1 CELL

• Any structure which consist living cell • Basic (structural, functional, biological) unit
• When living body is making then first struc- of living is Cell
ture is making called cell • This statement is given by Robert Hooke in
• The first cell formed in the body of an or- 1665
ganism is called zygote cell • The shape and size of cells depend on their
• Mature nerve cells in the brain are specific specific functions. Some cells change their
cells that are not able to regenerate in any shape like amoeba, In some organisms has
manner the shape of the cell is almost constant like
Zygote [First cell of living body] nerve cells
  IMPORTANT POINT
Tissue [Group of living cell] • Smallest cell of human body is Male gamete
 [Sperm]
Organ [Group of Tissue] • Largest cell of human body is Female ga-
mete [Ovum/Ova]

• Longest cell of Human Body is Neuron Cell/
Organ-System [Group of Organ]
Nerve Cell

• Longest Plant Cell is Fiber of Ramie
Living Body [Group of Organ system]
• Largest Plant Cell is Xylem Cell
All the living things are classified into 5
• Smallest Blood Cell is RBC [Red Blood
kingdom
cell]
(1) Animal Kingdom
• Largest Blood Cell is WBC [White Blood
(2) Plant Kingdom
cell]
(3) Monera Kingdom
• Red blood cells (RBCs) have no nucleus,
(4) Protista Kingdom no mitochondria, and no endoplasmic retic-
(5) Fungi Kingdom ulum
• Discovery of Cell by Robert Hooke • Smallest cell in the universe is Bacteria
• Discovery of Dead cell by Robert Hooke in (Mycoplasma)
cork (plant) • Largest cell in the universe is Ostrich egg
• Discover of Living cell by Anton van Leeu- cell
wenhoek • Mycoplasma has other two name
• Cell Word is given by Robert Hooke PPLO(Pleuro Pneumonia like organism)
• Robert Hooke written a book Micrograph- MLO (Molecule like Organism)
ia, in this book completely written about  CELL THEORY
the cell • Cell Theory is given by Schleiden and
 CYTOLOGY/CELL BIOLOGY Schwann in 1839
• To Study about Cell is called Cytology [Cell • Statement Given :- All the living organism
Biology] are made up of cell and Product of cell
• Cytology Word is given by Hertwig • Rudolf Virchow made a statement in his
• Father of Cytology is Robert Hooke mother tongue Latin in 1885
Cell 1
 Omni - Cellula - e - Cellula • All new cells are made from old cells
    • Virus has no cell, but virus is living
Pre-existing Cell to Cell • Virus is the connecting link between living
and Non-living
• Virus is the exception of cell theory
T ypes of Cell

Prokaryotic Cell Euk aryotic Cell

Prokaryotic Cell is a Eukaryotic cell is a cell

cell in which nucleus in which the nucleus is
is not f ully developed f ully developed
Mycoplasma, Bacteria, Plant and Animal Cell,
Blue green Algae Fungi Cell, Yeast

Prokaryotic Cell V/s Eukaryotic Cell

Prokaryotic Cell Eukaryotic Cell

The Nucleus of Prokaryotic cell is not distinct The Nucleus of eukaryotic cell is distinct, with nuclear
membrane, nucleoli and nucleoplasm
Prokaryotic cells are about 1 to 10 μm in size Eukaryotic cells are about 5 to 100 μm in size
Most Prokaryotic cells are unicellular Most eukaryotic cells are multicellular
It contains a single chromosomes It contains more than are chromosomes
Cell division occurs only by mitosis Cell division occurs by mitosis and meiosis
The cell organelles if present are without The cell organelles and always bound with
membranes membranes
Prokaryotic cells are found in bacteria and Eukaryotic cells are found in fungi
blue-green algae

2 Cell
 Types of Organism

Uni cellular Organism Multi cellular Organism

Unicellular organisms are Multicellular organisms are

living organisms that are living organisms that are made
made up of only one cell up of more than one cell
Example :- Monera and Pr otista Example :- Plant, Animal(Human), Fungi
Tissues not f ound in a Tissues are found in
unicellular organism multicellular organism

