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High temperature performance of SBS modified bio-asphalt

Article in Construction and Building Materials · July 2017

DOI: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.03.103

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Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Construction and Building Materials

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journal homepage: www.elsevier.com

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High temperature performance of SBS modified bio-asphalt
Ran Zhang a, Hainian Wang a, ⁎, Junfeng Gao b, Zhanping You c, Xu Yang d
a
Highway School, Chang’an University, South Erhuan Middle Section, Xia’n, Shaanxi 710064, China
b
School of Highway, Chang’an University, South Erhuan Middle Section, Xia’n, Shaanxi 710064, China
c

PR
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Michigan Technological University, 1400 Townsend Drive, Houghton, MA 49931, USA
d
School of Engineering, Monash University, Sunway Campus, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, 47500 Bandar Sunway, Malaysia

ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT

Article history: Crude oil-based asphalt supplies are shrinking while its demand is increasing rapidly; this, in turn, has led to an increase
Received 15 November 2016 in the price of asphalt binder. As the price of asphalt increases, seeking for alternative and renewable binder resources,
Received in revised form 25 February

ED
such as bio-asphalt, has become a hot research topic. However, the high temperature performances of bio-asphalt are un-
2017
satisfactory according to many previous studies. This study aims to enhance the high temperature performance of bio-as-
Accepted 12 March 2017
Available online xxx
phalt by adding SBS into the matrix asphalt. Five types of SBS modified bio-asphalts were studied. Studies included their
viscosity, anti-rutting performance and temperature sensitivity through the rotational viscometer (RV) and dynamic shear
rheometer (DSR). Among them, SBS dosage was 1% of SBS modified bio-asphalt and the 50 penetration grade binder
Keywords: was applied as the base binder. The bio-oil contents for the five types of binders were 0%, 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% by
Road engineering
weight of the SBS modified bio-asphalt. It was found that SBS modified bio-asphalt had higher viscosity than the base
SBS bio-binder
binder to some degree, and the effect of bio-oil on SBS bio-binder viscosity was small when the bio-oil content and test-
CT
High temperature performance
Dynamic shear rheometer ing temperature were high. The mixing and compaction temperatures of SBS modified bio-asphalt were about the same
Rotational viscometer as those of the 50# base binder when the bio-oil content was more than 10%. Before RTFO testing, the SBS bio-binder
had more viscous characteristics and a lower anti-rutting performance, but was not significantly different from that of the
base binder. However, an opposite trend was observed after the RTFO test. Meanwhile, SBS bio-binder was less sensitive
to temperature than the base binder and such sensitivity decreased with the increase in bio-oil content before RTFO. After
RTFO, the temperature sensitivity of the SBS bio-binder was still lower than that of the 50# base binder when bio-oil
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content was less than 20%, and grew with the increase in bio-oil content.
© 2016 Published by Elsevier Ltd.

