MACHINE TOOLS

LECTURE NOTES 7

Working principles of grinding and superfinish

machine tool, their mechanism

1
GRINDING MACHINE TOOLS

Grinding in generally considered a finishing operation.

It removes metal comparatively in smaller volume.
GRINDING MACHINE TOOLS

Grinding in generally considered a finishing operation.

It removes metal comparatively in smaller volume.
GRINDING MACHINE TOOLS

The material is removed in the form of small chips by

mechanical action of abrasive particles bonded together
in a grinding wheel.

• Producing smooth surface

• Geometrically accurate surface
• Dimensionally accurate surface
GRINDING MACHINE TOOLS
Grinding Operations

(a) cylindrical surfaces, (b) conical surfaces, (c) fillets on a shaft,

(d) helical profiles, (e) concave shape, (f) cutting off or slotting with
thin wheels, and (g) internal grinding
GRINDING MACHINE TOOLS
Grinding Operations
GRINDING MACHINE TOOLS
Grinding Operations

Grinding operations are divided into two groups as

surface grinding and cylindrical grinding according
to the surface to be machined.

Cylindrical grinding operations are classified as

centerless grinding and center-type grinding and
also internal cylindrical grinding and external
cylindrical grinding according to the applied surface.
GRINDING MACHINE TOOLS
Classification

Classification of Grinding Machine Tools

1. Surface Grinding Machine Tools

2. Cylindrical Grinding Machine Tools
3. Crank Grinding Machine Tools
4. Gear Grinding Machine Tools
5. Tool Cutter Grinding Machine Tools
6. Other Grinding Machine Tools
7. Utility Grinding Machine Tools
GRINDING MACHINE TOOLS
Classification

1. Surface Grinding Machine Tools

Surface grinding produces flat, angular, or contoured

surfaces by feeding work in a horizontal plane beneath
a rotating grinding wheel. Work is most often
magnetically attached to the table, and may be ground
by either a traversing or rotating movement of the
table. Most surface grinding machines use a horizontal
spindle which adjusts up and down allowing either the
edge or the face of the wheel to contact the work.
GRINDING MACHINE TOOLS
Classification

1. Surface Grinding Machine Tools

In surface grinding, the spindle position is either

horizontal or vertical, and the relative motion of the
workpiece is achieved either by reciprocating the
workpiece past the wheel or by rotating it. The possible
combinations of spindle orientations and workpiece
motions yield four types of surface grinding processes.
GRINDING MACHINE TOOLS
Classification

1. Surface Grinding Machine Tools

Four types of
surface grinding
with horizontal or
vertical spindles,
and with
reciprocating
linear motion or
rotating motion
of the workpiece.
GRINDING MACHINE TOOLS
Classification

1. Surface Grinding Machine Tools

a. Horizontal surface grinding machine tools

b. Vertical surface grinding machine tools
GRINDING MACHINE TOOLS
Classification

1. Surface Grinding Machine Tools

a. Horizontal surface grinding machine tools
GRINDING MACHINE TOOLS
Classification

1. Surface Grinding Machine Tools

a. Horizontal surface grinding machine tools
GRINDING MACHINE TOOLS
Classification

1. Surface Grinding Machine Tools

a. Horizontal surface grinding machine tools
GRINDING MACHINE TOOLS
Classification

1. Surface Grinding Machine Tools

a. Horizontal surface grinding machine tools
GRINDING MACHINE TOOLS
Classification

1. Surface Grinding Machine Tools

b. Vertical surface grinding machine tools
GRINDING MACHINE TOOLS
Classification

1. Surface Grinding Machine Tools

b. Vertical surface grinding machine tools
GRINDING MACHINE TOOLS
Classification

2. Cylindrical Grinding Machine Tools

GRINDING MACHINE TOOLS
Classification

2. Cylindrical Grinding Machine Tools

GRINDING MACHINE TOOLS
Classification

2. Cylindrical Grinding Machine Tools

Three types of feed motion are possible according to the direction
of feed motion;
1. Traverse feed grinding (also through feed grinding, cross-
feeding) in which the relative feed motion is parallel to the spindle
axis of rotation,
2. Plunge grinding in which the grinding wheel is fed radially into
the workpiece, and
3. A combination of traverse and plunge grinding in which the
grinding wheel is fed at 45° to grind simultaneously the cylindrical
part of the workpiece and the adjacent face. This methods
provides a precise perpendicular mutual position of both surfaces.
GRINDING MACHINE TOOLS
Classification

2. Cylindrical Grinding Machine Tools

GRINDING MACHINE TOOLS
Classification

2. Cylindrical Grinding Machine Tools

Traverse grinding: The wheel is positioned at a full

thread depth, then the work is traversed past the
wheel. The first thread form on the wheel removes the
majority of metal and therefore is subjected to the
most wear; the following threads affect the finishing. A
single-rib wheel may be used for large threads.
GRINDING MACHINE TOOLS
Classification

2. Cylindrical Grinding Machine Tools

Plunge grinding: In this arrangement, the wheel is

plunged into the WP to the full depth. The WP then
makes one revolution, while the wheel traverses one
pitch. This method gives a uniform wheel wear, but is
used for short thread lengths.
GRINDING MACHINE TOOLS
Classification

2. Cylindrical Grinding Machine Tools

a. External cylindrical grinding machine tools
b. Internal cylindrical grinding machine tools
c. Universal cylindrical grinding machine tools
GRINDING MACHINE TOOLS
Classification

2. Cylindrical Grinding Machine Tools

a. External cylindrical grinding machine tools

In external cylindrical grinding, the workpiece

rotates and reciprocates along its axis, although for
large and long workpieces the grinding wheel
reciprocates.
GRINDING MACHINE TOOLS
Classification

2. Cylindrical Grinding Machine Tools

a. External cylindrical grinding machine tools

i. Centerless external cylindrical grinding machine

tools
ii. Center-type external cylindrical grinding machine
tools
GRINDING MACHINE TOOLS
Classification

2. Cylindrical Grinding Machine Tools

a. External cylindrical grinding machine tools
i. Centerless external cylindrical grinding machine tools

Centerless grinding is a process for continuously

grinding cylindrical surfaces in which the workpiece is
supported not by centers or chucks but by a rest blade.
The workpiece is ground between two wheels. The
larger grinding wheel does grinding, while the smaller
regulating wheel, which is tilted at an angle i, regulates
the velocity Vf of the axial movement of the workpiece.
GRINDING MACHINE TOOLS
Classification

2. Cylindrical Grinding Machine Tools

a. External cylindrical grinding machine tools
i. Centerless external cylindrical grinding machine tools

Centerless grinding can also be external or internal,

traverse feed or plunge grinding. The most common
type of centerless grinding is the external traverse feed
grinding
GRINDING MACHINE TOOLS
Classification

2. Cylindrical Grinding Machine Tools

a. External cylindrical grinding machine tools
i. Centerless external cylindrical grinding machine tools
GRINDING MACHINE TOOLS
Classification

2. Cylindrical Grinding Machine Tools

a. External cylindrical grinding machine tools
i. Centerless external cylindrical grinding machine tools
GRINDING MACHINE TOOLS
Classification

2. Cylindrical Grinding Machine Tools

a. External cylindrical grinding machine tools
i. Centerless external cylindrical grinding machine tools
GRINDING MACHINE TOOLS
Classification

2. Cylindrical Grinding Machine Tools

a. External cylindrical grinding machine tools
i. Centerless external cylindrical grinding machine tools
GRINDING MACHINE TOOLS
Classification

2. Cylindrical Grinding Machine Tools

a. External cylindrical grinding machine tools
ii. Center-type external cylindrical grinding machine tools
GRINDING MACHINE TOOLS
Classification

2. Cylindrical Grinding Machine Tools

b. Internal cylindrical grinding machine tools

In internal cylindrical grinding, a small wheel grinds

the inside diameter of the part. The workpiece is held
in a rotating chuck in the headstock and the wheel
rotates at very high rotational speed. In this operation,
the workpiece rotates and the grinding wheel
reciprocates.
GRINDING MACHINE TOOLS
Classification

2. Cylindrical Grinding Machine Tools

b. Internal cylindrical grinding machine tools
GRINDING MACHINE TOOLS
Classification

2. Cylindrical Grinding Machine Tools

b. Internal cylindrical grinding machine tools

i. Center-type internal cylindrical grinding machine

tools
ii. Centerless internal cylindrical grinding machine
tools
iii. Planet type internal cylindrical grinding machine
tools
GRINDING MACHINE TOOLS
Classification

2. Cylindrical Grinding Machine Tools

c. Universal cylindrical grinding machine tools

In universal cylindrical grinding, both the workpiece

and the grinding wheel axis can be swivelled around a
horizontal plane, permitting all these types of
cylindrical grinding.
GRINDING MACHINE TOOLS
Classification

3. Crank Grinding Machine Tools

GRINDING MACHINE TOOLS
Classification

4. Gear Grinding Machine Tools

GRINDING MACHINE TOOLS
Classification

5. Tool Cutter Grinding Machine Tools

a. Universal tool cutter grinding machine tool

b. Special tool cutter grinding machine tool
GRINDING MACHINE TOOLS
Classification

6. Other Grinding Machine Tools

a. Coordinate grinding machine tools

b. Screw grinding machine tools
c. Profile grinding machine tools
d. Special grinding machine tools
GRINDING MACHINE TOOLS
Classification

7. Utility Grinding Machine Tools

The utility grinding machine is intended for offhand

grinding where the workpiece is supported in the hand
and brought to bear against the rotating grinding
abrasive wheel. The accuracy of this type of grinding
machine depends on the operator’s dexterity. skill, and
knowledge of the machine’s capabilities and the nature
of the work. The utility grinding machine consists of a
horizontally mounted motor with a grinding abrasive
wheel attached to each end of the motor shaft.
GRINDING MACHINE TOOLS
Classification

7. Utility Grinding Machine Tools

The typical floor-mounted utility grinding machine

stands waist-high and is secured to the floor by bolts.
GRINDING MACHINE TOOLS
Classification

7. Utility Grinding Machine Tools

The bench-type drill grinding machine is intended

for drill sharpening. The accuracy of this type of
grinder is not dependent on the dexterity and skill of
the operator because the drill is placed in a holding
device. The holding device places the drill in the correct
position for the clearance and included angle.
GRINDING MACHINE TOOLS
Classification

7. Utility Grinding Machine Tools

GRINDING MACHINE TOOLS
Workpiece Mounting

Mounting Workpiece for Cylindrical Grinding

Cylindrical grinding may be done with the workpiece

setup between centers, held in the chuck and
supported by a center rest, or clamped to the faceplate
as in lathe setups.
GRINDING MACHINE TOOLS
Workpiece Mounting

Mounting Workpiece for Surface Grinding

A workpiece for surface grinding is usually held to the

reciprocating worktable by a magnetic chuck. It may
also be held in a vise or clamped directly to the table.
GRINDING MACHINE TOOLS
Workpiece Mounting

Mounting Workpiece for Internal Grinding

Internal grinding is done with the universal tool and

cutter grinder with an internal grinding attachment.
GRINDING MACHINE TOOLS
Workpiece Mounting

Mounting Workpiece for Tool and Cutter Grinding

Listed below are methods for mounting workplaces when

using the tool and cutter grinder:

• A workpiece for tool and cutter grinding is usually held

between centers or on a fixture clamped to the table.

• The workpiece is mounted in the same manner as for

cylindrical grinding, except the lathe dog if not used.

• When a fixture is used, the workpiece is placed in the

fixture and the fixture is clamped to the table.
HONING, LAPPING, SUPER
FINISHING, POLISHING

These are operations by which a product receives the final

machining stage that applies for the service for which it is
intended. These remove a very small amount of metal, and
hence the surface finish obtained is specified in the ranges
of microfinishes. These operations include honing,
microhoning, lapping, and polishing.
HONING MACHINE TOOLS

Honing is a controlled, low-speed sizing and surface-

finishing process in which stock is abraded by the shearing
action of a bonded abrasive honing stick.

Advantages of Honing
• It is characterized by rapid and economical stock removal
with a minimum of heat and distortion.
• It generates round and straight holes by correcting form
errors caused by previous operations.
• It achieves high surface quality and accuracy.
HONING MACHINE TOOLS

For the production of few parts, honing may be performed

on drill presses or engine lathes on which arrangements can
be made for simultaneous rotating and reciprocating
motions.
HONING MACHINE TOOLS

The stroking can be done manually or powered depending

on the equipment capabilities. On the other hand, the
production honing is done with machines built for the
purpose.
HONING MACHINE TOOLS

These vertical machines are available in a wide range of

sizes and designs.

Some horizontal machines operate by manual stroking.

