Ethics Post Test Question 4

How does Rawls define justice as

fairness?
Question 1

If a moral agent performs an act with

good intentions but harmful Correct answer: A fair society ensures
consequences, how should the act be equal basic liberties and allows
evaluated? inequalities only if they help the least
advantaged

Correct answer: The act should be

considered morally bad due to the Question 5
harmful consequences
A teacher encourages students to
develop virtues such as honesty and
kindness. Which ethical perspective
Question 2
aligns with this?
What is the key difference between
moral and intellectual virtues in Aristotle's
ethics? Correct answer: Virtue ethics

Correct answer: Moral virtues involve Question 6

emotions and actions, while intellectual
How can an act be categorized as
virtues involve reasoning and knowledge
morally good, neutral, or bad?

Question 3
Correct answer: By considering the
Why does Aquinas argue that Natural intentions, the act itself, and the
Law applies to all humans? consequences

Correct answer: Because it is embedded Question 7

in human nature and accessible through
Why is ethics important in individual
reason
decision-making?

Correct answer: It provides guidelines for

what is right or wrong
 Question 12

Question 8 How effective is Kant’s ethical theory in

addressing modern ethical dilemmas?
How can pragmatic ethics be beneficial
in modern society?

Correct answer: It provides clear moral

guidance but can be inflexible
Correct answer: By allowing ethical
principles to evolve with new challenges
and discoveries
Question 13
What is a major criticism of pragmatic
Question 9 ethics?

How does ethical decision-making affect

personal relationships?
Correct answer: It lacks clear moral
Correct answer: It can strengthen trust absolutes, which some argue leads to
and communication moral relativism

Question 10 Question 14

Which of the following is an example of Which philosophical concept suggests

applying ethical principles in real life? that man is the foundation of goodness?

Correct answer: Reporting unethical Correct answer: Humanism

behavior in the workplace

Question 15
Question 11 In a medical ethics case, a pragmatist
How does Kantian ethics differ from would likely support a policy if:
utilitarianism in defining goodness?

Correct answer: It produces beneficial

Correct answer: Kantian ethics prioritizes outcomes for patients and adapts to
moral duty, while utilitarianism focuses medical advancements
on consequences
Question 16 Question 20

A company decides to implement fair How does Natural Law serve as a basis
wages and ethical business practices. for moral decision-making?
Which ethical principle does this best
reflect?
Correct answer: By providing objective
moral principles rooted in human nature
Correct answer: Utilitarianism

Question 21
Question 17
. Which action reflects the ethical
How can a person balance Epicurean decision-making process in a community
and Stoic principles when facing a major setting?
life decision?

Correct answer: Volunteering time and

Correct answer: Seek rational virtue resources to help those in need
while allowing moderate, meaningful
pleasures
Question 22

According to Aristotle, what is the

Question 18
"Golden Mean"?
Which action reflects ethical decision-
making in business?
Correct answer: The balance between
excess and deficiency in virtues
Correct answer: Practicing transparency
with clients and employees
Question 23
Which of the following best describes
Question 19
pragmatic ethics?
How can a person integrate Aristotle’s
virtue ethics into their daily life?
Correct answer: Ethical principles must
Correct answer: By practicing self- be flexible and adaptable to new
discipline and aiming for balance in
situations
virtues
Question 24 Correct answer: By developing flexible
ethical guidelines that can adapt to real-
How relevant is Natural Law in
world changes
contemporary legal and ethical
discussions?

Question 28

Correct answer: It remains influential in Which of the following best illustrates the
human rights and moral philosophy application of Natural Law in
government?

Question 25
Correct answer: Which of the following
How can an individual create a moral
best illustrates the application of Natural
framework inspired by Kantian ethics?
Law in government?

Correct answer: By ensuring that their

Question 29
actions can be universalized as moral
laws What is the key difference between
hypothetical and categorical
imperatives?
Question 26

Which decision aligns most with

Correct answer: Hypothetical imperatives
Epicurean ethics?
apply only in specific situations, while
categorical imperatives apply universally

Correct answer: Choosing a simple and

balanced diet to promote long-term
Question 30
health
How would Aristotle's virtue ethics guide
a person in handling anger?
Question 27

How can an individual create a decision-

Correct answer: Express anger in a
making framework based on pragmatic
measured and reasonable way when
ethics?
necessary
Question 31 When a student decides whether to
report cheating in an exam, which ethical
According to St. Thomas Aquinas,
principle is most directly being applied?
Natural Law is based on which of the
following?

