance of 25 km?

(v) A fraction becomes 9 11, if 2 is added to both the numerator and the denominator. If, 3 is
added to both the numerator and the denominator it becomes 56. Find the fraction.

(vi) Five years hence, the age of Jacob will be three times that of his son. Five years ago,
Jacob’s age was seven times that of his son. What are their present ages?

Solution:

(i)
Let the first number  x
second number  y
As per the question,
y  3x
y  x  26
y  3x ...(1)
Put value of x in equation 2

y  x  26
3x  x  26
2 x  26
x  13

y  3x
y  39
The numbers are 13 and 39.

(ii )
Let the larger angle = x
smaller angle = y
As per the question,
x  y  180
x  y  18

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CBSE Class 10th NCERT Solution: Mathematics

x  y  180
x  180  y ...(1)

x  y  18
180  y  y  18
2 y  18  180
2 y  162
y  81

x  180  y
x  180  81
x  99
Thus, angles are 99 and 81.

(iii)
Let the cost of a bat  x
Cost of a ball  y

As per the question,

7 x  6 y  3800
3 x  5 y  1750

7 x  3800  6 y
3800  6 y
x
7

3 x  5 y  1750
 3800  6 y 
3   5 y  1750
 7 
11400  18 y  35 y  12250
17 y  850
y  50

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CBSE Class 10th NCERT Solution: Mathematics

3800  300
x
7
x  500
The cost of a bat is Rs 500 and ball is Rs 50.

(iv)
Let the fixed charges  Rs. x
per km charge  Rs y
As per the question,
x  10 y  105
x  15 y  155

x  10 y  105
x  105  10 y

x  15 y  155
105  10 y  15 y  155
5 y  50
y  10

x  105  100
x5
Hence, fixed charges  Rs. 5
per km charge  Rs. 10
charge for 25km  x  25 y  5  250  Rs.255

(v )
x
Let the fraction =
y
As per the question,
x2 9

y  2 11
11x  22  9 y  18

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CBSE Class 10th NCERT Solution: Mathematics

11x  9 y  4 ...(i)
x3 5

y3 6
6 x  18  5 y  15
6 x  5 y  3 ...(ii)

11x  9 y  4
9y  4
x
11
6 x  5 y  3
 9y  4 
6   5 y  3
 11 
54 y  24  55 y  33

 y  9
y9

9y  4
x
11
77
x
11
x7

7
Thus, fraction 
9

(vi)
Let the age of jacob  x
age of his son  y
As per the question,
 x  5  3  y  5
x  3 y  10 ...(1)

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CBSE Class 10th NCERT Solution: Mathematics

 x  5  7  y  5
x  7 y  30 ...(2)

x  3 y  10
x  10  3 y

x  7 y  30
10  3 y  7 y  30
4 y  40
y  10

x  10  3 y
x  40

Hence, present age of jacob is 40 years and of his son is 10 years.

Exercise: 3.4
Question 1: Solve the following pair of linear equations by the elimination method and the
substitution method:

(i) x  y  5, 2 x  3 y  4
(ii)3x  4 y  10, 2 x  2 y  2
(iii)3x  5 y  4  0,9 x  2 y  7
x 2y y
(iv)   1, x   3
2 3 3
Solution:

(i) x  y  5, 2 x  3 y  4
Elimination method
x y 5
2x  3y  4

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CBSE Class 10th NCERT Solution: Mathematics

Multiply the first equation by 2

2 x  2 y  10
2x  3y  4
On subtracting the above equations, we got
5y  6
6
y
5

x y 5
6
x  5
5
19
x
5

19 6
x ,y 
5 5
Substitution method
x  y  5, 2 x  3 y  4
x  5 y

Put value of x in equation 2

2x  3y  4
2 5  y   3 y  4
10  2 y  3 y  4
5 y  6
6
y
5

x 5 y
6
x 5
5
19
x
5

19 6
x ,y
5 5
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CBSE Class 10th NCERT Solution: Mathematics