1. Introduction fied the 50# base binder using the 2%, 5% and 10% bio-oil contents.
Through analysis of the high temperature viscosity and low tempera-
With large-scale highway construction and maintenance, there has ture rheological properties, it was found that the viscosity decreased
been a growing demand for asphalt in road engineering. However, the with the increase in bio-oil content, and bio-oil could improve the low
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fossil fuel reserve is decreasing around the world. Therefore, seek- temperature crack resistance. Yang et al. [14] tested the density, high
ing alternative asphalt materials is needed for road engineering [1–3]. temperature viscosity and rheological properties of bio-binder with
Among a variety of renewable energies, biomass energy boasts many different dosages of bio-oil, specifically 2% and 8% bio-oil were uti-
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advantages, such as a wide range of sources, large yields and low lized to modify the AC-20 base binder, and 25% and 50% bio-oil were
prices [4–6]. More and more researchers in recent years have turned used to replace part of the AC-20 base binder. The results showed
their attention to bio-oil, and it has become a new trend [7–9]. that compared with base asphalt, bio-binder had the highest viscos-
A multitude of researchers mainly adopted bio-oil as the modifier ity, weakest sensitivity to temperature, and the lowest rutting resis-
to modify the base binder. However, the incorporation of bio-oil con- tance. Mohammad et al. [15] tested the high temperature anti-rutting
tributes to the decline in high temperature performance, as noted in performance, low temperature crack resistance, water sensitivity and
previous research. Tang et al. [10] applied 3%, 6% and 9% bio-oil anti-fatigue performances of bio-asphalt through the addition of dif-
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to modify the 50# base binder, and the high temperature level of ferent dosages of bio-oil to PG64-22, PG70-22 and PG76-22 asphalt.
bio-binder was tested before and after RTFO testing. The results The dosages of oil were 20%, 25%, 30% and 50%. The study showed
showed that the high temperature level decreased. Fini et al. that the modified asphalt had better crack resistance at low tempera-
[4,10–13]modi tures, but at high temperatures it was no better than that of the base
binder.
⁎
Through these investigations, the high temperature performance of
Corresponding author.
asphalt modified with bio-oil was unfavorable in comparison to the
Email addresses: [email protected] (R. Zhang); [email protected] (H. base binder, so individuals tried to use bio-oil accompanied with other
Wang); [email protected] (J. Gao); [email protected] (Z. You); xyang2@mtu.
edu (X. Yang)
additives to modify the base binder to improve all kinds of perfor

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.03.103
0950-0618/© 2016 Published by Elsevier Ltd.
2 Construction and Building Materials xxx (2017) xxx-xxx

mances. Mohamed et al. [16] used polyethylene of 2% and 4%, re- 3.2. Bio-oil
spectively, to modify the bio-asphalt and analyzed the influence of
temperature on the viscosity of bio-asphalt. The work showed that the In this study, bio-oil was offered by a new energy company in
viscosity of bio-asphalt decreased with the increase in temperature. Shandong province, and was obtained through the decomposition of
Meanwhile, it had a higher sensitivity to temperature than the base biomass through pyrolysis. The process of producing bio-oil is shown
binder. Peralta et al. [17] added rubber powder at the dosage of 10% in Fig. 1.

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and 15% into bio-asphalt. After making the rubber modified asphalt, Heavy biological oil is used in this study, named bio-oil, has a good
the chemical composition and PG of asphalt were tested via an in- compatibility with base binder [20]. At room temperature, bio-oil is

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frared spectrum and rheological experiment. The results showed that dark brown and has certain plasticity, as shown in Fig. 2.
rubber powder had a good compatibility with bio-asphalt. When the Elemental compositions and characteristics of bio-oil are shown in
content of rubber powder was 10% and 15%, the PG of biological as- Table 2.
phalt reached PG58-22 and PG64-22. Onochie et al. [18] added 2% of
nano-clay and 4% of nano-silicon into pig manure modified asphalt.
The high temperature viscosity and dynamic shear frequency scanning
tests were conducted. The results showed that nano-materials can im-
proved the high temperature properties and anti-aging properties.

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In this study, SBS was added into bio-asphalt to improve the high
temperature performance of bio-asphalt, which there has been lim-
ited research. Meanwhile, considering the low price and good perfor-
mances, a low dosage of SBS and high dosage of bio-oil were selected
to prepare the SBS modified bio-asphalt in this research. Then the high
temperature performance of SBS bio-asphalt was studied.