Correct answer: The principle of honesty

and justice
Correct answer: Divine law and reason

Question 36
Question 32
What is the key difference between
What is the central concept of Kant’s
consequentialist and non-
moral philosophy?
consequentialist ethical theories?
Choices:

Correct answer: Categorical imperative Correct answer: Consequentialism

assesses the rightness of an action by its
consequences, while non-
Question 33 consequentialism emphasizes duties and
Which action best aligns with Kant’s rules
ethical theory?

Question 37
Correct answer: Donating to charity According to Stoic principles, how
because it is one’s moral duty should a person react to an insult?

Question 34 Correct answer: Ignore the insult and

A company implementing a flexible work remain emotionally detached
policy based on employee productivity
and well-being follows which ethical
approach? Question 38

According to utilitarianism, an action is

morally right if it:
Correct answer: Pragmatic ethics

Correct answer: Maximizes pleasure and

Question 35 minimizes pain for the greatest number
Question 39 Correct answer: Because he believes
talent and opportunities are influenced by
How could you develop an ethical
factors beyond an individual’s control
framework to guide your actions in
challenging situations?

Question 43

Correct answer: By considering the How does existentialist ethics challenge

consequences of actions and aligning the idea that man is the foundation of
decisions with core values goodness?

Question 40 Correct answer: It denies that objective

moral values exist
What is a fundamental principle of
pragmatic ethics?

Question 44

Correct answer: Moral principles should Which of the following would be an

be evaluated based on their practical ethical guideline inspired by Rawls?
consequences

Correct answer: "A just society ensures

Question 41 equal basic liberties and fair
opportunities for all."
Which decision best demonstrates
Aristotle’s concept of the Golden Mean in
leadership?
Question 45

How does Rawls’ theory differ from

Correct answer: Balancing confidence utilitarianism?
with humility in making decisions

Correct answer: Rawls prioritizes

Question 42 fairness and individual rights, while
utilitarianism focuses on maximizing
Why does Rawls reject the idea that
overall happiness
merit alone justifies social and economic
inequalities?
Question 46 Question 50

A person facing a stressful situation at Which of the following best explains why
work chooses to remain calm and accept Stoicism remains relevant today?
the circumstances rather than reacting
emotionally. Which philosophy is this an
example of? Correct answer: It teaches emotional
resilience and acceptance of adversity

Correct answer: Stoicism

Question 51
How can a moral agent apply ethical
Question 47
decision-making when faced with a
Which of the following would a person dilemma about telling the truth?
using a care ethics approach prioritize?

Correct answer: By telling the truth, even

Correct answer: Building relationships if it may cause discomfort or harm, to
and addressing needs of others uphold integrity

Question 48 Question 52

What is the primary difference between Why does utilitarianism focus on the
Natural Law and Human Law in Aquinas' consequences of actions?
theory?

Correct answer: Because what matters is

Correct answer: Natural Law is universal, the overall well-being of society
while Human Law is specific to societies

Question 53
Question 49
How do intention, freedom, and
What is the key factor in determining consequences play a role in determining
whether an act is morally good or bad? the morality of an act?

Correct answer: The consequences of Correct answer: Intention, freedom, and

the act and the moral agent’s intentions consequences together help assess the
overall morality of the act
 Correct answer: Find a reasonable
balance between generosity and
Question 54
financial security
What is a major weakness of utilitarian
ethics?
Question 58

Which of the following is a criticism of

Correct answer: It may justify harming
Natural Law?
individuals for the greater good

Correct answer: c) It assumes a universal

Question 55
human nature, which some argue is
In what way do both Epicureans and culturally influenced
Stoics agree about the "good life"?

Question 59
Correct answer: It is achieved through
According to Kantian ethics, why is lying
inner peace and rational living
always wrong?

Question 56
Correct answer: Because it cannot be
How would a pragmatist approach a universalized without contradiction
debate on environmental ethics?