(ii)3 x  4 y  10, 2 x  2 y  2
Elimination method
3 x  4 y  10
2x  2 y  2
Multiply the second equation by 2
3 x  4 y  10
4x  4 y  4
On adding aove equations
7 x  14
x2
2x  2 y  2
x  y 1
2  y 1
y 1

We have, x  2, y  1

Substitution method
3 x  4 y  10
2x  2 y  2
2x  2 y  2
x  y 1
x  y 1

Put value of x in equation 1

3 x  4 y  10
3  y  1  4 y  10
3 y  3  4 y  10

7y  7
y 1

x  y 1
x2
We have, x  2, y  1

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CBSE Class 10th NCERT Solution: Mathematics

(iii)3x  5 y  4  0,9 x  2 y  7
Elimination method
3x  5 y  4
9x  2 y  7
Multiply the first equation by 3
9 x  15 y  12
9x  2 y  7
On subtracting above equations
13 y  5
5
y
13
3x  5 y  4
 5
3x  5     4
 13 
39 x  25  52
39 x  27
9
x
13
9 5
We have, x  , y 
13 13

Substitution method
3x  5 y  4  0
9x  2 y  7
9x  2 y  7
2y  7
x
9
3x  5 y  4  0
 2y  7 
3   5y  4  0
 9 
2 y  7  15 y  12  0
13 y  5
5
y
13

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CBSE Class 10th NCERT Solution: Mathematics

2y  7
x
9
9
x
13
9 5
We have, x  , y 
13 13

(iv)
Elimination method
x 2y
  1
2 3

y
x 3
3
Multiply the first equation by 2

4
x y  2
3
y
x 3
3
On subtracting the above equations
5
y  5
3
y  3
y
x 3
3
x 1  3
x2
We have, x  2, y  3
Substitution method
x 2y
  1
2 3
y
x 3
3
y
x  3
3

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CBSE Class 10th NCERT Solution: Mathematics

x 2y
  1
2 3
1 y  2y
3    1
2 3 3

1  9  y  2y
   1
2 3  3
 9  y  4y
   2
 3  3

9  y  4 y  6
5 y  15
y  3

y
x  3
3
x  3 1  2

We have, x  2, y  3

Question 2: Form the pair of linear equations in the following problems, and find their
solutions (if they exist) by the elimination method:

(i) If we add 1 to the numerator and subtract 1 from the denominator, a fraction reduces to 1.
It becomes ½ if we only add 1 to the denominator. What is the fraction?

(ii) Five years ago, Nuri was thrice as old as Sonu. Ten years later, Nuri will be twice as old
as Sonu. How old are Nuri and Sonu?

(iii) The sum of the digits of a two-digit number is 9. Also, nine times this number is twice
the number obtained by reversing the order of the digits. Find the number.

(iv) Meena went to a bank to withdraw ` 2000. She asked the cashier to give her ` 50 and `
100 notes only. Meena got 25 notes in all. Find how many notes of ` 50 and ` 100 she
received.

(v) A lending library has a fixed charge for the first three days and an additional charge for
each day thereafter. Saritha paid ` 27 for a book kept for seven days, while Saritha paid ` 21
for the book she kept for five days. Find the fixed charge and the charge for each extra day.

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CBSE Class 10th NCERT Solution: Mathematics

Solution:

(i)
x
Let the fraction is =
y
As per the question,
x 1
1
y 1
x  y  2

x 1

y 1 2
2x  y  1
Now,
x  y  2
2x  y  1
x  y2
2x  y  1
2  y  2  y  1
2y  4  y 1
y5
x  y2
x  52  3
3
Thus, fraction is .
5

(ii)
Let the present age of nuri  x
present age of sonu  y
As per the question
 x  5  3  y  5
x  3 y  10
 x  10   2  y  10 
x  2 y  10

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CBSE Class 10th NCERT Solution: Mathematics

On solving the above equations we got, age of nuri is 50 yrs and age of sonu is 20 yrs.

