Workbook | 2024

Unit 8 - Fluids
 UNIT

8 Fluids | 8.A Weight of Water

NAME DATE

Scenario
In a discussion during lunch, Angela and Blake are debating how
the weight of a water-filled cup depends on the depth of the water.
Angela claims that the weight W of the cup-water system is directly
proportional to the depth d of the water. Blake claims that the
weight W of the cup-water system is directly proportional to the
2
depth squared d of the water.

Figure 1

Using Representations
PART A On the axes in Figure 2, sketch a graph that would represent each student’s claim about the weight
of the cup-water system as a function of the depth of the water d .

Figure 2

Experimental Design
PART B Describe an experimental procedure Blake and Angela could
use to collect data that would allow them to determine how the
weight of the water depends on the depth. Include any steps
necessary to reduce experimental uncertainty. If needed, you
may include a simple diagram of the setup with your procedure.
Assume equipment usually found in a school physics
laboratory is available.

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 8.A Weight of Water

After performing the experiment to determine how the weight of the water depends on the
depth of the water in the cup, Blake and Angela perform a second experiment to determine the
density of an unknown liquid. Angela places an empty graduated cylinder on a scale and zeros
the scale. She pours 1 cubic centimeter of liquid in the container and measures the mass using
the scale. She repeats this as she adds each cubic centimeter up to 6 cubic centimeters. Her
measurements are recorded in the data table shown below.

Volume (cm3) Volume (m3) Mass of Liquid (g) Mass of liquid (kg)
1 1.0
2 1.9
3 2.7
4 3.8
5 4.5
6 5.7

Using Representations
PART C On the grid in Figure 3, plot the mass of the liquid in kg as a function of the volume in cubic
meters. Clearly scale and label all axes (including units), as appropriate. Draw straight line that
best represents the data. You may use the remaining columns in the table, as needed, to record any
quantities that are not already in the table.

Figure 3

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 8.A Weight of Water

Data Analysis
PART D What is the physical meaning of the slope of the line of best fit sketched in part C?

Use the line of best fit you drew on the graph to calculate an experimental value for the density
of the liquid.

PART E Blake researches the density of the liquid, and the manufacturer claims that at room temperature
2 3
the density of the liquid is approximately 9.1 ⋅10 kg/m . Calculate the percent error between the
density recorded by the manufacturer and the density calculated in the previous part.

Valueexpected − Value measured

% error = ×100
Valueexpected

What is a physical reason that could lead to the difference in the experimentally determined
value of the density?

If Angela had not zeroed the scale before she took her measurements, how would the data and
line of best fit be different?

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 8.A Weight of Water

Figure 4

PART F The ratio of the mass of a substance to its volume is called density, . Figure 4 shows a graph of the
mass M as a function of the volume V for three different substances. Rank the densities 1, 2 3 of
substances 1, 2 and 3 respectively from greatest to least. Briefly justify your ranking

____ > _____ > ____

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 UNIT

8 Fluids | 8.B Density Experiment

NAME DATE

Scenario

Figure 1

A cylinder, a sphere, and a cube, all made of the same material sit on a surface. The density of the
cylinder, sphere, and cube are ρcylinder, ρ sphere and ρcube respectively.

Argumentation
PART A Rank the objects (cylinder, sphere, cube) from most dense to least dense (if any have equal density
place an equal sign between).

_____ _____ _____

Justify your response.

PART B Rank the objects from largest mass to smallest mass.

_______ _______ ___

Justify your response.

Angela and Dominique are given six aluminum spheres, all with different radii. They are asked
to measure the mass and radius of each sphere to determine an experimental value of π . The
3
density of aluminum is 2700 kg/m .
They measure the mass of each sphere with a scale and the radius of each sphere with caliper
and record the data in the following table.

Mass (kg) Radius (m)

0.06 0.015
0.10 0.020
0.20 0.025
0.35 0.030
0.48 0.035
0.76 0.040

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 8.B Density Experiment

Data Analysis
PART C Indicate which quantities could be graphed to yield a straight line whose slope could be used to
determine a value for pi. You may use the remaining columns in the table, as needed, to record any
quantities (including units) that are not already in the table.
Vertical Axis:         Horizontal Axis:               
PART D On the grid shown in Figure 2, plot the appropriate quantities to create a graph that can be used
to determine an experimental value for pi. Clearly scale and label all axes (including units), as
appropriate. Draw a straight line that best represents the data.