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2. Objectives of the study

The specific objectives of this study are as follows:

1) Develop a new sustainable and environmentally-friendly asphalt
material for road engineering.
2) Investigate the high temperature performances of SBS modified
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bio-asphalt binders.
3) Determine the mixing and compaction temperatures of SBS modi-
fied bio-asphalts.
4) Enhance the high temperature performances of bio-asphalt by
adding SBS into the matrix asphalt.
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3. Materials
Fig. 1. Pyrolysis of biomass.
3.1. Base asphalt binder

Binder of 50 penetration grade was applied as the base binder. The

technical properties are presented in Table 1 [19].
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Table 1
Technical properties of base asphalt 50 penetration grade.
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Test Technical
Property Units results requirements Specification

Penetration 0.1 mm 53 40–60 T0604-2011

Penetration index – −0.74 −1.5∼+1.0 T0604-2011
Softening point °C 49.5 ≥49 T0606-2011
Ductility at 10 °C cm 19.5 ≥15 T0605-2011
Density at 15 °C g·cm−3 1.029 Measured records T0603-2011
Dynamic viscosity at Pa·s 224 ≥200 T0620-2011
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60 °C
After RTFO (163 °C, 85 min)
Mass loss % −0.286 ≤±0.8 T0610-2011
Residual penetration % 68.4 ≥63 T0604-2011
ratio
Residual ductility cm 6.3 ≥4 T0605-2011

Fig. 2. Bio-oil at room temperature.

 Construction and Building Materials xxx (2017) xxx-xxx 3

Table 2 oscillation rate of 10 radians/s is typically used to represent the shear-

Elemental compositions and characteristics of bio-oil. ing action caused by traffic traveling at 90 km/h and is based on
Parameter Elements (%) Density (g/cm3) PH AASHTO T 315 [26]. The load application was a continuous, alternat-
ing sinusoidal load. Strain control mode was selected in the test, and
C H O N the strain of asphalt samples before and after RTFO aging was con-
trolled at 12% and 10%, respectively. The parallel plate model used a

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Test Results 54–56 5.5–7.2 35–45 0–0.2 1.1 2.6
diameter of Ф 25 mm and a sample thickness of 1 mm.

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4. Results and discussions
3.3. Polystyrene – butadiene – styrene (SBS)
4.1. Rotational viscosity
The SBS in this paper is the 1301-1 linear structure produced by
a chemical company in Hunan province. Its properties are shown in
The asphalt viscosities tested at different temperatures and rotation
Table 3.
speeds are presented in Table 4. The addition of SBS significantly in-
creased the viscosity of the #50 penetration grade binder. This is as
3.4. Preparation of SBS modified bio-asphalt
expected since it is widely known that the addition of SBS stiffens

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the asphalt. In terms of the effect of temperature and rotation speed,
In order to have a better compatibility, SBS and base binder were
it was observed that with an increase in testing temperature and rota-
mixed by using a high-speed shear emulsifying machine for 15 min at
tion speed, the rotational viscosity decreased, which was as expected.
180 °C, while keeping the rotation speed of 3000 r/min. Then, bio-oil
It also indicated that all the SBS modified bio-asphalts exhibited the
was added into SBS asphalt and mixed with the high shear mixer for
characteristics of a non-Newtonian fluid. Additionally, it was found
20 min with a rotation speed of 3000 r/min. During this procedure,
that with the increase in bio-oil content, the viscosity decreased over-
the mixing temperature was kept at lower than 140 °C to prevent the
all, implying that the bio-oil softened the SBS modified bio-asphalt.
bio-oil from aging [21–23]. A low dosage of SBS was selected in con-

