Ans. Analyse the theme of Frederic Sorrieu’s paintings. Or How has the French artist, Frederic Sorrieu, visualised in his first print of series of four prints his dream of a world made up of ‘democratic and social republics’ ? [CBSE 2008 (D)2012} (i) In one of his print he has shown people of Europe and America offering homage to a Statue of Liberty which is a symbol of lemocracy and liberty, (i) As per his visi _ perch, {SOM absolutist institutions will alsFother Hunify a nat When did the first clear-cut expression of nationalism come in France ? How did the French Revolution lead to the transfer of sovereignty from the monarchy to a body of French citizens ? Explain any three measures taken by the French revolutionaries in this regard [CBSE 2014, 2008, 2010 (D)] Or Analyse the measures or practices which created a sense of collective identity amongst the French people CBSF March 2011, 2012 (0), 2015 (0). 2016 D)} Or What was the major change that occurred in the political and constitutional scenario due to French Revolution in Europe ? Explain (CBSE 2015 (D)} Or Describe any five measures Introduced by the French Revolutionaries to create a sense of collective identity amongst the French people. (CBSE Comptt. 2018, 2023(D), 2024(0)) ns. The First clear cut expression of nationalism came in France with the French Revolution in 1789, French Revolution led to the transfer of 0 from the monarchy to a body of French citizens. (i) The introduction of Ja patrie (the fatherland) and le citoyen (the citizen) emphasised the notion of a united community enjoying equal rights under a constitution. (ii) A new French flag, the tricolour, was chosen to replace the former royal standard, (ill) The Estates General was elected by the body of active citizens, and renamed ‘the National ‘Assembly’ (lv) New hymns were composed, oaths taken, and martyrs commemorated, all in the name of the nation, (v) Regional dialects were discouraged and French was declared as the common language of the nation, Ans. a4, What changes did Napoleon introduce to make the administrative system more efficient in the territories ruled by him ? (CBSE March 2012} Or Explain any four provisions of the Napoleon Civil Code, 1804. (CBSE 2008, 2010 (D), March 2011) Or Explain the revolutionary principles incorporated by Napoleon in the adminis- tration of France during his reign. (CBSE March 2011, 2014(D)j Or After 1804 how did the peasants, artisans and new businessmen enjoy freedom in the towns of Europe ? [CBSE 2014} Or “Napoleon had destroyed democracy in France but in the administrative field he ad incorporated revolutionary principles in order to make the whole system more rational and efficient.” Analyse the statement with arguments. (CBSE 2016 (O)) (i) Napoleon introduced the Napoleonic Code which did away with all privileges based on birth, established equality before the Jaw ard secured the right to property: (ii) In many parts of Europe like in the Durch Republic, Switzerland, Italy and Germany he simplified the administrative divisions abolished the feudal system and freed peasants from serfdom and manorial dues (iti) Napoleon removed the guild restrictions trom the towns. (lv) He laid stress on infrastructure 1 ¢ transportation, communication and the banking system. These new reforms were appreciated by the peasants, workers. businessmen, traders and even by the ‘common people. (v) Uniform laws, standardised weights and measures, and a common national currency was introduced, Explain the major political features of mid- eighteenth century, Europe. Or “TIM mid eighteenth century there w no nation states in Europe.” Support the ment with four examples. (CBSE 2011, 14)1) Germany, Italy and Switzerland were divided vi iete kingdoms duchies and cantons whose rulers had their autonomous territories. Eastern and Central Europe were under autocratic monarchies within the territories of which lived diverse peoples. iii) The Habsburq Empite that ruled over Austria- Hungary. for example, was a patchwork of many different regions and peoples ) During the middie of the nineteenth century, Italy was Jed into seven states. of which only one, Sardinia-Piedmont, was ruled by an Italian princely house There was no British nation prior to the ntury. The primary identities of ie who inhabited the British Isles were h as English, Welsh, Scot or vightee the pec ethnic Explain the concept of liberal nationalism which developed in Europe in the early 19th century. Or What did the concept of liberal nationalism politically emphasise during the 19th century Europe ? (CBSE 2010 (D)] Or Explain liberalism in political and economic fields prevailing in Europe in the 19th century. (CBSE 2008 |D), March 2011} Or Examine the ideas of liberal nationalism in Furope during the nineteenth century. (CBSE 2023 (0)) Or How did idea of national unity in the early 19th century Europe allied to the ideology of liberalism. Explain. [CBSE 2020 (0)) Or “Ideas of national unity in the early nineteenth century Europe were closely allied to the ideology of liberalism.” Examine the statement (CBSE 2023, 2024 (D)) Or What did Liberal Nationalism stand for ? Explain any four ideas of Liberal- Nationalists during the end of the ninetheenth Century ? (CBSE 2023 Compt.