(iii)
Let the unit digit  x
tens digit  y
Number  10y+x
Number on reversal the digits  10x +y
As per the question,
x y 9 ...1
9 10 y  x   2 10 x  y 
x  8y  0 ...2
On adding the above equations,
9y  9
y 1
x 8
Number  18

(iv)
Let the number of Rs 50 notes  x
the number of Rs 100 notes  y
As per the question,

x  y  25
50 x  100 y  2000
On solving above equations, we got
The number of Rs 50 notes  10
The number of Rs 100 notes  15

(v)
Let the fixed charge for first three days  Rs x
each day charge thereafter  Rs y
As per the question,
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CBSE Class 10th NCERT Solution: Mathematics

x  4 y  27
x  2 y  21
On subtraction,
2y  6
y3
x  15

Thus, the fixed charge for first three days  Rs 15

each day charge thereafter  Rs 3

Exercise: 3.5
Question 1: Which of the following pairs of linear equations has unique solution, no solution
or infinitely many solutions? In case there is a unique solution, find it by using cross
multiplication method.

(i) x  3 y  3  0, 3x  9 y  2  0
(ii) 2 x  y  5, 3x  2 y  8
(iii)3x  5 y  20, 6 x  10 y  40
(iv) x  3 y  7  0, 3x  3 y  15  0

Solution:

(i) x  3 y  3  0,3 x  9 y  2  0
a1 b1 c1
 
a2 b2 c2
Thus, there will not be any solution as lines are parallel to each other

(ii)2 x  y  5,3 x  2 y  8
a1 b1

a2 b2
Unique solution
By cross multipication method,

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CBSE Class 10th NCERT Solution: Mathematics

x y 1
 
b1c2  b2c1 c1a2  c2 a1 a1b2  a2b1
x y 1
 
8  10 15  16 4  3
x y
 1
2 1
x  2, y  1

(iii)3 x  5 y  20,6 x  10 y  40
a1 b1 c1
 
a2 b2 c2
Infinite solutions

(iv) x  3 y  7  0,3 x  3 y  15  0
a1 b1

a2 b2
By cross multipication method,
x y 1
 
b1c2  b2c1 c1a2  c2 a1 a1b2  a2b1
x y 1
 
45  21 21  15 3  9
x y 1
 
24 6 6
x  4, y  1

Question 2: (i) For which values of a and b will the following pair of linear equations have
an infinite number of solutions?

2x  3y  7
 a  b  x   a  b  y  3a  b  2
(ii) For which value of k will the following pair of linear equations have no solution?

3x  y  1
 2k  1 x   k  1 y  2k  1
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CBSE Class 10th NCERT Solution: Mathematics

Solution:

(i)
2x  3y  7
 a  b  x   a  b  y  3a  b  2
For infinitely many solutions,
a1 b1 c1
 
a2 b2 c2
2 7

a  b 3a  b  2
6a  2b  4  7 a  7b
9b  4  a
a  9b  4 ...(1)
2 3

a b a b
2a  2b  3a  3b
a  5b  0 ...(2)
On solving two equations,
a  5, b  1

(ii )
3x  y  1
 2k  1 x   k  1 y  2k  1
For no solutions,
a1 b1 c1
 
a2 b2 c2
3 1 1
 
2k  1 k  1 2k  1
3 1

2k  1 k  1
3k  3  2k  1
k 2

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CBSE Class 10th NCERT Solution: Mathematics

Question 3: Solve the following pair of linear equations by the substitution and cross-
multiplication methods:

8x  5 y  9, 3x  2 y  4

Solution:

8x  5 y  9
3x  2 y  4
Substitution method,
3x  2 y  4
4  3x
y
2
Put value of y in equation 1
8x  5 y  9
 4  3x 
8x  5  9
 2 
16 x  20  15 x  18
x  2

4  3x
y
2
y5
x  2, y  5
Cross multipication method,
x y 1
 
20  18 27  32 16  15
x y
 1
2 5
x  2, y  5

Question 4: Form the pair of linear equations in the following problems and find their
solutions (if they exist) by any algebraic method:

(i) A part of monthly hostel charges is fixed and the remaining depends on the number of
days one has taken food in the mess. When a student A takes food for 20 days she has to pay
Rs 1000 as hostel charges whereas a student B, who takes food for 26 days, pays Rs 1180 as
hostel charges. Find the fixed charges and the cost of food per day.
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CBSE Class 10th NCERT Solution: Mathematics

(ii) A fraction becomes1/3 when 1 is subtracted from the numerator and it becomes1/4when 8
is added to its denominator. Find the fraction.