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However, it was also observed that when the bio-oil content and test-
sideration of the price, which was 1% dosage of the total binder by
ing temperature were high (e.g. 20% and 175 °C), the rate in which
weight. The contents of bio-oil were 0%, 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% of
viscosity decreased was visibly smaller. For some cases, the viscos-
total binder by weight, and the SBS modified bio-asphalt were named
ity was even higher when the bio-oil content increased. This could
S100, S105, S110, S115 and S120, respectively.
be attributed to the aging of bio-binder. To provide a simple view of
how the bio-oil affects the viscosity of SBS modified bio-asphalt, a
3.5. Rotational viscometer (RV)
bar chart was plotted, as shown in Fig. 3. It can be easily seen that the
CT
effect of bio-oil on the SBS modified bio-asphalt varied with temper-
A series of viscosity measurements were conducted on SBS mod-
ature and rotation speed. SBS modified bio-asphalt had a higher vis-
ified bio-asphalts by the Brookfield Rotational Viscometer [24]. The
cosity than the base binder, to some degree. Overall, when the temper-
experiment was conducted following AASHTO Designation: T
ature is lower, the effect of bio-oil content is more significant. Take
316-13 [25]. At least two replicates were tested for each type of as-
the 20 r/min for example, when 20% bio-binder was added into the
phalt binder. The test was conducted at 90 °C, 135 °C and 175 °C, and
SBS asphalt, the viscosity was reduced by 57.8% and 15.3% at 90 °C
the shear rates were 10 r/min, 20 r/min and 50 r/min, respectively.
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and 175 °C, respectively. In regard to the rotation speed, the effect of
bio-oil has a higher effect on the viscosity of the SBS modified bio-as-
3.6. Dynamic shear rheometer (DSR)
phalt at a higher rotation speed. Take 135 °C for example, when 20%
bio-binder was added, the viscosity was reduced by 11.5% and 16.0%
The DSR was used to evaluate the elastic and viscous behavior
at 10 r/min and 50 r/min, respectively.
of the SBS modified bio-asphalt through tracking the shear stress and
In this study, the areas of mixing and compaction temperatures
shear strain due to the application of a specified oscillation rate. An
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were calculated using viscosity and temperature. For binder, the mix-
ing temperature range should use the temperature corresponding to a
Table 3 viscosity of 0.17 Pa·s ± 0.02 Pa·s. The compaction molding temper-
ature range should use the temperature corresponding to a viscosity
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Properties of SBS.
of 0.28 Pa·s ± 0.03 Pa·. First, the apparent viscosities at 135 °C and
Relative molecular Density (25 °C) Density (160 °C) Viscosity (160 °C) 175 °C were determined, and then the viscosity-temperature curve
weight (g/cm3) (g/cm3) (Pa·s)
was obtained to calculate the area of the mixing and compaction tem-
>10,000 0.8–1.0 0.85–0.90 500–10,000 perature. Finally, the results were plotted, as shown in Fig. 4. There
was a similar trend for mixing and compaction temperatures. It is ob

Table 4
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The viscosity at 90 °C, 135 °C and 175 °C at different rotation speeds.

Rotating speed(r/min) 10 20 50

Temperature(°C) 90 135 175 90 135 175 90 135 175

Viscosity (Pa·s) 50 penetration grade 4.500 0.898 0.275 3.900 0.712 0.196 1.460 0.60 0.138
S100 9.900 1.130 0.346 8.300 0.860 0.248 1.696 0.716 0.186
S105 7.700 1.060 0.340 6.300 0.765 0.246 1.660 0.625 0.175
S110 5.500 1.030 0.323 5.300 0.740 0.222 1.592 0.620 0.152
S115 4.600 0.926 0.302 3.600 0.720 0.212 1.460 0.612 0.138
S120 4.500 1.000 0.315 3.500 0.728 0.210 1.476 0.601 0.136
4 Construction and Building Materials xxx (2017) xxx-xxx

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Fig. 3. Viscosity of SBS bio-binder at different rotation speeds.
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base binder, the mixing and compaction temperature of SBS modi-
fied bio-asphalts were similar when the bio-oil content was more than
10%. Significantly, this research on mixing and compaction temper-
ature of SBS modified bio-asphalts with different bio-oil can provide
guidance for practical construction.
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4.2. DSR test