Component of Cell Cell Wall sgtructure

Plant (Cellulose)
Fungi (Chitin)
Algae (Cellulose+galacton)
Bacteria (Pepti-do-glycon+Muramic acid)
(2) CELL MEMBRANE
(1) CELL WALL
• Outer Part of the Cell is called Cell mem-
• It is present in plant but absent in animal
brane
cell (Human cell)
• Cell membrane is present in both plant and
• Cell wall is Non-living outer layer of cell
Animals
• Cell wall discover by Robert Hooke
• It helps in maintaining the shape of the cell
• Calcium nutrient is a structural component
• Cell membrane is making from phospholipids
of the cell wall of plants
• It is semi permeable membrane

Cell 3
 • Cell Membrane is double layer (Bilayered) • Solid Part of the Protoplasm is called Cell
structure Organelle
• The upper part is the head and the bottom • Example of Cell Organelle is Mitochondria,
part is called the tail Ribosome, lysosome, DNA, RNA, Endo-
• Head part is hydrophilic, which dissolves plasmic Reticulum etc.
in water is called polar part • In animal cell, the most abundant inorganic
• Tail part is hydrophobic, which does not dis- constituent of protoplasm is Water
solve in water is called nonpolar part • The genetic material of bacteria is found in
• The cell membrane is called selectively per- Cytoplasm in the form of nucleotide
meable as it only allows specific molecules • Carbon is the principle structural element
to pass of a living cell
• It regulate the movement of molecules in- • C, N, O and H are the main elements of
side to outside or outside to inside the cell living cell and constitute about 98-99 % of
• The plasma membrane, also known as the living substance i.e. of protoplasm
cell membrane, is a thin barrier that sur- • The genetic material of bacteria is found in
rounds the cytoplasm of a cell, separating the cytoplasm. Unlike eukaryotic cells, bac-
it from the external environment teria do not have a nucleus where their DNA
• The plasma membrane is composed of lip- is stored. Instead, their DNA is found in the
ids and proteins and does not contain nu- cytoplasm, which is the gel-like substance
cleic acid that fills the cell
• Cell membrane are composed of phospho- • The breakdown of glucose in the cytoplasm
lipids, proteins and cholesterol (lipid) refers to a process called glycolysis
(3) PROTOPLASM • During glycolysis, glucose is broken down
• All inner Part of the cell membrane is called into pyruvate through a series of chemical
Protoplasm reactions
• Protoplasm has both liquid and solid part • The breakdown of glucose releases energy
• Liquid Part of the Protoplasm is called Cy- in the form of ATP, which can be used by
toplasm the cell for various cellular processes
Absence of oxygen
Ethanol + Co 2
(Yeast) + E nergy
Glucose In cytoplasm Pyruvate Lack of oxygen
(6-carbon (3-carbon Lactic acid
molecule) molecule) (In human muscle cells) + Energy
Presence of oxygen
Co 2 + water
(In mitochondrial)
+ Energy

4 Cell
(4) NUCLEUS • It is made of lipoprotein
• It is the largest part of cell (2) NUCLEOPLASM
• It is the larger in plant cell as compared to • The fluid inside the nucleus is called nucle-
animal cell oplasm
• Nucleus contain their own DNA • Chromatin is present inside the Nucleo-
• It sends the signals to cells to grow, ma- plasm, it is a thread-like structure, which in
ture, divide and die turn makes DNA and RNA
• It is a Control Room/Brain/Manager of cell • The color of the Nucleoplasm is colorless
• Nucleus was discovered by Robert Brown (3) NUCLEOLUS
in orchid plant • It is the part that starts cell division first
• To study about nucleus is called karyology, • It is visible only when the cell divided
Nucleus is called Kary in Latin Language • It is dark blue in the middle of the nucleus,
• Prokaryotic organisms such as bacteria do which is round in appearance
not have a true nucleus, as their nuclear re- • Nucleolus is the site of ribosome synthesis
gion is not bound by the nuclear membrane, (formation)
this is known as the nucleoid. It contains a (4) CHROMATIN
circular DNA without histone proteins, • It is thread like structure
which is the main genetic material of bacte- • It further becomes nucleic acid
ria • Two types of nucleic acid
(1) NUCLEAR MEMBRANE (1) RNA (Ribo Nucleic Acid)
• Surrounding the nucleus is a membrane is (2) DNA (Deoxy-Ribo Nucleic Acid)
called the nuclear membrane • RNA Found in–Nucleus, Cytoplasm
• It protects the nucleus • DNA Found in – Nucleus, Mitochondria and
• It is also called as guard of nucleus component of plant cell i.e. Chloroplast
DNA has double helix structure RNA has Single helix structure