(iii) Yash scored 40 marks in a test, getting 3 marks for each right answer and losing 1 mark
for each wrong answer. Had 4 marks been awarded for each correct answer and 2 marks been
deducted for each incorrect answer, then Yash would have scored 50 marks. How many
questions were there in the test?

(iv) Places A and B are 100 km apart on a highway. One car starts from A and another from
B at the same time. If the cars travel in the same direction at different speeds, they meet in 5
hours. If they travel towards each other, they meet in 1 hour. What are the speeds of the two
cars?

(v) The area of a rectangle gets reduced by 9 square units, if its length is reduced by 5 units
and breadth is increased by 3 units. If we increase the length by 3 units and the breadth by 2
units, the area increases by 67 square units. Find the dimensions of the rectangle.

Solution:

(i)
Let fixed charges  x
charge per day  y
Now,
x  20 y  1000
x  26 y  1180
On solving, we got
x  400, y  30
Hence, fixed charges  Rs 400
charge per day  Rs. 30

(ii)
x
Let the fraction 
y
Now,
x 1 1

y 3
3x  y  3 ...(1)
x 1

y 8 4
4x  y  8 ...(2)
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CBSE Class 10th NCERT Solution: Mathematics

On solving, we got
x  5, y  12
5
Fraction 
12

(iii)
Let the number of right answers  x
the number of wrong answers  y
Now,
3x  y  40
4 x  2 y  50
On solving, we got
x  15, y  5
Hence, the number of right answers  15
The number of wrong answers  5
Total questions  20

(iv)
Let the speed of first car  u km/h
the speed of second car  v km/h
Now,
5  u  v   100
u  v  20 ...(1)
u  v  100 ...(2)
On solving,
u  60, v  40
Hence, the speed of first car  60 km/h
The speed of second car  40 km/h

(v)
Let length of rectangle  x

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CBSE Class 10th NCERT Solution: Mathematics

Breadth of rectangle  y
Area  xy
Now,
 x  5 y  3  xy  9
3x  5 y  6  0 ...(1)
 x  3 y  2   xy  67
2 x  3 y  61  0
On solving, we got
x  17, y  9
Hence, length  17, breadth  9

Exercise: 3.6
Question 1: Solve the following pairs of equations by reducing them to a pair of linear
equations:

1 1 1 1 13
i   2,  
2x 3y 3x 2 y 6
2 3 4 9
(ii)   2,   1
x y x y
4 3
(iii)  3 y  14,  4 y  23
x x
5 1 6 3
(iv)   2,  1
x 1 y  2 x 1 y  2
7x  2 y 8x  7 y
(v)  5,  15
xy xy
(vi) 6 x  3 y  6 xy, 2 x  4 y  5 xy
10 2 15 5
(vii)   4,   2
x y x y x y x y
1 1 3 1 1 1
(viii)   ,  
3x  y 3x  y 4 2  3x  y  2  3x - y  8

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CBSE Class 10th NCERT Solution: Mathematics

Solution:

i 
1 1
 2
2x 3y
1 1 13
 
3x 2 y 6
1 1
Let  m,  n
x y
Now,
m n
 2
2 3
m n 13
 
3 2 6
Cross multipication method,
m n 1
 
26  36 24  39 9  4
m n 1
 
10 15 5
m  2, n  3
1 1
x , y
2 3

(ii)
2 3
 2
x y
4 9
  1
x y
1 1
Let  m, n
x y
2m  3n  2
4m  9n  1

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CBSE Class 10th NCERT Solution: Mathematics

On solving, we got
1 1
m ,n
2 3
x  2, x  4
y  3, y  9
x  4, y  9

(iii)
4
 3 y  14
x
3
 4 y  23
x
1
Let m
x
4m  3 y  14
3m  4 y  23
On solving,
m  5, y  2
1
x  , y  2
5