In order to evaluate visco-elastic properties and investigate the

anti-rutting performance, DSR tests sweep temperatures and frequen-
cies were conducted for the unaged and RTFO-aged samples. The dy-
namic shear modulus and phase angle were obtained and are shown in
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Fig. 5.
As can be seen in Fig. 5(a), before RTFO aging, the phase angle
of all of the asphalts increased with the increase in temperature. The
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phase angle reflects the visco-elastic characteristics, the greater the

phase angle, the greater is the viscous portion. Under the same temper-
ature, the phase angle of S100 was smaller than that of the 50 penetra-
tion grade base binder, which implies that SBS contributed on the elas-
ticity characteristics of the asphalt. Meanwhile, it was found that the
Fig. 4. Mixing and compaction temperature area. phase angle of SBS modified bio-asphalt increased with the increase
in bio-oil content; accordingly, bio-oil contributed to the viscous char-
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vious that SBS asphalt has a higher mixing and compaction temper- acteristics of asphalt. However, when the bio-oil content was less than
ature than 50 penetration grade base binder, as expected. Meanwhile, 15%, the phase angle was nearly equal to that of the base binder. The
the addition of bio-oil decreased the mixing and compaction temper- phase angle of SBS modified bio-asphalt was larger than that of the
ature, which decreased with the increase in bio-oil content. This in- base asphalt when the bio-oil content was greater than 15%.
dicated that the addition of bio-oil promoted a decrease in viscos- From Fig. 5(b), after RTFO aging, the phase angle of SBS modi-
ity, which benefits construction. However, the change was not too fied bio-asphalt was smaller than that of the base binder, and the phase
significant, especially when the bio-oil content varied from 15% to angle decreased with the increase in bio-oil. This trend is different
20%. Both the mixing temperature and compaction temperatures were from that of the unaged asphalt. This could be due to the higher ag-
nearly unchanged and also very similar to that of the 50 penetration ing susceptibility of bio-binder [27]. The phase angle of the bio-binder
grade base binder. Thus, when compared to the 50 penetration grade
 Construction and Building Materials xxx (2017) xxx-xxx 5

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Fig. 5. The relationship between phase angle and temperature.

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approached that of the base binder when the temperature increased. tance. The rutting index of S100 asphalt was always larger than that of
SBS modified bio-asphalt still exhibited better elastic characteristics the 50 penetration grade asphalt. Thus, SBS can improve the ability of
than 50 penetration grade base binder after RTFO aging. asphalt to resist rutting deformation. After RTFO aging, the resistance
The rutting index, G∗/sin(δ), was calculated to better evaluate the to rutting deformation of SBS modified bio-asphalt was stronger than
effect of bio-oil on the high temperature performance of the SBS mod- that of the base binder.
ified bio-asphalt. A higher value of G∗/sin(δ) indicates a better high
temperature performance. Fig. 6 displays the G∗/sin(δ) of the #50 base 4.3. Temperature sensitivity analysis

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asphalt and the SBS modified bio-asphalts. As can be shown from
Fig. 6(a), before RTFO aging, the rutting index decreased with the in- The properties of asphalt are temperature dependent as asphalt is a
crease in temperature, and decreased slowly after 64 °C. This suggests thermal plastic material in nature. In detail, with an increase in tem-
that the resistance to rutting was reduced dramatically with the rise perature, the G∗/sin(δ) decreased. The temperature sensitivity of as-
in temperature, and reduced slowly after 64 °C. At the same tempera- phalt is determined by how quickly the G∗/sin(δ) changes when tem-
ture, the rutting index of S100 was greater than that of the base binder, perature fluctuates. It was found that a line can be used to fit the scat-
which implies that SBS increased the ability of asphalt to resist rut- tered plot between ln(G∗/sin(δ)) and ln(T). A lower slope of the fitted
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ting. Meanwhile, the rut factor decreased with the increase in bio-oil line indicates a lower temperature sensitivity of the asphalt. Based on
content; when the bio-oil content was more than 10%, it was close this, the sensitivity analysis of SBS modified bio-asphalt before and
to being stable. However, the degree it decreased was not extremely after RTFO aging is shown in Fig. 7. To better analyze the data, the
different than that of the base binder. Consequently, anti-rutting per- three parameters (slope, intersection, and R2) of the linear fitting are
formance of SBS modified bio-asphalt decreased to some degree but shown in Table 5. It can be seen that all of the R2 values were very
not significantly with the increase in bio-oil when the bio-oil was less close to 1, indicating a very good linear fitting. In terms of the ab-
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10%, then it began to stablilize. The influence of bio-oil content on rut solute value of the slope, which indicates the temperature sensitivity
factors of SBS modified bio-asphalt lessen when the content was more of asphalt, some interesting results were observed. Compared to the
than 10%. base asphalt, the SBS asphalt had a slightly higher temperature sensi-
From Fig. 6(b), after RTFO aging, the rut factors of all asphalts tivity before aging. But after aging, the temperature sensitivity of the
were reduced with the rise in temperature and decreased slowly af- SBS asphalt was slightly lower than that of the base asphalt. This im-
ter 64 °C. This was the same as the phenomenon before RTFO ag- plies that the SBS modifier improved the temperature sensitivity of
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ing. At the same temperature, the sequence of rut factors was the base asphalt. This may be due to its different aging property. Re-
S120 > S115 > S110 > S105 > S100 > 50 penetration grade. The rea- gardless of the effect of bio-oil concentration on the temperature sen-
son behind it was that after RTFO aging, bio-oil was aged and the as- sitivity of SBS modified bio-asphalt, it was observed that with an in-
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phalt became hard. Thus, bio-binder contributed to the rutting resis crease in bio-oil content, the temperature sensitivity of the SBS modi
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Fig. 6. The relationship between rut factor and temperature.