Cell 5
 • DNA stores the genetic information of the • Chromosome are two types (1) Autosome
cell in the sequence of its Four bases that is (2) Allosome
Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine and Guanine • Chromosome that are equal in male and fe-
(5) CHROMOSOME male are known as Autosome
• Chromosomes are visible only during cell • 22 Pair of chromosome are common in male
division and female
• Chromosomes are always in pairs like • Chromosome that are different in male and
2,4,6,8.... female are known as Allosome
• In Human body total 23 Pair (Total 46) • 1 Pair of chromosome is different in male
chromosome present and female
• Pair of Chromosome in Pea is 7 • Male chromosome are sex determined chro-
• Pair of Chromosome in Cat is 19 mosome
• Pair of Chromosome in wheat is 21 • There are some threadlike structures inside
• Pair of Chromosome in Chimpanzee is 24 our cells, they are called chromosomes

Human Cell, 23 Pairs of chromosomes – 46 chromosomes

Determining the Sex ganelle

Sex determ ination in Human beings • Mitochondria contain their own DNA
PARENTS: FATHER MOTHER • Mitochondria are able to produce their own
XY XX Proteins
• It is absent in prokaryotic cell
X Y X X • Mitochondria is the site of cellular respira-
GAMET ES tion in animal
(Reproductive cells) • Mitochondria is double membrane cell or-
ganelle
XX XX XY XY
FEMALE FEMALE MALE MALE • Mitochondria, ATP synthesizing chemical
reactions take place in Inner membrane
(6) MITOCHONDRIA
• ATP(Adenosine Tri Phosphate) is a energy
• Mitochondria is the second largest cell or- currency
6 Cell
 Absence of oxygen
Ethanol + Co 2
(Yeast) + E nergy
Glucose In cytoplasm Pyruvate Lack of oxygen
(6-carbon (3-carbon Lactic acid
molecule) molecule) (In human muscle cells) + Energy
Presence of oxygen
Co 2 + water
(In mitochondrial)
+ Energy

• Energy store in mitochondria, so that Mi-

tochondria called Power house of cell
(7) LYSOSOMES
• Its structure is like a beg
• It is a single membrane structure
• Lysosome are rarer in plant cell
• Lysosomes are also not present in RBC
• Most lysosomes have WBC
• Least lysosomes are in RBC and Plant Cell
• The digestive enzymes are present in Lysos-
omes
• Lysosomes contain hydrolytic enzymes (8) RIBOSOME
• Lysosomes helps in intracellular digestion • It is the smallest part of cell
• W hen the number of hydrolytic enzymes • Ribosomes helps in protein synthesis
inside the bag of this lysosome increases, • Other name of ribosome is Protein Factory
then there is pressure on the membrane of • It is found in both plant cell and animal cell
the lysosome and this bag bursts and kills • Ribosomes are found in all types of cells
itself, hence it is also called suicide bag. hap- such as unicellular and multicellular
pens destroys that cell too • Ribosomes are also called universal com-
• Lysosome other name are :- ponent of cell
Suicidal bag of the cell There are two types of ribosomes
Scavenger of the cell (1) 70 ‘S’  It is found in Pro-karyotic
A tom bomb of the cell cells
Disposal bag of the cell Ex :- Bacteria Cell

Cell 7
 (2) 80 ‘S’  It is found in Pro-karyotic cells • The RNA which carries the genetic mes-
Ex :- Plant Cell sage from the nucleus to the ribosome is
Animal Cell mRNA. mRNA stands for messenger RNA
Fungi Cell which carries a coding sequence for pro-
Algae Cell tein synthesis