Question 60
Correct answer: By considering how
What is the definition of a moral agent in
environmental policies affect human and
the context of morality?
ecological well-being over time

Correct answer: The individual

Question 57
responsible for performing an act
A person facing a moral dilemma
between generosity and financial
responsibility should, according to
Aristotle:
Question 61 Correct answer: The fulfillment of human
purpose and flourishing
Which of the following decisions aligns
with utilitarian reasoning?

Question 65

Correct answer: Implementing policies How can an individual develop a moral

that reduce pollution for long-term framework based on Natural Law?
societal benefit

Correct answer: By aligning actions with

Question 62 reason, virtue, and fundamental moral

What is the key difference between act

utilitarianism and rule utilitarianism?
Question 66

How would Aristotle's virtue ethics apply

Correct answer: Act utilitarianism to a person who must decide whether to
evaluates each action individually, while tell a difficult truth or lie?
rule utilitarianism follows general rules
that maximize happiness
Correct answer: Find the balance
between honesty and kindness to
Question 63 maintain integrity

How does Rawls’ theory differ from

libertarianism?
Question 67

Which scenario best applies utilitarian

Correct answer: Rawls prioritizes ethics?
fairness and social justice, while
libertarianism emphasizes individual
freedom and minimal government Correct answer: Implementing a policy
intervention that increases overall happiness, even if
some suffer

Question 64

What is the primary goal of Natural Law

according to Aquinas?
Question 68 Question 72

How might the principle of beneficence How might Aristotle’s virtue ethics be
be applied in healthcare? useful in addressing modern ethical
issues like social justice?

Correct answer: By focusing solely on the

patient's needs and well-being Correct answer: By emphasizing
character development and ethical
responsibility
Question 69
Why do critics argue that utilitarianism
Question 73
can lead to injustice?
Which statement best describes
Aristotle’s idea of moral education?
Correct answer: Because it may sacrifice
individual rights for majority happiness
Correct answer: Moral virtues are
developed through experience and
Question 70 habituation

When developing a moral decision-

making framework, which of the following
Question 74
should be prioritized?
How does pragmatic ethics view moral
principles?
Correct answer: Long-term
consequences and alignment with moral
values Correct answer: As evolving guidelines
shaped by experience and
consequences
Question 71

Which of the following is a core principle

of Stoic ethics?

Correct answer: Cultivating inner virtue

and accepting fate
Question 75 Correct answer: One must follow moral
laws regardless of personal
How does free will contribute to moral
consequences
goodness?

Question 79
Correct answer: It allows individuals to
choose actions that align with ethical A government wants to create a law
principles ensuring equal education opportunities
for all children, regardless of their
socioeconomic background. How does
Question 76 this align with Rawls’ principles?

If a doctor must decide between saving

one critically ill patient or using the same
Correct answer: It aligns with the
resources to save five other patients, a
principle of equal basic liberties
utilitarian would:

Question 80
Correct answer: Save the five patients
because it maximizes overall well-being What is the impact of ethical decision-
making on professional life?

Question 77
Correct answer: It can improve reputation
What is the central goal of Epicurean
and trust with colleagues and clients
ethics?

Question 81
Correct answer: The pursuit of pleasure
and the avoidance of pain Which of the following is a potential
criticism of Aristotle’s virtue ethics?

Correct answer: It lacks clear guidance

Question 78
for moral decision-making in specific
Which statement best captures Kant’s cases
view of moral duty?
Question 82 Question 86

Which of the following is a key concept What does the "act" refer to in the
in John Rawls’ Theory of Justice? context of morality?

Correct answer: The veil of ignorance Correct answer: The physical or mental
action performed by the moral agent

Question 83
Question 87
How does existentialist ethics challenge
the idea that man is the foundation of What is a major criticism of Rawls’
goodness? Theory of Justice?

Correct answer: It denies that objective Correct answer: It assumes that people
moral values exist will agree on what is fair behind the veil
of ignorance

Question 84

How can an individual create a decision-

making framework based on Question 88
utilitarianism?
A government that enforces policies to
improve public health follows which
utilitarian idea?
Correct answer: By ensuring their actions
result in the greatest good for the most
people
Correct answer: Rule utilitarianism

Question 85
Question 89
What is the definition of ethics?
What is a major challenge in considering
man as the foundation of goodness?

Correct answer: The study of right and

wrong conduct
Correct answer: Humans are prone to
moral failings and biases
Question 90 Question 94

Which of the following is NOT a principle According to Aquinas, what is the

of Kant’s ethics? relationship between reason and Natural
Law?