6 Construction and Building Materials xxx (2017) xxx-xxx

sensitivity of the SBS modified bio-asphalt was lower than that of

the 50 penetration grade base binder and decreased with the increase
in bio-oil content. It can also be seen that the temperature sensitivity
of the SBS modified bio-asphalt after RTFO aging was higher than
that before RTFO aging. After RTFO aging, though the temperature
sensitivity of SBS modified bio-asphalt increased with the increase in

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bio-oil content, SBS modified bio-asphalt still had temperature sen-
sitivity lower than that of the base binder when bio-oil content was

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less than 20%. However, temperature sensitivity of S120 was much
higher than that of the base binder after RTFO aging. Since the RTFO
test simulates the short term aging of asphalt during mixing and com-
paction, this high thermal sensitivity after RFTO aging could be an is-
sue in the practical application of bio-oil. Another possible approach
to eliminate such an adverse effect is to lower the production temper-
ature of bio-oil in the practical application. For instance, use emulsifi-
cation to apply it at a much lower temperature.

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5. Conclusions

This study investigated the workability, anti-rutting performance

and temperature sensitivity of SBS modified bio-asphalt. Five types of
SBS modified bio-asphalts and a penetration graded base asphalt 50#
were studied in this research, SBS dosage was 1% of total binder by

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weight. The bio-oil contents for the five types of binders were 0%, 5%,
10%, 15% and 20% of total binder by weight. The following conclu-
sions were reached from the experimental data obtained in this work:
(1) SBS modified bio-asphalt had a greater viscosity than the base
binder to some degree. The addition of SBS increased the viscos-
ity of SBS modified bio-asphalt, and the viscosity of SBS mod-
CT
ified bio-asphalt decreased with the increase in bio-oil content.
When the temperature was lower, the effect of bio-oil content
was more significant. Take the 20 r/min for example, when 20%
bio-binder was added into the SBS asphalt, the viscosity was re-
duced by 57.8% at 90 °C. And, when the bio-oil content and test-
ing temperature were high (e.g. 20% and 175 °C), the rate of de-
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crease in viscosity was visibly smaller.