Figure 2

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 8.B Density Experiment

PART E Using the line of best fit you drew in part D, calculate an experimental value for pi.

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 UNIT

8 Fluids | 8.C Pressure in Two Cylinders

NAME DATE

Scenario
Blake and Angela are given two
Cylinders X and Y that are each partially
filled to the same height h 0 with an
incompressible oil of density . Cylinder
X has a cross-sectional area of AX and
cylinder Y has a cross – sectional area
of AY where AY > AX . The atmospheric
pressure exerted on the oil in both
cylinders is Patm .

Argumentation Figure 1
PART A The absolute pressure on the bottom of the cylinders X and Y is PX and PY respectively. Compare
the absolute pressure at the bottom of cylinders X and Y. Justify your answer.

PART B Dominique claims that the force exerted on the bottom of Cylinder Y by the oil must be greater than
the force exerted on the bottom of Cylinder X by the oil because there is more oil in Cylinder Y.
Justify how this claim is consistent or inconsistent with the claim you made in Part A.

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 8.C Pressure in Two Cylinders

PART C Derive an expression for the downward force exerted on the bottom of Cylinder X in terms of the
given quantities and physical constants, as appropriate.

The force exerted by the fluid on the bottom of Cylinder X is F1. The pressure exerted by the fluid
on the bottom of Cylinder X is P1. Cylinder X is then sealed by placing a wooden disk of mass M
that sits on top of the oil and can move with negligible friction. After the cylinder is sealed the
force and pressure exerted on the bottom of the cylinder by the fluid are F2 and P2 respectively.
PART D Indicate whether F1 is greater than, less than, or equal to F2 . Justify your answer.

Indicate whether P1 is greater than, less than, or equal to P2 . Justify your answer.

Indicate whether the work done on the fluid by the disk is positive, negative or zero. Justify
your answer.

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 UNIT

8 Fluids | 8.D Pressure in Different Pipes

NAME DATE

Scenario
Carlos and Dominique are analyzing the water system
shown in Figure 1. The pump pushes water upward
into the tank at the top of the water system. The top
of the tank is open to the air and the bottom of the
tank is connected to a vertical pipe. The vertical pipe
extends from the bottom of the tank to the lowest level
of the water system. One section of the pipe extends
horizontally from the bottom of the vertical pipe. Pipe L
has a cross-section area A . The center of pipe L is at
a height y = 0. Pipe S has a cross-sectional area of A
and is at a height y = h . Pipe T has a cross-sectional
area of 2A and is at a height y = 2h. The top of the
water in the tank is at a height y=4h. The horizontal
pipes are completely filled with water, which has a
density w , and are closed by caps at the end.

Figure 1
Argumentation
PART A Carlos and Dominique make the following claims:
Carlos: “The force exerted on the cap by the water at S and L are equal because the areas of the
two pipes are equal and the force of the air is equal on both. Therefore, since Force is equal to
pressure times area, the force from the air must be equal on S and L . Because the caps aren’t
accelerating, the force from the air must equal the force from the water.”
Dominique: “The force exerted by the water on Cap L must be greater than the force exerted by
the water on S . The pressure is greater at L because it is deeper in the pipe. The areas of the
caps don’t matter, only the depth matters.”
Indicate which part(s) of Carlos’ argument do you agree with?

Indicate which part(s) of Dominique’s claim do you agree with?

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 8.D Pressure in Different Pipes

PART B Indicate whether the force exerted on Cap L (FL ) by the water greater than, less than, or equal to
the force exerted on Cap S (FS) by the water? Justify your answer.

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 8.D Pressure in Different Pipes

Quantitative Analysis
PART C Derive a general equation for the force exerted by the water on a cap in terms of y , the height
of the pipe above the bottom pipe, the area A of the pipe, w , h, Patm , and physical constants as
appropriate, where Patm is atmospheric pressure.

PART D Justify how the equation you derived in Part C

is or is not consistent with the claim made in
Part B.

Figure 2

PART E Angela places a large piece of ice in the water in the tank as shown in Figure 2. The ice floats as
shown. Over time, the ice melts and eventually completely mixes with the water in the tank. As the
ice melts, indicate whether the pressure at the bottom of the tank increases, decreases, or remains
the same? Justify your answer.

