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Rates of Reactions Notes Typed

The document discusses the rate of chemical reactions, highlighting methods to measure it and factors that affect it, including temperature, concentration, surface area, pressure, and catalysts. It explains how temperature increases reaction rates by enhancing particle movement and describes the role of catalysts and enzymes in speeding up reactions. Additionally, it provides examples of practical applications of enzymes in baking, brewing, and the dairy industry, as well as methods to slow down reactions.

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8 views4 pages

Rates of Reactions Notes Typed

The document discusses the rate of chemical reactions, highlighting methods to measure it and factors that affect it, including temperature, concentration, surface area, pressure, and catalysts. It explains how temperature increases reaction rates by enhancing particle movement and describes the role of catalysts and enzymes in speeding up reactions. Additionally, it provides examples of practical applications of enzymes in baking, brewing, and the dairy industry, as well as methods to slow down reactions.

Uploaded by

preciousketimilwe
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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RATES OF REACTIONS

The rate of reaction refers to how fast a chemical reaction takes place. To find the rate of a
reaction, the following can be done experimentally:
- Measuring the amount of the reactant used up in a certain time.
- Measuring how much the product is formed in a certain time.
FACTORS AFFECTING THE RATE OF REACTION
- Surface area
- Catalyst
- Pressure
- Temperature
- Concentration
TEMPERATURE
When particles are heated, they gain kinetic energy and move around more quickly. As they
move faster there will be more collisions in a certain time, therefore the reaction gets faster as
temperature is increased.
The reaction between sodium thiosulphate (Na2S2O3 (aq)). And hydrochloric acid (HCl) can be
used to investigate the effect of temperature. The temperature of one of the solutions is
increased and equal volumes of the solution are mixed in a conical flask. The conical flask is
then placed on top of the paper with a cross (X) on it. The sulphur produced will end up
making the cross invisible. The time taken for the cross to disappear is measured.
APPARATUS USED

Precaution: Do not inhale the gas that is produced as it is poisonous.


Chemical equation:
Sodium thiosulphate + hydrochloric acid sodium + water + sulphur + sulphur
chloride dioxide
Na2S2O3 (aq) + HCl (aq) NaCl (aq) + SO2 (g) + H2O (l) + S (s)
Yellow solid
CONCENTRATION
When the concentration is increased, there will be more particles in the solution, therefore
there is a greater chance of particles colliding and forming products, hence an increase in the
rate of a reaction. The same reaction for investigating the effect of temperature can be used
for investigating the effect of concentration. This time around, temperature is kept constant
and only concentration is varied.
SURFACE AREA (PARTICLE SIZE)
Small pieces of solids, especially powders react faster than larger pieces. This is because
powders have larger surface area (more collisions) compare to large pieces/lumps (few
collisions). The reaction between calcium carbonate and hydrochloric acid can be used to
investigate the effect of surface area.
APPARUTUS USED

Chemical equation:
Calcium carbonate + hydrochloric acid Calcium chloride + carbon dioxide + water
CaCO3 (s) + 2HCl (aq) CaCl2 (aq) + CO2 (g) + H2O (l)
When using powder or small pieces more carbon dioxide is lost than when using large pieces
at the same time.
PRESSURE
When the pressure of a gas is increased, the gas particles get close to each other and this
increases the chances of collisions between particles in a given time. Therefore, in a reaction
between gases increase in pressure increases the rate of reaction e.g. reaction between
nitrogen gas and hydrogen gas.
CATALYST
A catalyst is a substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction. It lowers the energy
needed to start a reaction (activation energy). Catalyst make it easier for particles to react
because more of them would have enough energy to collide and react.
Example:
Preparation of oxygen in the lab.

Skip 8 lines
Chemical equation:
MnO
2H2O2 (aq) 2 O2 (g) + 2H2O (l)

ENZYMES
Enzymes are biological catalysts made of proteins. Enzymes catalyse reactions which takes
place inside the cells of living organisms.
CHEMICAL CATALYSTS BIOLOGICAL CATALYSTS
Examples: Manganese (iv) oxide, iron, Examples: Lipase, pepsin, trypsin
vanadium pentoxide.
Not affected by temperature Affected by temperature (temperature sensitive)
Not affected by pH Affected by pH (pH sensitive)

USES OF ENZYMES
1. BAKING
Enzymes catalyse the hydrolysis of starch in flour to sugars. The enzymes in yeast ferment
sugars to ethanol and carbon dioxide. Carbon dioxide makes the dough ‘rise’.
2. BREWING
Enzymes in barley are used in beer production. They convert starch and proteins into sugars
and amino acids. Enzymes in yeast ferment sugars to ethanol.
Glucose enzymes ethanol + carbon dioxide
C6H12O6 (aq) C2H5OH (aq) + 2CO2 (g)

3. DAIRY INDUSTRY
An enzyme called rennet is used to speed up the clotting of milk during the process of cheese
making.
INSTANCES OF SLOWING REACTIONS
- Refridgeration
- Sun – drying and salting
- Canning/Bottling
- Boiling
- Freezing
These examples rely on slowing down enzyme activity.
INSTANCES OF SPEEDING REACTIONS AT HOME
When we start fire, we use twigs or small pieces of wood instead of large ones. Small pieces
burn easily because of large surface area.
When cooking potato chips we use small slices of potatoes because they have a large surface
area than a whole potato, therefore they cook faster.
GRAPHS AND THE RATE OF REACTION
Graphs can be used to measure the rate of reaction at any given time. The slope (gradient)
tells us how quickly the reaction was going at that time.

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