(9) PLASTIDS
• It is found only in plant cells
• It is not found in animal cell
• It is the coloring part
• Melanin is the pigment that gives color to our skin

Plastids

Chloroplast Chromoplast Leucoplast

Green color in plants is due to Chromoplast provides all It gives transparent color
Example :- Leaf , Fruits, Flower etc. other colors except green
It is f ound in the roots
Sun Flower (Yellow) – Xanthophyll
The pigment for green color inside
the chloroplast is called chlorophyll Tomato (Red) – Leucopene
Carrot (Red) – Carotene

(9) CHLOROPLAST
• DNA is present inside it, hence it is called a semi-autonomous cell organelle
• Plants are autotrophs because they make their own food through the process of photosynthesis
• Chloroplast is considered as cell within a cell because it contains its own DNA
• Chloroplast is also called the kitchen of the plant cell because food is made in the chloroplast of
the cell itself
• Chloroplasts is the cell organelles do photo and thermochemical reactions occur in different sites
Green Chilly Red Chilly Red Chilly
[Chloroplast] Chromoplast]
• Chloroplast can be converted into Chromoplast but Chromoplast cannot be converted into chlo-
roplast
(10) ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
• Endoplasmic reticulum is of two types
(1) Rough endoplasmic reticulum
(2) Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
• Lipid Synthesis is the function of Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
• Movement of materials to different parts of cytoplasm and nucleus is generally carried out by
Endoplasmic reticulum

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

Such endoplasmic reticulum on Such endoplasmic reticulum on

which ribosomes are present is called which ribosomes are not present are
rough endoplasmic reticulum called smooth endoplasmic reticulum
It is near the nuclear membrane It is near the cell membrane

8 Cell
(11) VACUOLES
• The empty space inside the cell is called vacuole
• Vacuoles called Pocket of cell
• Vacuoles are present in the cells of plants, animals and bacteria but it is necessary to have vacu-
oles in plant cells
• Contractile vacuole helps in excretion and osmoregulation. It is found in consumer protists like
amoeba, paramecium
• Vacuoles are present in both plant cells and animal cells
• Vacuoles are covered with a membrane called tonoplast
Animal Cell Plant Cell

 Several small cacuoles  one large vacuole

 used for storage  used to store water and push against the
cell wall
 can contains nutrients, water  keeps the plants rigid
or waste

(12) GOLGI BODY

• Its size in a plant cell is larger than that of an animal cell
• Golgi bodies in animal cells are called Lipochondria
• Golgi bodies in plant cells are called Dictyosome
• Ribosomes are lying all around inside the cell, due to which there is a jam inside the cell, then it
binds that protein together, it removes jam, which means it clears traffic
• That's why it is called the traffic police of the cell

Cell 9
 which the cell will start swelling
Cell Organelles
• If the cell is placed in a medium solution in
Single Membrane Double Membr ane Membrane less
which the concentration of external water
Vacuoles Nucleus Ribosome is exactly equal to the centration of water
Golgi Bodies Mitochondria Micro Body present in the cell, then there will be no net
Lysosomes Chloroplast Centrosome
Endoplasmic movement of water through the cell mem-
Reticulum brane. Such a solution is called an isotonic
OSMOSIS solution. Water can move from both sides
• If the cell is placed in a medium containing of the cell, but the amount of water that
a dilute solution i.e. water in which the goes inside comes out. Thus, there is no
amount of sugar or salt is less and the widespread movement of water, hence there
amount of water is more, then water will will be no change in the size of the cell
move inside the cell by osmosis. Such a so- • If the solution outside the cell is more con-
lution is called a low osmotic pressure so- centrated than the solution inside, then wa-
lution. Water molecules are free to move ter will come out of the cell by osmosis.
on both sides of the cell membrane, but the Such a solution is called an isotonic solu-
amount of water going inside the cell will tion. It is called hypertonic solution. Again
be more than the amount of water coming water can move from both the sides of the
out of the cell. Thus, the net result will be cell but in this case more water will come
that water will go inside the cell, due to out of the cell and less water will go inside,
hence the cell will shrink

10 Cell