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 UNIT

8 Fluids | 8.E Tension in Strings Attached to Bottom

NAME DATE

Scenario
Solid cubes 1, 2, and 3 with volumes V , V and 2V
respectively, are made of the same material and attached
by strings as shown in Figure 1 to the bottom of a tank of
water of density ρw . T1 , T2 and T3 are the tensions in the
strings attached to boxes 1, 2, and 3 respectively. Cubes
2, and 3 are fully submerged and Cube 1 is partially
submerged. The density of each cube is ρc .

Figure 1
Argumentation
PART A The masses of the three cubes 1, 2, and 3 are m1, m2, and m3 respectively. Rank the masses of the
cubes from greatest to least, noting any ties if applicable. Justify your response.

PART B Rank the tensions in the strings from greatest to least. Justify your response beyond referencing
equations.

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 8.E Tension in Strings Attached to Bottom

Using Representations
PART C The three dots below represent the three cubes. On each of the following dots, draw and label
the forces (not components) exerted on each cube. Each force must be represented by a distinct
arrow starting on, and pointing away from, the dot. The relative magnitude of each force should be
represented by the length of each arrow.

Figure 2

Quantitative Analysis
PART D Cube 1 has side length s . Derive an equation for the tension FT in
the string connected to Box 1 in terms of the depth x , the block is
submerged under the water, the density of water w , the density of
the cube c , and physical constants as appropriate.

PART E Justify how your derived equation in part D is or is not consistent

with your ranking of the tensions exerted on cubes 1 and 2. Figure 3

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 8.E Tension in Strings Attached to Bottom

PART F On the axes shown in Figure 4, sketch a graph of the magnitude of the tension in the string
attached to Cube 1 as a function of the depth x , the block is submerged in the water.

Figure 4

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 UNIT

8 Fluids | 8.F Floating Ping-Pong Ball

NAME DATE

Scenario
A ping pong ball floats on water, as shown in Figure 1. The
3
average density of the ping pong ball is 84 kg/m . The
3
density of water is 1000 kg/m .

Figure 1
Using Representations
PART A The dot shown in Figure 2 represents the center of mass of the ping pong ball. Draw a free-body
diagram of the forces (not components) exerted on the floating ping pong ball, with the overall
force of the water represented by one vector. Draw each force as a distinct arrow that begins on
and points away from the point of application of the force. Represent the relative magnitude of
each force by the relative length of each arrow.

Figure 2

Quantitative Analysis
PART B Calculate the percent of the volume of the ping pong ball that will be above the surface of the
water.

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 8.F Floating Ping-Pong Ball

Argumentation
PART C A new ball, with the same overall density, but with triple the diameter of the first ball is placed in
the water. What fraction of the diameter of the new ball would be above the water surface? Briefly
justify your claim.

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 UNIT

8 Fluids | 8.G Balloon Released from Bottom of Pool

NAME DATE

Scenario
Carlos and Blake are given a spherical, rubber balloon that is
filled with gas and tied with a string. The mass of the rubber
balloon and the string is m0 and the density of the gas is g .
The balloon has a radius R , and a volume V as shown in
Figure 1. Angela releases the balloon from rest at the bottom
of a pool of water, of density w , and the balloon accelerates
toward the surface of the water. Resistive forces from the
water are negligible.

Figure 1
Using Representations
PART A The dot shown in Figure 2 represents the center of mass of the air – balloon – string system. On
the dot, draw and label the forces (not components) that are exerted on the system as the balloon
rises from the bottom of the pool. Each force must be represented by a distinct arow starting on
and pointing away from the dot. Represent the relative magnitude of each force by the relative
length of each arrow.

Figure 2

Quantitative Analysis
PART B Derive an expression for the acceleration of the air – balloon – string system when it is released
in terms of the given quantities and physical constants, as appropriate. Resistive forces exerted by
the water are negligible.

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 8.G Balloon Released from Bottom of Pool

Experimental Design
PART C Dominique is given a stopwatch and tape measure and is asked to use only this equipment in
an experiment to determine the density of the gas inside the balloon from a graph of the data.
Describe an experimental procedure Dominique can use to accomplish this. Include any steps
necessary to reduce experimental uncertainty.

PART D Indicate which measured or calculated quantities Dominique could plot on the vertical and
horizontal axes to yield a linear graph whose slope can be used to calculate an experimental value
for the density of the gas in the balloon.

Describe how Dominique could use the best fit line to the data to calculate an experimental
value for the density of the gas in the balloon.

In another experiment, Blake and Angela measure the force required to keep the balloon at rest
under the water.
PART E Starting with Newton’s second law, show that the magnitude of the force required to hold
the balloon under the water in terms of ρw , the density of water, ρ g , the density of the gas
in the balloon, V , the volume of the balloon, mb , the mass of the balloon, can be written as:
Fpush = gV ( ρw − ρ g ) − mb g .

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 8.G Balloon Released from Bottom of Pool

Blake and Angela also measure the radius of the spherical balloon. They open the balloon
and release some gas from the balloon. They repeat the measurements of radius and the force
required to keep the balloon under the water. The table below shows the data obtained.

Force (N) Radius (m)

0.05 0.15
0.21 0.20
0.50 0.24
0.60 0.26
0.78 0.28
1.0 0.30
PART F Indicate two quantities that could be plotted to yield a graph that can be used to calculate a
numerical value for the mass of the balloon. You may use the remaining columns in the table
above, as needed, to record any quantities that are not already in the table.
______________ Vertical axis ______________ Horizontal axis

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 8.G Balloon Released from Bottom of Pool

PART G On the grid in Figure 3, plot the appropriate quantities to determine a numerical value for the mass
of the balloon. Clearly scale and label all axes, including units, as appropriate.

Figure 3

Draw a line of best fit to the data graphed above.

Use the graph to calculate a value for the mass of the balloon.

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 UNIT

8 Fluids | 8.H Floating Raft

NAME DATE

Scenario
A rectangular raft of density raft , floats on the
surface of a liquid of density liquid . The area of
the raft is A , and the height of the raft x . The raft
floats with depth d under the liquid, where d < x .

Argumentation Figure 1
PART A A second raft with the same dimensions is made of a different material so that the density of the
second raft is 2 raft . The masses of rafts 1 and 2 are m1 and m2 respectively. Write an equation that
describes the relationship between m1 and m2. Justify your reasoning.

PART B The buoyant force on the raft can be described by the equation FB = gV . In the following table,
briefly describe what each of the following variables stand for in the buoyant force equation.
In the last column in the table, indicate whether each of the variables are constant or variable
for the scenario given in Part A.

What the variable stands for Constant or Variable

PART C The depth of rafts 1 and 2 below the water are d1 and d2 respectively. Is d2 double, more than
double or less than double d1? Justify your response without deriving an equation.

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 8.H Floating Raft

PART D Carlos and Blake find the following equation on the internet for the depth of the raft that is
submerged

d=
( raft )V raft
.
liquid ( A)
Does
this equation support your claim in part C? Justify your response.

PART E Students are given values for the density of the liquid and raft, area and height of the raft. Angela
does a calculation to determine how many 50 kg people can stand on the raft without sinking the
raft. The calculator gives an answer of 8.7 people. Angela correctly reasons that the answer should
be reported to one significant digit. She writes that the total number of people that can stand on
the raft without sinking is 9 people. Do you agree with Angela? Justify your reasoning.

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 UNIT

8 Fluids | 8.I Bernoulli’s Beaker

NAME DATE

Scenario
Carlos and Dominique fill a large container shown in the cross
section in Figure 1 with liquid of density liquid . Dominique
opens a small hole of area A in the side of the container a
distance H 0 below the surface of the liquid, and a distance d
above the table, which allows a stream of liquid to flow through
the hole and into a beaker placed to the right of the container.
The container is large enough that H 0 remains constant as the
liquid flows out of the hole. The volume of liquid collected in the
beaker in time t 0 is V0.
Figure 1

Argumentation
PART A If there were more liquid in the container so that the depth of the liquid above the hole is 2H 0,
where will the liquid hit the tabletop?
____ to the right of the beaker ___________ to the left of the beaker __________ in the beaker
Justify your claim beyond simply referencing equations.

Quantitative Analysis
PART B Derive an equation for the volume rate of flow of liquid from the hole in terms of H 0 , A and
physical constants as appropriate.

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 8.I Bernoulli’s Beaker

PART C Derive an equation for the relationship between the height of the liquid H above the hole and the
horizontal distance between the container and where the liquid lands on the table in terms of A , ,
d , and physical constants as appropriate.

Argumentation
H0
PART D Carlos and Dominique repeat the experiment, but initially fill the container to a height . They
2
let the water flow from the hole for a time t 0, and collect a volume of water V1. Indicate whether V1
is greater than, less than or equal to V0. Justify your answer.
V1 > V0 V1 < V0 V1 = V0

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 UNIT

8 Fluids | 8.J Oscillating Cube

NAME DATE

Scenario
A cube of side length s and mass m floats at rest on the surface of a liquid of density liquid . Half of the
volume of the cube is initially above the surface of the water. Carlos observes this and makes the claim
that if he pushes the cube under the water, the cube will oscillate, exhibiting simple harmonic motion.

Quantitative Analysis
PART A The cube is fully submerged, and Carlos releases the cube from rest. The dot in Figure 1
represents the center of mass of the cube when it is still fully submerged but after it has been
released. On the following dot, draw and label the forces (not components) exerted on the cube.
Each force must be represented by a distinct arrow starting on, and pointing away from, the dot.
Represent the relative magnitude of each force by the relative length of each arrow.

Figure 1

PART B Derive an expression for the net force exerted on the cube when the cube is fully submerged.
Express your answer in terms of s , , m, and physical constants as appropriate.

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 8.J Oscillating Cube

Using Representations
PART C Sketch a graph of the net force exerted on the cube as a function of the length of the cube x under
the water.

Figure 2

Argumentation
PART D Do you agree with Carlos that the cube’s motion can be considered to be simple harmonic motion?
Justify your answer.

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 UNIT

8 Fluids | 8.K Water Fountain

NAME DATE

Scenario Make a QQT

A fountain with an opening radius of r0 projects a stream of water
vertically from ground level. The speed of the water as it leaves
the fountain is v 0. The maximum height that the water reaches is
h0 as shown in Figure 1.

Argumentation
PART A Engineers working on the fountain want to increase the
maximum height reached by the water. A device can be
attached to the fountain that has different sized openings for
the water to flow through. Indicate whether the engineers
should increase or decrease the size of the opening for the
water to reach a larger maximum height. Justify your answer Figure 1
beyond reference to equations.

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 8.K Water Fountain

Quantitative Analysis
PART B The device is attached, and the opening has a new radius r2. Water passes through the device and
reaches a new maximum height h2. Derive an expression for the new maximum height h2 reached
by the water in terms of r0, r2 and h0.

PART C Justify how your derived equation in Part B does or does not support your reasoning in Part A.

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 UNIT

8 Fluids | 8.L Floating Raft Part 2

NAME DATE

Scenario
A rectangular raft of mass mr is floating on a lake. The
surface area of the top of the raft is A and the volume
of the raft is V. The density of water is ρw .

Using Representations
PART A The dot shown in Figure 2 represents the center
of mass of the raft. Draw and label the forces (not
components) that are exerted on the raft as it floats in
Figure 1
the lake. Each force must be represented by a distinct
arrow starting on, and pointing away from, the dot.
Draw the relative lengths of all vectors to reflect the
relative magnitudes of all the forces exerted on the
raft.

Figure 2

Quantitative Analysis
PART B Derive an expression for the height h of the raft that is above the surface of the water as the raft
floats in terms of mr , ρw , V , A and physical constants as appropriate.

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 8.L Floating Raft Part 2

PART C On the axis shown in Figure 3, sketch a line or a curve that represents the height h, of the raft
above the surface of the lake as a function of the mass mr of the raft.

Figure 3
Argumentation
PART D If the raft were floating in a liquid of much greater density than water, how would the graph drawn
in Part C change, if at all? Justify your response.

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 UNIT

8 Fluids | 8.M Ping - Pong Balls in the Water

NAME DATE

Scenario
Dominique and Blake are observing Angela release ping-pong balls from rest at the bottom of a large
tank of water. The ping – pong balls rise through the tank of water, eventually reaching the top of the
tank. Dominique notices that while the balls speed up for a while near the bottom of the tank, they
seem to be moving at constant speeds near the top of the tank. (Hint: Drag forces from the water are
not negligible in this scenario.)

Using Representations
PART A The dots shown in figures 1 and 2 represent a single ball as it rises to the surface of the water.
Figure 1 represents the center of mass of the ball close to the bottom of the tank while the ball is
still speeding up. Figure 2 represents the center of mass of the ball near the top of the tank while
the ball is traveling at a constant speed. On each dot, draw and label the forces (not components)
exerted on the ball. Each force must be represented by a distinct arrow starting on, and pointing
away from, the dot. If two forces are exerted on the same object in the same direction, the two
forces should be drawn side by side, not tip to tail, or as a single combined arrow. Draw the
relative lengths of all vectors to reflect the relative magnitudes of all the forces exerted on the ball.

Figure 1 Figure 2

PART B The following energy bar charts represent the gravitational potential energy U G , and the kinetic
energy K of the ball-Earth system. Figure 3 shows a completed energy bar chart for the ball-earth
system just after the ball is released from rest at the bottom of the tank. Complete the bar chart
shown in Figure 4 , which represents the energy of the ball-earth system when the ball is near the
top of the tank by shading in regions that represent U G and K .
▪ Positive energy values are above the zero-point line (“0”), and negative energy values are below
the zero-point line.
▪ Shaded regions should start at the dashed line representing the zero-point line.
▪ Represent any energy that is equal to zero with a distinct line on the zero-point line.

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 8.M Ping - Pong Balls in the Water

Figure 3 Figure 4

PART C The work done on the ball by the buoyant force as the ball rises from the bottom of the tank to the
top of the tank is WB . The mechanical energy dissipated by the resistive force of the water as the
ball travels from the bottom of the tank to the top is WR . Is WB greater than, less than, or equal
to WR ?

Justify your answer by referencing the free-body diagram you created in part A.

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8.M Ping - Pong Balls in the Water

Justify your answer by referencing the energy bar chart you sketched in part B.

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 UNIT

8 Fluids | 8.N Floating Raft Part 3

NAME DATE

Scenario

Figure 1

Figure 1 shows a rectangular raft with volume Vr , density ρr , mass M r , and whose largest face has
surface area A . The raft floats on the surface of water of density ρw . Initially, a height h0 of the raft is
above the water, as shown in the side view.

Argumentation
PART A Suppose the height of the raft was increased but its density stayed the same. When this raft is
floating in the water, indicate whether the value of h, the height of the side above the water, would
be greater, less, or the same. Justify your reasoning.

Quantitative Analysis
Vr  ρr 
PART B Students write the equation h = 1 −  for the height of the raft above the water. Whether or
A  ρw 
not this equation is correct, does it support your answer to part (a)? Justify your reasoning.

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 8.N Floating Raft Part 3

PART C How does the equation in part (b) explain that if ρr > ρwthe raft will not float?

Figure 2

PART D The raft is now tied to the bottom of the pool it is floating in, as shown in Figure 2. There is a
minimum amount of mass that could be placed on top of the raft so that the tension in the rope is
zero. Describe the condition that must be applied to determine this minimum amount of mass.
Justify your reasoning.

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 UNIT

8 Fluids | 8.O Fluid Flow in a Nonuniform Pipe

NAME DATE

Scenario
Water flows from left to right through
five sections of cylindrical pipe, as
shown in the side view in Figure 1. The
radii of sections 1 – 5 are r1, r2, r3, r4,
and r5 , respectively. The radii are sized
r3 < (r2 = r4 ) < (r1 = r5 ). A small object
with the same density as water travels
along with the water through the pipes
so that the object passes through points
A , B, C, Dand E.

Argumentation
PART A The speed of the object at locations B,
C and D is v B, vC and v D , respectively.
Rank the speeds v B , vC and v D from
greatest to least. Use 1 for the greatest Figure 1
speed, 2 for the next greatest speed, and so on. If any of the speeds are the same, use the same
number for their ranking.
____ v B ____ vC ____ v D
Briefly justify your reasoning.

Using Representations
PART B The dots below represent the object when it is located at points C and D. On each dot draw and
label the forces (not components) exerted on the object at the indicated locations. Each force must
be represented by a distinct arrow starting on, and pointing away from, the appropriate dot. Draw
the relative length of all vectors to reflect the relative magnitudes of all the forces.

Figure 2

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 8.O Fluid Flow in a Nonuniform Pipe

Argumentation
PART C Indicate whether the pressure at Point A greater than, less than, or equal to the pressure at Point
B. Justify your reasoning using physics principles.

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