(iv)
5 1
 2
x 1 y  2
6 3
 1
x 1 y  2
1 1
Let  m, n
x 1 y2
5m  n  2
6m  3n  1
On solving,
1
mn
3

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CBSE Class 10th NCERT Solution: Mathematics

1 1 1 1
 , 
x 1 3 y  2 3
x  4, y  5

(v)
7x  2 y 8x  7 y
 5,  15
xy xy
7 2 8 7
  5,   15
y x y x
1 1
Let  m,  n
x y
7 n  2m  5
8n  7 m  15
On solving,
m  n 1
x  y 1

(vi)
6 x  3 y  6 xy, 2 x  4 y  5 xy
6 3 2 4
  6,   5
y x y x

1 1
Let  m,  n
x y
6n  3m  6
2n  4m  5
On solving,
1
m  1, n 
2
x  1, y  2

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CBSE Class 10th NCERT Solution: Mathematics

(vii)
10 2 15 5
  4,   2
x y x y x y x y
1 1
Let  m, n
x y x y
10m  2n  4
15m  5n  2
On solving,
1
m  , n 1
5
x y 5
x  y 1
On solving,
x  3, y  2

(viii)
1 1 3 1 1 1
  ,  
3x  y 3x  y 4 2  3x  y  2  3x  y  8
1 1
Let  m, n
3x  y 3x  y
4m  4n  3
4m  4n  1

8m  2
1 1
m  ,n 
4 2

1 1 1 1
 , 
3x  y 4 3x  y 2
3x  y  4
3x  y  2
Now,
6x  6
x 1
x  y 1
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CBSE Class 10th NCERT Solution: Mathematics

Question 2: Formulate the following problems as a pair of equations, and hence find their
solutions:

(i) Ritu can row downstream 20 km in 2 hours, and upstream 4 km in 2 hours. Find her speed
of rowing in still water and the speed of the current.

(ii) 2 women and 5 men can together finish an embroidery work in 4 days, while 3 women
and 6 men can finish it in 3 days. Find the time taken by 1 woman alone to finish the work,
and also that taken by 1 man alone.

(iii) Roohi travels 300 km to her home partly by train and partly by bus. She takes 4 hours if
she travels 60 km by train and remaining by bus. If she travels 100 km by train and the
remaining by bus, she takes 10 minutes longer. Find the speed of the train and the bus
separately.

Solution:

(i )
Let speed in still water = x km/h
speed of steam = y km/h
upstream =  x  y  km / h
downstream   x  y  km / h
now,
2  x  y   20
x  y  10.......................(1)
2 x  y  4

x  y  2.........................(2)
On solving,
x  6, y  4
Hence, speed in still water = 6 km/h
speed of steam = 4 km/h

(ii)
1
Let work done by a woman in one day 
x

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CBSE Class 10th NCERT Solution: Mathematics

1
Work done by a man in one day 
y
Now,
2 5
4    1
x y
2 5 1
  ...(1)
x y 4
3 6
3    1
x y
3 6 1
  ...(2)
x y 3
1 1
Let  m,  n
x y
1
2 m  5n 
4
1
3m  6n 
3
On solving,
1 1
m ,n
18 36
x  18, y  36
Hence, work done by a woman in one day  18
Work done by a man in one day  36

(iii)
Let the speed of train  x km/h
speed of bus  y km/h
Now,
60 240
 4
x y
100 200 25
 
x v 6
1 1
Let  m,  n
x n
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CBSE Class 10th NCERT Solution: Mathematics

Thus,
60m  240n  4
25
100m  200n 
6
On solving,
1 1
m ,n
60 80
x  60, y  80
Hence, the speed of train  60 km/h
Speed of bus  80 km/h

Exercise: 3.7
Question 1:

The ages of two friends Ani and Biju differ by 3 years. Ani’s father Dharam is twice as old as
Ani and Biju is twice as old as his sister Cathy. The ages of Cathy and Dharam differs by 30
years. Find the ages of Ani and Biju.

Solution:

Let the age of Ani  x yrs

Age of Biju  y yrs
Age of Dharam  2x
y
Age of Cathy 
2
Case 1:
x y 3
y
2 x   30
2
Now,
x  3 y
y
2 x   30
2

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CBSE Class 10th NCERT Solution: Mathematics

y
2 3  y    30
2
12  4 y  y  60
3 y  48
y  16
x  19
x  19, y  16

Case 2:
yx3
y
2 x   30
2
Now,
y  x3
 x 3
2x     30
 2 
4 x  x  3  60
x  21
y  24
x  21, y  24

Question 2: One says, “Give me a hundred, friend! I shall then become twice as rich as you”.
The other replies, “If you give me ten, I shall be six times as rich as you”. Tell me what is the
amount of their (respective) capital? [From the Bijaganita of Bhaskara II)

Solution:

Let one friend has  Rs x

Second friend has  Rs. y
Now,
x  100  2  y  100 
x  2 y  300 ...(1)
6  x  10   y  10
6 x  y  70 ...(2)

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CBSE Class 10th NCERT Solution: Mathematics

On solving,
x  2 y  300
6 x  y  70
6  2 y  300   y  70
12 y  1800  y  70
11 y  1870
y  170
x  40
Hence, one friend has  Rs. 40
Second friend has  Rs. 170

Question 3: A train covered a certain distance at a uniform speed. If the train would have
been 10 km/h faster, it would have taken 2 hours less than the scheduled time. And if the train
were slower by 10 km/h; it would have taken 3 hours more than the scheduled time. Find the
distance covered by the train.

Solution:

Let speed  x km/hr

distance  d km
time  t hr
Now,
d  xt ...(1)
d
x  10 
t2

xt  2 x  10t  20  d
d  2 x  10t  20  d
2 x  10t  20 ...(2)
d
x  10 
t 3
xt  10t  3x  30  d
10t  3 x  30 ...(3)
On solving equation 2 and 3,
x  50km / hr

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CBSE Class 10th NCERT Solution: Mathematics

Now, put value of x in equation 2,

100  10t  20
t  12hrs
d  xt
d  600km

Question 4: The students of a class are made to stand in rows. If 3 students are extra in a
row, there would be 1 row less. If 3 students are less in a row, there would be 2 rows more.
Find the number of students in the class.

Solution:

Let the number of rows  x

Number of students  y
Total students  xy
Case 1:
xy   x  1 y  3
3x  y  3 ...(1)
Case 2:
xy   x  2  y  3
3 x  2 y  6 ...(2)
On solving,
y  9, x  4
Total students  36

Question 5: In a ΔABC, ∠C = 3 ∠B = 2 (∠A + ∠B). Find the three angles.

Solution:

We have,

∠C = 3∠B = 2(∠A + ∠B)

3∠B = 2(∠A + ∠B)

3∠B = 2∠A + 2∠B

∠B = 2∠A
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CBSE Class 10th NCERT Solution: Mathematics

2 ∠A − ∠B = 0 ... (i)

We know,

∠A + ∠B + ∠C = 180°

∠A + ∠B + 3 ∠B = 180°

∠A + 4 ∠B = 180° ... (ii)

On solving,

∠A = 20°

From equation (ii),

20° + 4 ∠B = 180°

4 ∠B = 160°

∠B = 40°

∠C = 3 ∠B

= 3 × 40° = 120°

Therefore, ∠A, ∠B, ∠C are 20°, 40°, and 120° respectively.

Question 6: Draw the graphs of the equations 5x − y = 5 and 3x − y = 3. Determine the co-
ordinates of the vertices of the triangle formed by these lines and the y axis.

Solution:

5x − y = 5

y = 5x – 5

Solution table:

X 0 1 2
Y –5 0 5

3x − y = 3

y = 3x − 3

Solution table:

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CBSE Class 10th NCERT Solution: Mathematics

X 0 1 2
Y -3 0 3

Graph:

The coordinates of vertices are A (1, 0), B (0, − 3), C (0, − 5).

Question 7: Solve the following pair of linear equations.

(i) px + qy = p − , qx − py = p + q

(ii) ax + by = c, bx + ay = 1 + c

x y
(iii)   0 , ax + by = a2 + b2
a b
(iv) (a − b) x + (a + b) y = a2− 2ab − b2, (a + b) (x + y) = a2 + b2

(v) 152x − 378y = − 74, − 378x + 152y = − 604

Solution:

(i) px + qy = p − q … (1)

qx − py = p + q … (2)

Multiplying equation (1) by p and equation (2) by q, we obtain

p2x + pqy = p2 − pq … (3)

q2x − pqy = pq + q2 … (4)

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CBSE Class 10th NCERT Solution: Mathematics

Adding equations (3) and (4), we obtain

p2x + q2 x = p2 + q2

(p2 + q2) x = p2 + q2

x 1

From equation (1), we obtain

p (1) + qy = p − q

qy = − q

y=−1

(ii) ax + by = c … (1)

bx + ay = 1 + c … (2)

Multiplying equation (1) by a and equation (2) by b, we obtain

a2x + aby = ac … (3)

b2x + aby = b + bc … (4)

Subtracting equation (4) from equation (3),

(a2 − b2) x = ac − bc − b

c a  b  b
x
a 2  b2

From equation (1), we obtain

ax + by = c

c a  b  a
y
a 2  b2

x y
 0
a b

(iii) bx − ay = 0 … (1)

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CBSE Class 10th NCERT Solution: Mathematics

ax + by = a2 + b2 … (2)

Multiplying equation (1) and (2) by b and a respectively, we obtain

b2x − aby = 0 … (3)

a2x + aby = a3 + ab2 … (4)

Adding equations (3) and (4), we obtain

b2x + a2x = a3 + ab2

x (b2 + a2) = a (a2 + b2)

x=a

By using (1), we obtain

b (a) − ay = 0

ab − ay = 0

ay = ab

y=b

(iv) (a − b) x + (a + b) y = a2− 2ab − b2 … (1)

(a + b) (x + y) = a2 + b2

(a + b) x + (a + b) y = a2 + b2 … (2)

Subtracting equation (2) from (1), we obtain

(a − b) x − (a + b) x = (a2 − 2ab − b2) − (a2 + b2)

(a − b − a − b) x = − 2ab − 2b2

− 2bx = − 2b (a + b)

x=a+b

Using equation (1), we obtain

(a − b) (a + b) + (a + b) y = a2 − 2ab − b2

a2 − b2 + (a + b) y = a2− 2ab − b2

(a + b) y = − 2ab
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CBSE Class 10th NCERT Solution: Mathematics

2ab
y
ab

(v) 152x − 378y = − 74

76x − 189y = − 37

189 y  37
x ... (1)
76
− 378x + 152y = − 604

− 189x + 76y = − 302 … (2)

Substituting the value of x in equation (2), we obtain

− (189)2 y + 189 × 37 + (76)2 y = − 302 × 76

189 × 37 + 302 × 76 = (189)2 y − (76)2 y

6993 + 22952 = (189 − 76) (189 + 76) y

29945 = (113) (265) y

y=1

From equation (1), we obtain

x2

Question 8: ABCD is a cyclic quadrilateral finds the angles of the cyclic quadrilateral.

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CBSE Class 10th NCERT Solution: Mathematics

Solution: The sum of the measures of opposite angles in a cyclic quadrilateral is 180°.

Thus, ∠A + ∠C = 180

4y + 20 − 4x = 180

− 4x + 4y = 160

x − y = − 40 ... (i)

∠B + ∠D = 180

3y − 5 − 7x + 5 = 180

− 7x + 3y = 180 (ii)

On solving,

− 7x + 3x = 180 − 120

− 4x = 60

x = −15

By using equation (i),

x − y = − 40

−15 − y = − 40

y = −15 + 40 = 25

∠A = 4y + 20 = 4(25) + 20 = 120°

∠B = 3y − 5 = 3(25) − 5 = 70°

∠C = − 4x = − 4(− 15) = 60°

∠D = − 7x + 5 = − 7(−15) + 5 = 110°

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