Digital Communications

LECTURE 10:FREQUENCY SHIF T KEYING ( FSK) Dr/ Amr Wageeh

Frequency Shift Keying
(FSK)
BFSK
• Frequency of carrier changes with information.

• For 1 S1(t)= A cos(ω1t +Өc).

• For 0 S2(t)= A cos(ω2t +Өc ).

• In polar form b=±1

𝐴 𝐴
• xBFSK= 1 + 𝑏 cos(ω1t +Өc) + 1 − 𝑏 cos(ω2t +Өc)
2 2

OOK at f1 Inverted OOK at f2

Design BFSK
• To minimize Pe → minimize 𝜌12

1 ∞
• 𝜌12 = ‫׬‬−∞ 𝑆1 (𝑡)𝑆2 (𝑡)𝑑𝑡
𝐸1 𝐸2

𝑇𝑏
• E1=E2 =A2
2

1 ∞
• 𝜌12 =
𝐸1 𝐸2
‫׬‬−∞ A cos(ω1t +Өc).A cos(ω2t +Өc ).𝑑𝑡

1 ∞ 2 1
• = ‫׬‬ A cos(ω1t+ω2t+2Өc) + cos((ω1−ω2)t ).𝑑𝑡
A2 𝑇𝑏 −∞
2
2

1 ∞ 1 ∞ 1
• = ‫ ׬‬cos((ω1−ω2)t
𝑇𝑏 −∞
).𝑑𝑡 = ‫ ׬‬cos(2π(f1−f2)t
𝑇𝑏 −∞
).𝑑𝑡 =
2πΔf𝑇𝑏
sin (2πΔf𝑇𝑏 )

• = sinc (2Δf𝑇𝑏 )
Design BFSK
𝜌12

• 𝝆𝒎𝒊𝒏 ≠ -1.

• Standard Design (Orthogonal BFSK)

Δf
• 𝝆=0
1 1
𝝆𝒎𝒊𝒏
𝑛 𝑛 1 2𝑇𝑏 𝑇𝑏
• Δf = = 𝑅𝑏 → Δfmin = 𝑅𝑏
2 𝑇𝑏 2 2

• Optimum Design

0.718
• Δf = → 𝝆 = -0.21
𝑇𝑏
M ary FSK
• M orthogonal frequencies
𝑛 𝑛
• Δf = = 𝑅𝑠
2 𝑇𝑠 2

• fi ϵ { f1, f1 + Δf + f1 + 2Δf , f1 + 3Δf , ……………………………… f1 + (M-1)Δf

• xMFSK=𝐴 cos(2π(f1+(m−1)Δf)t +Өc) for m=1,2,3,…………….M

PSD, B.W and ζ𝑓

• BFSK
𝐴 𝐴
• xBFSK= 1 + 𝑏 cos(ω1t +Өc) + 1 − 𝑏 cos(ω2t +Өc)
2 2

• 3dB B.W = 𝑅𝑏 + Δf

• Null to null B.W = 2𝑅𝑏 + Δf

PSD, B.W and ζ𝑓
• Min B.W
1
• 3dB B.W = 𝑅𝑏 + 𝑅𝑏 = 1.5 𝑅𝑏
2

𝑅𝑏 𝑅𝑏
• ζ𝑓 = = = 0.67 bits/sec/Hz.
𝐵.𝑊 1.5𝑅𝑏
PSD, B.W and ζ𝑓
• MFSK

• 3dB B.W = (M − 1)Δf + 𝑅𝑠

𝑅𝑠 𝑅𝑠
• B.W min = (M-1) + 𝑅𝑠 = (M+1)
2 2

• 𝑅𝑏 = log 𝑀 ⋅ 𝑅𝑠

𝑅𝑏 𝑅𝑏 2 log 𝑀
• ζ𝑓 = 𝑅𝑠 = =
(M+1) 2
(M+1) 2 log
𝑅𝑏
𝑀
(M+1)

M↑ ζ𝑓 ↓ M ary FSK is not spectrally efficient modulation

Constellation diagram
• BFSK

• dmin = 𝟐𝑬𝒃
2
cos(ω2t+Өc)
𝑇𝑏

𝑑𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝐸𝑏
• 𝑃𝑒 = Q( ) = Q( )
2𝑁𝑜 𝑁𝑜
𝑬𝒃

2
Cos(ω1t+Өc)
𝑇𝑏

𝑬𝒃
• M ary FSK

• dmin constant with M increasing

• M↑ 𝑃𝑒 ↓ (Power efficient mod) ζ𝑝 ↑

𝐸𝑏
• M→∞ 𝑃𝑒 = 0 at = 1.42 dB
𝑁𝑜

At B.W →∞
Minimum Shift Keying
(MSK)
Minimum Shift Keying (MSK)
• Binary modulation.

• Combination between phase and frequency modulation.

• Small bandwidth, ζ𝑓 > 1 and low 𝑃𝑒

• Memory modulation.

• Constant Amplitude.

• Special case of CPM ( Continuous Phase Modulation).