Correct answer: The rightness of an

action depends on its consequences Correct answer: Reason helps humans
discover and apply Natural Law

Question 91
Question 95
Why does Kant believe that moral laws
must be universal? A company adopts a policy of paying all
employees equally, regardless of their
skills or responsibilities. How would
Correct answer: Because ethical Rawls likely respond?
principles should apply equally to all
rational beings
Correct answer: He would oppose it
because it does not allow for justified
Question 92 inequalities that benefit everyone

. How does pragmatic ethics differ from

utilitarianism?
Question 96

How might someone integrate

Correct answer: Pragmatic ethics Epicurean and Stoic ethics into their
considers adaptability and social personal philosophy?
progress, while utilitarianism strictly
focuses on maximizing happiness
Correct answer: By seeking moderate
pleasures while maintaining emotional
Question 93 resilience

A doctor refusing to perform euthanasia,

even if it would relieve suffering, follows
which Kantian principle?

Correct answer: The duty to act

according to moral law
Question 97 LESSON

A city government prioritizes funding for

schools in low-income areas to ensure
What is the definition of a moral agent in
equal educational opportunities. How
the context of morality?
does this reflect Rawls’ theory?

The correct response is:

Correct answer: It supports the difference
principle by benefiting the least "The individual responsible for
advantaged performing an act."

Question 98 How might the principle of beneficence

be applied in healthcare?
In a workplace setting, an employee
refuses to lie to cover up unethical
behavior. This demonstrates which
The correct response is:
ethical concept?
"By focusing solely on the patient's
needs and well-being."
Correct answer: Integrity

Which action reflects ethical decision-

Question 99 making in business?

Which ethical perspective argues that

human goodness is culturally dependent
The correct response is:
and not universal?
"Practicing transparency with clients
and employees."
Correct answer: Ethical relativism

Which of the following decisions aligns

Question 100 with utilitarian reasoning?

How does Epicureanism define

happiness?
The correct response is:

"Implementing policies that reduce

Correct answer: Maximizing pleasure pollution for long-term societal
while minimizing pain benefit."
 emotionally. Which philosophy is this an
example of?
According to Stoic principles, how should
a person react to an insult?

The correct response is:

The correct response is: "Stoicism."

"Ignore the insult and remain Stoicism teaches individuals to focus on

emotionally detached." what they can control, accept what they
cannot, and maintain emotional
resilience in the face of challenges.
Remaining calm and accepting
circumstances aligns with Stoic
principles.
How does Rawls define justice as
fairness?
What is a major challenge in considering
man as the foundation of goodness?
The correct response is:

"A fair society ensures equal basic

The correct response is:
liberties and allows inequalities only if
they help the least advantaged." "Humans are prone to moral failings
and biases."

One major challenge in considering

John Rawls' justice as fairness
humans as the foundation of goodness is
emphasizes two key principles:
that people are imperfect, subject to
1. Equal basic liberties for all personal biases, emotions, and self-
individuals. interest, which can lead to moral failings.
This makes it difficult to establish an
2. The difference principle, which
objective and consistent basis for
allows social and economic
goodness solely on human nature.
inequalities only if they benefit the
least advantaged members of
society.
A company adopts a policy of paying all
employees equally, regardless of their
skills or responsibilities. How would
A person facing a stressful situation at
Rawls likely respond?
work chooses to remain calm and accept
the circumstances rather than reacting
The correct response is: The correct response is Rule
utilitarianism. Here's why:
"He would oppose it because it does
not allow for justified inequalities that • Rule utilitarianism suggests that
benefit everyone." the morally right action is the one
that follows rules that, when
John Rawls' difference principle allows
generally followed, produce the
for inequalities, but only if they benefit the
greatest good for the greatest
least advantaged members of society.
number. Public health policies aim
Paying all employees equally, regardless
to improve the overall health and
of skill or responsibility, could fail to
well-being of the population, which
incentivize productivity and innovation,
aligns with this principle.
ultimately harming society as a whole

A company decides to implement fair

wages and ethical business practices. A government wants to create a law
Which ethical principle does this best ensuring equal education opportunities
reflect? for all children, regardless of their
socioeconomic background. How does
this align with Rawls’ principles?
The correct response is:

Social contract theory

The correct response is: It aligns with
Social contract theory emphasizes that the principle of equal basic liberties.
businesses and individuals should follow
Here's why:
ethical principles that promote fairness,
justice, and the well-being of society. By • Rawls' principles of justice are
implementing fair wages and ethical centered around fairness and
business practices, the company is equality. He outlined two main
upholding its responsibilities to principles:
employees and society, aligning with the
• The principle of equal
idea that ethical behavior fosters trust
basic liberties: This
and coopera
guarantees that everyone
has equal rights and
liberties, compatible with
A government that enforces policies to
the same liberties for
improve public health follows which
others. Access to
utilitarian idea?
education is often seen as
a fundamental liberty or a
 crucial component of accordance with this
enabling those liberties. natural order.

• The difference principle: • Key Components:

This allows for social and
• Reason:
economic inequalities only
if they benefit the least • Natural Law
advantaged members of emphasizes the use
society. While equal of reason to discern
education opportunities what is morally right.
could indirectly support the
• Individuals must use
difference principle, the
their rational
most direct link is to the
faculties to
equal basic liberties.
understand the
fundamental
principles of human
How can an individual develop a moral
nature and how to
framework based on Natural Law?
apply them to
specific situations.

The correct response is: By aligning • Virtue:

actions with reason, virtue, and
• Developing virtuous
fundamental moral principles.
character is
Here's a breakdown of how an individual essential in Natural
develops a moral framework based on Law ethics.
Natural Law:
• Virtues are habits
• Natural Law Basics: that enable
individuals to act in
• Natural Law theory posits
accordance with
that there are inherent
reason and moral
moral principles that are
principles.
discoverable through
reason. • Fundamental Moral
Principles:
• It suggests that these
principles are rooted in • These are the basic
human nature and the goods that are
order of the universe. inherent in human
nature, such as the
• Therefore, a moral life
preservation of life,
involves living in
the pursuit of
 knowledge, and • Donating to charity
social living. because it is one's moral
duty aligns with Kant's
• Individuals strive to
emphasis on acting from a
act in ways that
sense of obligation.
promote these basic
goods and avoid • It signifies a recognition of
actions that violate a universal moral principle,
them. such as the duty to help
those in need.

Which action best aligns with Kant’s

ethical theory?

Why does Rawls reject the idea that merit

alone justifies social and economic
The correct response is: Donating to
inequalities?
charity because it is one’s moral duty.

Here's why:
The correct response is: Because he
• Kant's Deontology:
believes talent and opportunities are
• Kant's ethical theory, influenced by factors beyond an
known as deontology, individual’s control.
emphasizes the
Here's why:
importance of duty and
moral rules. • Rawls's View on Merit:

• He believed that actions • Rawls acknowledged that

should be motivated by a individuals have different
sense of moral obligation, talents and abilities.
not by consequences or
• However, he argued that
personal desires.
these talents are often a
• The concept of the result of a "natural lottery"
"categorical imperative" is or circumstances beyond
central to Kant's theory, an individual's control, such
which states that we should as their genetic makeup,
act only according to rules family background, and
that we could universalize. social environment.
Meaning that everyone
• He believed that it is unfair
should follow those rules.
to base social and
• Donating from Duty: economic inequalities
 solely on merit when these inherently value fairness
factors play such a and equality.
significant role.
• A society composed of
• The Difference Principle: virtuous individuals is more
likely to address injustices
• Rawls's difference principle
because they will naturally
allows for inequalities, but
act in ways that promote
only if they benefit the least
fairness.
advantaged members of
society. • Practical Wisdom (Phronesis):

• This principle aims to • Aristotle emphasized

mitigate the effects of the "phronesis," or practical
natural lottery and ensure wisdom, which is the ability
that those who are less to discern the right course
fortunate are not further of action in specific
disadvantaged. situations.

• Addressing complex social

justice issues requires this
How might Aristotle’s virtue ethics be
kind of nuanced judgment.
useful in addressing modern ethical
issues like social justice? • Virtue ethics encourages
individuals to consider the
context of each situation
The correct response is: By and act in a way that
emphasizing character development promotes the common
and ethical responsibility. good.

Here's how Aristotle's virtue ethics • Ethical Responsibility:

applies to modern ethical issues like
• Virtue ethics places a
social justice:
strong emphasis on
• