The Machine Learning Tutorial covers both the fundamentals and more

complex ideas of machine learning. Students and professionals in the

workforce can benefit from our machine learning tutorial.

A rapidly developing field of technology, machine learning allows computers

to automatically learn from previous data. For building mathematical models
and making predictions based on historical data or information, machine
learning employs a variety of algorithms. It is currently being used for a
variety of tasks, including speech recognition, email filtering, auto-tagging on
Facebook, a recommender system, and image recognition.

You will learn about the many different methods of machine learning,
including reinforcement learning, supervised learning, and unsupervised
learning, in this machine learning tutorial. Regression and classification
models, clustering techniques, hidden Markov models, and various
sequential models will all be covered.

What is Machine Learning

In the real world, we are surrounded by humans who can learn everything
from their experiences with their learning capability, and we have computers
or machines which work on our instructions. But can a machine also learn
from experiences or past data like a human does? So here comes the role
of Machine Learning.
Introduction to Machine Learning

A subset of artificial intelligence known as machine learning focuses

primarily on the creation of algorithms that enable a computer to
independently learn from data and previous experiences. Arthur Samuel first
used the term "machine learning" in 1959. It could be summarized as
follows:

Without being explicitly programmed, machine learning enables a machine

to automatically learn from data, improve performance from experiences,
and predict things.

Machine learning algorithms create a mathematical model that, without

being explicitly programmed, aids in making predictions or decisions with the
assistance of sample historical data, or training data. For the purpose of
developing predictive models, machine learning brings together statistics
and computer science. Algorithms that learn from historical data are either
constructed or utilized in machine learning. The performance will rise in
proportion to the quantity of information we provide.

A machine can learn if it can gain more data to improve its

performance.

How does Machine Learning work

A machine learning system builds prediction models, learns from previous
data, and predicts the output of new data whenever it receives it. The
amount of data helps to build a better model that accurately predicts the
output, which in turn affects the accuracy of the predicted output.

Let's say we have a complex problem in which we need to make predictions.

Instead of writing code, we just need to feed the data to generic algorithms,
which build the logic based on the data and predict the output. Our
perspective on the issue has changed as a result of machine learning. The
Machine Learning algorithm's operation is depicted in the following block
diagram:

Features of Machine Learning:

o Machine learning uses data to detect various patterns in a given
dataset.
o It can learn from past data and improve automatically.
o It is a data-driven technology.
o Machine learning is much similar to data mining as it also deals with
the huge amount of the data.

Need for Machine Learning

The demand for machine learning is steadily rising. Because it is able to
perform tasks that are too complex for a person to directly implement,
machine learning is required. Humans are constrained by our inability to
manually access vast amounts of data; as a result, we require computer
systems, which is where machine learning comes in to simplify our lives.

By providing them with a large amount of data and allowing them to

automatically explore the data, build models, and predict the required
output, we can train machine learning algorithms. The cost function can be
used to determine the amount of data and the machine learning algorithm's
performance. We can save both time and money by using machine learning.

The significance of AI can be handily perceived by its utilization's cases,

Presently, AI is utilized in self-driving vehicles, digital misrepresentation
identification, face acknowledgment, and companion idea by Facebook, and
so on. Different top organizations, for example, Netflix and Amazon have
constructed AI models that are utilizing an immense measure of information
to examine the client interest and suggest item likewise.

Following are some key points which show the importance of Machine
Learning:

o Rapid increment in the production of data

o Solving complex problems, which are difficult for a human
o Decision making in various sector including finance
o Finding hidden patterns and extracting useful information from data.

Classification of Machine Learning

At a broad level, machine learning can be classified into three types:

1. Supervised learning
2. Unsupervised learning
3. Reinforcement learning
1) Supervised Learning
In supervised learning, sample labeled data are provided to the machine
learning system for training, and the system then predicts the output based
on the training data.

The system uses labeled data to build a model that understands the datasets
and learns about each one. After the training and processing are done, we
test the model with sample data to see if it can accurately predict the
output.

The mapping of the input data to the output data is the objective of
supervised learning. The managed learning depends on oversight, and it is
equivalent to when an understudy learns things in the management of the
educator. Spam filtering is an example of supervised learning.

Supervised learning can be grouped further in two categories of algorithms:

o Classification
o Regression

2) Unsupervised Learning
Unsupervised learning is a learning method in which a machine learns
without any supervision.

The training is provided to the machine with the set of data that has not
been labeled, classified, or categorized, and the algorithm needs to act on
that data without any supervision. The goal of unsupervised learning is to
restructure the input data into new features or a group of objects with similar
patterns.

In unsupervised learning, we don't have a predetermined result. The

machine tries to find useful insights from the huge amount of data. It can be
further classifieds into two categories of algorithms:

o Clustering
o Association

3) Reinforcement Learning
Reinforcement learning is a feedback-based learning method, in which a
learning agent gets a reward for each right action and gets a penalty for
each wrong action. The agent learns automatically with these feedbacks and
improves its performance. In reinforcement learning, the agent interacts with
the environment and explores it. The goal of an agent is to get the most
reward points, and hence, it improves its performance.

The robotic dog, which automatically learns the movement of his arms, is an
example of Reinforcement learning.

History of Machine Learning

Before some years (about 40-50 years), machine learning was science
fiction, but today it is the part of our daily life. Machine learning is making
our day to day life easy from self-driving cars to Amazon virtual
assistant "Alexa". However, the idea behind machine learning is so old and
has a long history. Below some milestones are given which have occurred in
the history of machine learning:
The early history of Machine Learning (Pre-1940):

o 1834: In 1834, Charles Babbage, the father of the computer,

conceived a device that could be programmed with punch cards.
However, the machine was never built, but all modern computers rely
on its logical structure.
o 1936: In 1936, Alan Turing gave a theory that how a machine can
determine and execute a set of instructions.

The era of stored program computers:

o 1940: In 1940, the first manually operated computer, "ENIAC" was

invented, which was the first electronic general-purpose computer.
After that stored program computer such as EDSAC in 1949 and EDVAC
in 1951 were invented.
o 1943: In 1943, a human neural network was modeled with an
electrical circuit. In 1950, the scientists started applying their idea to
work and analyzed how human neurons might work.
Computer machinery and intelligence:

o 1950: In 1950, Alan Turing published a seminal paper, "Computer

Machinery and Intelligence," on the topic of artificial intelligence. In
his paper, he asked, "Can machines think?"

Machine intelligence in Games:

o 1952: Arthur Samuel, who was the pioneer of machine learning,

created a program that helped an IBM computer to play a checkers
game. It performed better more it played.
o 1959: In 1959, the term "Machine Learning" was first coined
by Arthur Samuel.

The first "AI" winter:

o The duration of 1974 to 1980 was the tough time for AI and ML
researchers, and this duration was called as AI winter.
o In this duration, failure of machine translation occurred, and people
had reduced their interest from AI, which led to reduced funding by the
government to the researches.

Machine Learning from theory to reality

o 1959: In 1959, the first neural network was applied to a real-world

problem to remove echoes over phone lines using an adaptive filter.
o 1985: In 1985, Terry Sejnowski and Charles Rosenberg invented a
neural network NETtalk, which was able to teach itself how to
correctly pronounce 20,000 words in one week.
o 1997: The IBM's Deep blue intelligent computer won the chess game
against the chess expert Garry Kasparov, and it became the first
computer which had beaten a human chess expert.

Machine Learning at 21st century

2006:
 o Geoffrey Hinton and his group presented the idea of profound getting
the hang of utilizing profound conviction organizations.
o The Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2) was launched by Amazon to provide
scalable computing resources that made it easier to create and
implement machine learning models.

2007:

o Participants were tasked with increasing the accuracy of Netflix's

recommendation algorithm when the Netflix Prize competition began.
o Support learning made critical progress when a group of specialists
utilized it to prepare a PC to play backgammon at a top-notch level.

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2008:

o Google delivered the Google Forecast Programming interface, a cloud-

based help that permitted designers to integrate AI into their
applications.
o Confined Boltzmann Machines (RBMs), a kind of generative brain
organization, acquired consideration for their capacity to demonstrate
complex information conveyances.

2009:

o Profound learning gained ground as analysts showed its viability in

different errands, including discourse acknowledgment and picture
grouping.
o The expression "Large Information" acquired ubiquity, featuring the
difficulties and open doors related with taking care of huge datasets.

2010:

o The ImageNet Huge Scope Visual Acknowledgment Challenge (ILSVRC)

was presented, driving progressions in PC vision, and prompting the
advancement of profound convolutional brain organizations (CNNs).
2011:

o On Jeopardy! IBM's Watson defeated human champions.,

demonstrating the potential of question-answering systems and
natural language processing.

2012:

o AlexNet, a profound CNN created by Alex Krizhevsky, won the ILSVRC,

fundamentally further developing picture order precision and laying
out profound advancing as a predominant methodology in PC vision.
o Google's Cerebrum project, drove by Andrew Ng and Jeff Dignitary,
utilized profound figuring out how to prepare a brain organization to
perceive felines from unlabeled YouTube recordings.

2013:

o Ian Goodfellow introduced generative adversarial networks (GANs),

which made it possible to create realistic synthetic data.
o Google later acquired the startup DeepMind Technologies, which
focused on deep learning and artificial intelligence.

2014:

o Facebook presented the DeepFace framework, which accomplished

close human precision in facial acknowledgment.
o AlphaGo, a program created by DeepMind at Google, defeated a world
champion Go player and demonstrated the potential of reinforcement
learning in challenging games.

2015:

o Microsoft delivered the Mental Toolbox (previously known as CNTK), an

open-source profound learning library.
o The performance of sequence-to-sequence models in tasks like
machine translation was enhanced by the introduction of the idea of
attention mechanisms.
2016:

o The goal of explainable AI, which focuses on making machine learning

models easier to understand, received some attention.
o Google's DeepMind created AlphaGo Zero, which accomplished godlike
Go abilities to play without human information, utilizing just support
learning.

2017:

o Move learning acquired noticeable quality, permitting pretrained

models to be utilized for different errands with restricted information.
o Better synthesis and generation of complex data were made possible
by the introduction of generative models like variational autoencoders
(VAEs) and Wasserstein GANs.
o These are only a portion of the eminent headways and achievements
in AI during the predefined period. The field kept on advancing quickly
past 2017, with new leap forwards, strategies, and applications arising.

Machine Learning at present:

The field of machine learning has made significant strides in recent years,
and its applications are numerous, including self-driving cars, Amazon Alexa,
Catboats, and the recommender system. It incorporates clustering,
classification, decision tree, SVM algorithms, and reinforcement learning, as
well as unsupervised and supervised learning.

Present day AI models can be utilized for making different expectations,

including climate expectation, sickness forecast, financial exchange
examination, and so on.

Prerequisites
Before learning machine learning, you must have the basic knowledge of
followings so that you can easily understand the concepts of machine
learning:

o Fundamental knowledge of probability and linear algebra.

o The ability to code in any computer language, especially in Python
language.
o Knowledge of Calculus, especially derivatives of single variable and
multivariate functions.