In power stroking, the WP is usually held stationary in a

rigid fixture, while the hone is rotated and hydraulically
powered for stroking, which is considered beneficial for
heavier workpieces.
HONING MACHINE TOOLS
HONING MACHINE TOOLS
HONING MACHINE TOOLS

Machining Parameters

1. Rotation speed (Material being honed, Material hardness,

Surface roughness, Number and width of sticks in the
hone, Finish requirement)
2. Reciprocation speed
3. Control of cross-hatch angle
4. Honing pressure
5. Honing fluids
MICROHONING (SUPERFINISHING)
MACHINE TOOLS

Microhoning (superfinishing) is an abrading process that is

used for external surface refining of cylindrical parts. It is
not a dimension-changing process, but is mainly used for
producing finished surfaces of superfine quality. Only a
slight amount of stock is removed (2–30 μm), which
represents the surface roughness.
MICROHONING (SUPERFINISHING)
MACHINE TOOLS

The process of honing involves two main motions, whereas

superfinishing requires three or more motions. As a result of
these motions, the abrasive path is random and never
repeats itself.
MICROHONING (SUPERFINISHING)
MACHINE TOOLS
MICROHONING (SUPERFINISHING)
MACHINE TOOLS
MICROHONING (SUPERFINISHING)
MACHINE TOOLS

Machining Parameters

1. Abrasive stones [Al2O3 for carbon and alloy steels and

SiC (more friable) for very soft and tough steels as well
as for CI and most nonferrous metals]. (Grit size, Grade,
Width, Number of stones, Stone length)
2. Work speed (Roughing. 12–15 m/min.; Finishing. 30–60
m/min)
3. Stroke length and speed of stone reciprocation
4. Stone pressure (For normal work, ph = 1.5–3.0 kg/cm2;
For roughing, ph = 3.0–6.0 kg/cm2 ; For extra fine
finishing, ph = 1.0–2.0 kg/cm2)
MICROHONING (SUPERFINISHING)
MACHINE TOOLS

Superfinishing machine tool can super finish the rotating

components with the help of the oscillating movement of the
superfinishing stone. It is highly useful in improving the surface
finish up to 0.02 µm on various shafts, piston rolls, hard
chrome-copper plated/aluminum rolls, rotogravure rolls, and
gear shaft needles.
MICROHONING (SUPERFINISHING)
MACHINE TOOLS
MICROHONING (SUPERFINISHING)
MACHINE TOOLS
MICROHONING (SUPERFINISHING)
MACHINE TOOLS
LAPPING MACHINE TOOLS

The usual definition of lapping is the random rubbing of WP

against a CI lapping plate (lap) using loose abrasives carried
in an appropriate vehicle (oil) to improve fi t and finish. It is
a low-speed, low-pressure abrading process. In general, the
surface quality that can be obtained by lapping is not easily
or economically obtained by other processes. Moreover, the
life of the moving parts that are subjected to wear can be
increased by eliminating hills and valleys that create a
maximum percentage at bearing area.
LAPPING MACHINE TOOLS

Lapping is a final machining operation that realizes

the following major objectives:

• Extreme dimensional accuracies

• Mirror-like surface quality
• Correction of minor shape imperfections
• Close fit between mating surfaces
LAPPING MACHINE TOOLS

It does not require holding devices and consequently no WP

distortion occurs. Also less heat is generated than in most of
other finishing operations. Therefore, metallurgical changes
are totally avoided. The temperature increase of the surface
is only 1–2°C over ambient.

Lapping machines usually fall into one of the two

categories:
1. Individual-piece lapping machines
2. Equalizing lapping machines
LAPPING MACHINE TOOLS

(a) Schematic illustration of the lapping process

(b) Production lapping on flat surfaces
(c) Production lapping on cylindrical surfaces
LAPPING MACHINE TOOLS
LAPPING MACHINE TOOLS
LAPPING MACHINE TOOLS

1. Individual-Piece Lapping

It is the most effective lapping method for hard metals and

other hard materials. It is used to produce optically fl at
surfaces and accurate surface plates. When both sides of a
flat WP are lapped simultaneously, extreme parallelism is
achieved.
LAPPING MACHINE TOOLS

1. Individual-Piece Lapping

Individual-piece lapping is performed using a lap that is

softer than the WP so that the abrasives get embedded in
the lap. The lap is usually made of close-grain soft CI that is
free from porosity and defects. When CI is not suitable as a
lap material, steel, brass, copper, or aluminum may be
used. Wood is sometimes used for certain applications.
LAPPING MACHINE TOOLS

1. Individual-Piece Lapping

The vast majority of individual-piece lapping

installations are of the following categories:

a. Specialized single- or double-plate machines, such as ball

or pin laps
b. Single-sided flat or double-sided planetary laps
c. A cup-lapping machine for lapping spherical surfaces
LAPPING MACHINE TOOLS

1. Individual-Piece Lapping
a. Double-plate lapping machines for cylindrical
workpieces

Figure visualizes a typical vertical lapping machine used for

lapping cylindrical surfaces in production quantities. The laps
are two opposing CI circular plates that are held on vertical
spindles of the machine.
LAPPING MACHINE TOOLS

1. Individual-Piece Lapping
a. Double-plate lapping machines for cylindrical
workpieces

The workpieces are retained between laps in a slotted-

holder plate and rotate and slide in and out to break the
pattern of motion by moving over the inside and outside
edges of the laps that prevent grooving. The lower lap is
usually rotated and drives the workpieces.
LAPPING MACHINE TOOLS

1. Individual-Piece Lapping
a. Double-plate lapping machines for cylindrical
workpieces

The upper one is held stationary but is free to float so that it

can adjust to the variations in wokpiece size. The lower lap
regulates the speed of rotation. To avoid damage of the
surface being lapped, the holder plate or carrier is made of
soft material (copper, laminate fabricate base, and so on).
LAPPING MACHINE TOOLS

1. Individual-Piece Lapping
a. Double-plate lapping machines for cylindrical
workpieces

An alternative design of this

machine is illustrated in below
figure. Accordingly, the
retainer is arranged
eccentrically between the two
laps and has a separate drive.
In this design, both the upper
and lower laps are rotating.
LAPPING MACHINE TOOLS

1. Individual-Piece Lapping
a. Double-plate lapping machines for cylindrical
workpieces

The abrasive with vehicle is provided to the laps before

starting. Oil or kerosene is then added during the cycle to
prevent drying of the vehicle, which could result in surface
scratching. The best lapping practice is to load as many
parts as possible to reduce the pressure applied on each
part and slowdown the operation, which provides easier
control on tolerances.
LAPPING MACHINE TOOLS

1. Individual-Piece Lapping
a. Double-plate lapping machines for cylindrical
workpieces

Achieved accuracy and surface finish

Fine surface finishes of 0.025 μm Ra and metal removal of

2.5–10 μm are feasible when CI laps are used. A diametric
tolerance as low as ±0.5 μm, out-of-roundness of 0.13 μm,
and taper less than 0.25 μm have been achieved. Such
accuracies depend greatly on the accuracies achieved in
prior machining operations.
LAPPING MACHINE TOOLS

1. Individual-Piece Lapping
a. Double-plate lapping machines for cylindrical
workpieces

Achieved accuracy and surface finish

The abrasive with vehicle is provided to the laps before
starting. Oil or kerosene is then added during the cycle to
prevent drying of the vehicle, which could result in surface
scratching. The best lapping practice is to load as many
parts as possible to reduce the pressure applied on each
part and slowdown the operation, which provides easier
control on tolerances.
LAPPING MACHINE TOOLS

1. Individual-Piece Lapping
a. Double-plate lapping machines for cylindrical
workpieces

Applications
Machine lapping between plates, as described earlier, is an
economical and productive (100 parts/h) method of lapping
cylindrical surfaces. The machine can be used for lapping
parts such as plug gages, piston pins, hypodermic plungers,
ceramic pins, small valve pistons, cylindrical valves, small
engine pistons, roller and needle bearings, diesel injector
valves, plungers, and miscellaneous cylindrical pins.
LAPPING MACHINE TOOLS

1. Individual-Piece Lapping
a. Double-plate lapping machines for cylindrical
workpieces

Applications

Either hard or soft materials can be lapped, provided that

they are rigid enough to accept pressure of laps. Because
the hardness slows the operation, soft materials lap more
rapidly than hard ones. Additionally, hard materials provide
easier control of tolerances.
LAPPING MACHINE TOOLS

1. Individual-Piece Lapping
a. Double-plate lapping machines for cylindrical
workpieces
Limitations
A part with diameter greater than its length is difficult or
impossible to machine lap between plates. Parts with
shoulders require special fixtures. Parts with keyways, flats,
or interrupted surface are difficult to lap because the
variations in lapping pressure that occur are likely to fall out
of round. If the relief extends over the entire length of the
part, this method of lapping cannot be used at all.
LAPPING MACHINE TOOLS

1. Individual-Piece Lapping
b. Lapping of flat surfaces

Flat surfaces can be lapped by either

i. manual or ii. mechanical methods.

Dual-face lapping machine using two bonded abrasive laps

LAPPING MACHINE TOOLS

1. Individual-Piece Lapping
b. Lapping of flat surfaces
i. Manual Lapping

Manual lapping is used only for limited quantities, or when

special requirements must be met. Hand rubbing of a fl at
WP on a plate lap charged with an abrasive compound is the
simplest method of flat lapping. The lap, usually made of
iron, has regularly spaced grooves of about 1.6 mm depth to
retain the lapping medium.
LAPPING MACHINE TOOLS

1. Individual-Piece Lapping
b. Lapping of flat surfaces
i. Manual Lapping

The workpiece is rubbed on the lap in a figure eight or a

similar pattern that covers almost the entire lap surface. The
lap remains flat for a considerable amount of work. This
method of lapping is time-consuming and tedious, and
requires a high degree of labor skill.
LAPPING MACHINE TOOLS

1. Individual-Piece Lapping
b. Lapping of flat surfaces
ii. Mechanical Lapping

Mechanical lapping is performed by flat lapping machines.

The two general types are single and dual-face lapping
machines. However, dual-face lapping machines are
preferred due to their enhanced accuracy.
LAPPING MACHINE TOOLS

1. Individual-Piece Lapping
c. Lapping machines for spherical surfaces

These are classified into two classes:

i. Single-piece lapping machine

ii. Multiple-pieces lapping machines
LAPPING MACHINE TOOLS

1. Individual-Piece Lapping
c. Lapping machines for spherical surfaces

Lapping of
spherical surfaces:

(a) single-spindle
machine
(b) two-spindle
machine
LAPPING MACHINE TOOLS

1. Individual-Piece Lapping
c. Lapping machines for spherical surfaces
i. A single-spindle machine with a vertical spindle that
rotates the lap

Ferrous workpieces are held stationary by a magnetic chuck;

those of nonferrous materials are clamped in a fixture. A crank
is held by the chuck of a lathe, is provided by a ball-end
crankpin that fits in a drilled hole in the back of the lap, rotates
over the spherical surface of the workpiece. The workpiece is in
line with the spindle of the lathe. The lap should be heavy
enough to provide the required lapping pressure.
LAPPING MACHINE TOOLS

1. Individual-Piece Lapping
c. Lapping machines for spherical surfaces
ii. A two-spindle machine

One spindle holds and rotates the WP, while the other holds the
lap in a floating position and oscillates it through an angle large
enough to lap the required area of the surface.
LAPPING MACHINE TOOLS

2. Equalizing Lapping
In this process, two WP surfaces are separated by a layer of
abrasives mixed with a vehicle and rubbed against each other.
Each piece drives the abrasive, so that the particles act on the
opposing surface. Irregularities that prevent the two surfaces
from fitting together precisely are thus lapped, and the
surfaces are mated (equalized).
POLISHING MACHINE TOOLS

Smoothing the surface using abrasive and work wheel.

Abrasive materials are glued to the work wheel.

Polishing is often used to enhance the looks of the part,

prevent contamination of part, remove oxidation, provide a
reflective surface etc.
POLISHING MACHINE TOOLS
POLISHING MACHINE TOOLS
 MACHINE TOOLS
References in English
M.P. Groover PRINCIPLES OF MODERN John Wiley.

MANUFACTURING

Helmi A. Youssef, MACHINING TECHNOLOGY: CRC Press, 2008

CRC Press,
Hassan 2008
El-Hofy MACHINE TOOLS AND OPERATIONS

P.H. JOSHI MACHINE TOOLS HANDBOOK: TATA McGRAW-HILL

PUBLICATION, 2007
DESIGN AND OPERATION

N.K. MEHTA MACHINE TOOL DESIGN AND TATA McGRAW-HILL

PUBLICATION, 1999
NUMERICAL CONTROL

G.C. SEN PRINCIPLES OF MACHINE TOOLS New Central Book

Agency, 2011
A.BHATTACHARYYA
 MACHINE TOOLS
References in Turkish
Erhan ALTAN LECTURE NOTES / DERS NOTLARI

Faruk AKÜN MACHINE TOOLS (VOL 1-2)/ İTÜ Yayınları,

TAKIM TEZGAHLARI (CİLT 1-2) 1973-1978
MUSTAFA AKKURT MACHINING SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, Birsen Yayınevi,
CNC MACHINE TOOLS AND PRODUCTION 2009
AUTOMATION /
TALAŞ KALDIRMA BİLİMİ VE TEKNOLOJİSİ
CNC TAKIM TEZGAHLARI VE ÜRETİM
OTOMASYONU
H. Oktay BODUR MACHINE TOOLS / Birsen Yayınevi,
TAKIM TEZGAHLARI 1984

Faruk MENDİ DESIGN OF MACHINE TOOLS / Gazi Kitapevi, 1999

TAKIM TEZGAHLARI TASARIMI