1
• CPFSK with min separation for orthogonality (Δf = 𝑅𝑏 )
2
Motivation

• Ordinary FSK can use separate oscillators.

➢Abrupt phase switching.
➢High bandwidth and high side lopes.

• At detection: phase information is occurred in CPM.

 MSK as special case of CFSK Input ±1 Modulation index (const)

𝜋ℎ(𝑡−𝐾𝑇𝑏 )
• 𝑆𝑀𝑆𝐾 (𝑡) = 𝐴 cos(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 + 𝜃 𝐾𝑇𝑏 + 𝑏𝑘 )
𝑇𝑏

Increase in phase
Const Amp like FSK Accumulated phase
(linear in time)
until t=kTb
kTb < t < (k+1)Tb
0 → 𝜋ℎ
Note
1. BFSK modulation

1 𝜃(𝑡) 1 𝑑 𝜋ℎ(𝑡−𝐾𝑇𝑏 )
• 𝑓𝑖 = 𝑑 = [2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 + 𝜃 𝐾𝑇𝑏 + 𝑏𝑘 ]
2𝜋 𝑑(𝑡) 2𝜋 𝑑(𝑡) 𝑇𝑏

1 𝜋ℎ ℎ
• = [2𝜋𝑓𝑐 + 𝑏𝑘 ] = 𝑓𝑐 ±
2𝜋 𝑇𝑏 2𝑇𝑏

ℎ
• Δf =
𝑇𝑏

2. Memory modulation 𝜽 𝑲𝑻𝒃

MSK as special case of CFSK
• Trajectory of phase change (Tree Diagram)

𝜋ℎ(𝑡−𝐾𝑇𝑏 )
• 𝜃 𝑡 = 𝜃 𝐾𝑇𝑏 + 𝑏𝑘
𝑇𝑏

𝟐𝝅𝒉

𝝅𝒉

𝑇𝑏 3𝑇𝑏
0
2𝑇𝑏

−𝝅𝒉

−𝟐𝝅𝒉
 Tree diagram at 011

Phase change: 0 →-𝝅𝒉→0 →𝝅𝒉

𝑇𝑏 3𝑇𝑏
0
2𝑇𝑏
 Trellis diagram
• Example at h= ½.→ MSK

• 𝜃 𝐾𝑇𝑏 = { 0, 𝝅/2 , 𝝅 , 3 𝝅/2 }

𝟑𝝅/2

𝝅/2

𝟎
𝑇𝑏 2𝑇𝑏 3𝑇𝑏
𝟑𝝅/2

𝝅/2

𝟎
𝑇𝑏 2𝑇𝑏 3𝑇𝑏

011 will represent 0 →3𝝅/𝟐→0 →𝝅/𝟐

MSK
• It is a special case of CPFSK with h = ½ .

𝜋(𝑡−𝐾𝑇𝑏 )
• 𝑆𝑀𝑆𝐾 (𝑡) = 𝐴 cos(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 + 𝜃 𝐾𝑇𝑏 + 𝑏𝑘 )
2𝑇𝑏

1
• Δf =
2𝑇𝑏

• At time even multiple of Tb : 0 , 𝝅

𝝅 𝝅
• At time odd multiple of Tb : , − .
2 𝟐
Digital Communications

LECTURE 11:MINIMUM SHIF T KEYING ( MSK) Dr/ Amr Wageeh

MSK as Pulse shaped of OQPSK
𝜋(𝑡−𝐾𝑇𝑏 )
• 𝑆𝑀𝑆𝐾 (𝑡) = 𝐴 cos(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 + 𝜃 𝐾𝑇𝑏 + 𝑏𝑘 )
2𝑇𝑏

𝜋(𝑡−𝐾𝑇𝑏 ) 𝜋(𝑡−𝐾𝑇𝑏 )
• =𝐴 cos(𝜃 𝐾𝑇𝑏 + 𝑏𝑘 ) cos(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡) - 𝐴 sin(𝜃 𝐾𝑇𝑏 + 𝑏𝑘 ) 𝑠𝑖𝑛(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡)
2𝑇𝑏 2𝑇𝑏

Inphase Component Quadrature phase Component

MSK as Pulse shaped of OQPSK
• Inphase Component: -Tb ≤ t < Tb k=0

𝜋(𝑡−𝐾𝑇𝑏 ) 𝜋𝑡
• 𝐴 cos(𝜃 𝐾𝑇𝑏 + 𝑏𝑘 ) = 𝐴 cos(𝜃 0 + 𝑏𝑜 )
2𝑇𝑏 2𝑇𝑏

𝜋𝑡 𝜋𝑡
= 𝐴 cos 𝜃 0 cos(𝑏𝑜 ) - 𝐴 sin(𝜃 0 sin(𝑏𝑜 )
2𝑇𝑏 2𝑇𝑏

0 π

cos 𝜃 0 Responsible for sign

𝜋𝑡 With 2Tb bit duration
𝐴 cos 𝜃 0 cos( ) Shaped by cos(
𝜋𝑡
)
2𝑇𝑏 2𝑇𝑏
MSK as Pulse shaped of OQPSK
• Quadrature component: shifted by Tb 0 ≤ t < 2Tb k=1
𝜋(𝑡−𝐾𝑇𝑏 ) 𝜋(𝑡−𝑇𝑏 )
• 𝐴 sin(𝜃 𝐾𝑇𝑏 + 𝑏𝑘 ) = 𝐴 sin(𝜃 𝑇𝑏 + 𝑏𝑜 )
2𝑇𝑏 2𝑇𝑏

𝜋(𝑡−𝑇𝑏 ) 𝜋(𝑡−𝑇𝑏 )
• 𝐴 cos(𝜃 𝑇𝑏 sin(𝑏𝑜 ) + 𝐴 sin(𝜃 𝑇𝑏 cos(𝑏𝑜 )
2𝑇𝑏 2𝑇𝑏

±π/2

sin 𝜃 𝑇𝑏 Responsible for sign

• 𝐴 sin(𝜃 𝑇𝑏 cos(𝑏𝑜
𝜋(𝑡−𝑇𝑏 )
) With 2Tb bit duration
2𝑇𝑏 𝜋(𝑡−𝑇𝑏 )
Shaped by sin( )
2𝑇𝑏
Example
• For bit stream In = 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 in MSK ,

Draw inphase and quadrature phase component.

Solution:
Ѳ(K𝑇𝑏 ) = 0 , π/2 , π , π/2 , π , π/2 , 0 , -π/2

Even phase: 0, π , π , 0 inphase polarity: + - - +

Odd phase: π/2 , π/2 , π/2 , - π/2 quadrature + + + -
PSD, B.W and ζ𝑓
𝜋𝑡 𝜋(𝑡−𝑇𝑏 )
• S(t) = 𝐴 cos 𝜃 0 cos(𝑏𝑜 ) cos(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡) - 𝐴 sin(𝜃 𝑇𝑏 cos(𝑏𝑜 ) 𝑠𝑖𝑛(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡)
2𝑇𝑏 2𝑇𝑏

Polar component Polar component

2Tb duration 2Tb duration
𝜋𝑡
Shaped cos(2𝑇 ) = g1(t) 𝜋(𝑡−𝑇 )
Shaped cos(𝑏𝑜 2𝑇 𝑏 ) = g2(t)
𝑏
𝑏

𝐺1 (𝑓) 2 16 𝐴2 𝑇𝑏2 cos(2𝜋𝑓𝑇𝑏 ) 2

𝑃𝑆𝐷𝐿𝑜𝑤 𝑝𝑎𝑠𝑠 = 2 = [ 2 2 ]
2𝑇𝑏 𝜋2 16𝑇𝑏 𝑓 −1
PSD, B.W and ζ𝑓

• Null to null B.W = 1.5 Rb.

• 3dB bandwidth = 0.6 Rb.

• Side lopes ↓↓
𝑅𝑏 f
• ζ𝑓 = = 1.667 b/s/Hz
0.6𝑅𝑏 fc-0.75 Rb fc+0.75 Rb
1.5 Rb
Constellation diagram
𝜋(𝑡−𝑇𝑏 ) 𝜋𝑡 𝜋 𝜋𝑡
• cos(𝑏𝑜 ) = cos( - ) = sin( )
2𝑇𝑏 2𝑇𝑏 2 2𝑇𝑏

2 𝜋𝑡
Ф2(t) = sin( ) 𝑠𝑖𝑛(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡)
𝑇𝑏 2𝑇𝑏

2 𝜋𝑡
• Ф1(t) = cos( ) cos(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡)
𝑇𝑏 2𝑇𝑏

2 𝜋𝑡
• Ф2(t) = sin( ) 𝑠𝑖𝑛(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡)
𝑇𝑏 2𝑇𝑏 2 𝜋𝑡
Ф1(t) = cos(2𝑇 ) cos(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡)
𝑇𝑏 𝑏
Constellation diagram

0 1
𝜃 0 = π , 𝜃 𝑇𝑏 = π/2 𝜃 0 = 0 , 𝜃 𝑇𝑏 = π/2

𝜃 0 = π , 𝜃 𝑇𝑏 = -π/2 𝜃 0 = 0 , 𝜃 𝑇𝑏 = -π/2

1 0
 Constellation diagram

𝑑𝑚𝑖𝑛 2 𝐸𝑏 1
𝑃𝑒 = Q( )= Q( ) 0 2 𝐸𝑏 𝐸𝑏 ,
2𝑁𝑜 2𝑁𝑜 𝐸𝑏

2𝐸𝑏
= Q( )
𝑁𝑜

1 0
Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying (GMSK)

• The spectral efficiency of MSK is further enhanced by filtering the baseband

signal of square pulses with a Gaussian filter.

i.e Gaussian filter has similar shapes in time

and frequency domains and Has no side
loops.
• Non Causal system
Power spectra of MSK and GMSK signals for varying
time bandwidth product
• WTb =time bandwidth product

• 𝜶 is a constant whose value depends

on the time–bandwidth product