(2) The addition of SBS increased the mixing and compaction temper-
atures of SBS modified bio-asphalt, as expected. Meanwhile, the
addition of bio-oil decreased the mixing and compaction temper-
ature, which decreased with the increase in bio-oil content. Com-
pared to a 50 penetration grade base binder, the mixing and com-
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Fig. 7. ln (G*/sinδ)-lnT Linear regression. paction temperature of SBS modified bio-asphalt was about the
same when the bio-oil content was more than 10%.
Table 5 (3) Before RTFO aging, the anti-rutting performance of SBS mod-
Linear fitting results of different asphalt temperature scanning data.
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ified bio-asphalt was slightly weaker than that of the 50# base
Asphalt type ln (G*/sinδ) = A lnT + B binder and decreased with the increase in bio-oil content, but was
nearly stable when bio-oil content was more than 10%. After
Before RTFO After RTFO RTFO aging, at the same temperature, the resistance to rutting of
A B R 2
A B R2 SBS modified bio-asphalt was stronger than that of the 50# base
binder, and grew with the increase in bio-oil content.
50 penetration −8.323 35.616 0.99991 −8.962 39.312 0.99907 (4) Before RTFO aging, SBS modified bio-asphalt was less temper-
grade
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S100 −8.409 36.185 0.99976 −8.712 38.569 0.99857

ature sensitive than the 50# base binder, and such sensitivity de-
S105 −8.205 35.081 0.99980 −8.850 39.261 0.99829 creased with the increase in bio-oil content. After RTFO aging,
S110 −8.199 34.906 0.99985 −8.922 40.082 0.99769 the temperature sensitivity of SBS modified bio-asphalt was still
S115 −8.010 35.342 0.99988 −8.941 39.977 0.99826 lower than that of the 50# base binder when the bio-oil content
S120 −7.925 33.799 0.99987 −10.016 44.590 0.99193
was less than 20%, and it increased with the increase in bio-oil
content.
fied bio-asphalt decreased overall, but the temperature sensitivity of This study plays a promising role in obtaining a new road material
the RTFO aged asphalt increased overall. This is mainly due to the demonstrating better performances with the base binder. Meanwhile,
fast aging of bio-binder [23]. Also, before RTFO aging, temperature this work is helpful for the application of sustainable energy on road
 Construction and Building Materials xxx (2017) xxx-xxx 7

engineering. As a whole, the high temperature performance of SBS [11] E.H. Fini, Daniel J. Oldham, Taher Abu-Lebdeh, Synthesis and characteriza-
modified bio-asphalt is good, however, further improving the high tion of bio-modified rubber(BMR) asphalt: sustainable waste management so-
lution for scrap tire and swine manure, J. Environ. Eng. 139 (12) (2013) 8.
temperature performance and investigating its modification mecha- [12] E.H. Fini, et al., Partial replacement of asphalt binder with bio-binder: charac-
nism invariably needs more attention. In addition, study on storage terisation and modification, Int. J. Pavement Eng. 13 (6) (2012) 515–522.
stability of SBS modified bio-asphalts also needs further research. [13] E.H. Fini, et al., Chemical characterization of biobinder from swine manure:
Sustainable modifier for asphalt binder, J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 23 (11) (2011)

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1506–1513.
Acknowledgement [14] S.-H. Yang, T. Suciptan, Y.-H. Chang, Investigation of rheological behavior of
Japanese cedar based bio-binder as partial replacement for bituminous binder,

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This research is supported by the Basic Scientific Research Funds in: Transportation Research Board 92nd Annual Meeting, 2013.
of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) (Nos. [15] L. Mohammad, et al., Laboratory evaluation of asphalt mixtures that contain
51378074, 51578075), the Fundamental and Applied Research Pro- biobinder technologies, Transp. Res. Rec.: J. Transp. Res. Board 2371 (2013)
58–65.
ject of the Chinese National Transportation Department (2014 319 812 [16] M. Raouf, R. Williams, Temperature and shear susceptibility of a nonpetro-
180), and the Special Fund for Basic Scientific Research of Central leum binder as a pavement material, Transp. Res. Rec.: J. Transp. Res.
Colleges, Chang’an University (CHD310821153503). Board 2180 (2010) 9–18.
[17] J. Peralta, et al., Bio-Renewable Asphalt Modifiers and Asphalt Substitutes, In:
Sustainable Bioenergy and Bioproducts, Springer, 2012, pp. 89–115.
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