} + Ans. (i) The ideology of liberalism a6. Ans. important factor which promot nationalism, and the nation. liberalism has been derive word, ‘liber’ meaning ‘free’ interpreted the meani in their own ways For the new middle classes liberalism the freedom of the individual and e all before the law. Politically, it meant the conc by consent as ed thew? % state The? d from th, Different Ng Of liberalism, aie © Lay, (ii) sas, ‘Quali, (ii) ent of goverrme, (iv) For some, it meant having the ri property. In the economic sphere, liberalism stood t the freedom of markets. The tracers demecat free mavement of goods and capital Why did nationalist tension emerge in Balkans ? (CBSE 2018 ‘on 'Sht Of prism wv) Or Why was Balkans after 1871, the moy serious source of nationalist tension j, Europe ? Explain four reasons. (CBSE 2008 (p) Or ‘The Balkan issue was one of the major factors responsible for the First World War’ Explain by giving examples. [CBSE March 2012) Or What is meant by Balkan ? Why did it turn into perennial sources of tension and proved the battlefield of First World War? (CBSE March 2012| () Balkan region : The Balkans was a region of geographical and ethnic variation comprising modern-day Romania, Bulgaria, Albania, Greece, Macedonia, Croatia, Bosnia- Herzegovina, Slovenia, Serbia and Montenegro whose inhabitants were broady known as the Slavs. A large part of the Balkans was under the control of the Ottoman Empire (i) Explosive region : The spread of the ideas o romantic nationalism in the Balkans, togethet with the disintegration of the Ottoman Empire made this region very explosive (Ui) Internal conflicts : As the different Savi Rationalities struggled to define their identiand independence, the Balkan area became an area of intense conflict The Balkan sta reely jealous of each other, and each hoped to gain mone territory at the expense of the other (we) Source of rivalry between big powe: Ralkan became the source of intense rivalar among the major Europ an powers due to conflicting economic and political interests (v) Series of wars Russia Each p England, Austro: Hungary on countering the hold of other powers Balkans, and extending their own control over the area This led to nies of the region and finally, the First World War Describe in brief any four features of the Vienna Treaty of 1815", ICBSE 2009 (F), March 2011) Or Explain any three provisions of the Treaty of Vienna of 1815 ICBSE 2012} Or Analyse the decisions taken by the conservatives at the Congress of Vienna in the year 1815. Ans. (i) The basic objective of the Treaty of Vienna of 1815 was to undo most of the changes that out in Europe The Bourbon dynasty, which had been eposed during the French Revolution was restored to power and France lost the ‘wmntones it had annexed under Napoleon series of states were set up on the boundaries of France to prevent the French expansion in future 1) Prussia was given important new territories on is western frontiers, while Austria was given orthern Italy, cor v) The Gerinan Confederation of 39 states that had been set up by Napoleon was left untouched aR as. Ans. Who was Glu role in the ppe Mazzini ? Explain his fication of Italy, Or How did Mazzini re of nation-states wi freedom struggle ? Explain. Or What was Mazzini’s contribution in creating a nation-state? (CBSE 2014) Giuseppe Mazzini was an allan revolutionary. (CBSE 2014) li) He became a member of the secret society of the Carbonari ed a revolution in Liguria, but was captured and sent into exile in 1831 He subsequently founded two secret societies, 1, © Young Italy in Marseilles # Young Europe in Berne The societies had a vast base with members from many countries like Poland, France, Italy and the German States, Mazzini believed that God had intended nations to be the natural units of mankind So Italy could not continue to be a patchwork of small states and kingdoms It had to be forged into a single unified Republic within a wider alliance of nations. This unification alone could be the basis of Italian liberty. Following his model, secret societies were set up in Germany, France, Switzerland and Poland. Mazini's relentless opposition to monarchy, and his vision of democratic republics frightened the conservatives. Why did Metternich describe Giuseppe Mazzini as the most dangerous enemy of their social order ? ICBSE 2014} (i) Austrian Chancellor Duke Metternich was ‘ conservative who supported traditional monarchy system whereas Mazzini was a revolutionary. (ii) Mazzini wanted to unify Italy into a single unified Republic (ii) He attemp (ui) (w) Ww) wi) (ii) Following his model, secret societies were set up in Germany, France, Switzerland and Poland. (iv) Mazzini’s relentless opposition to monarchs and his vision of democratic republics frightened the conservatives.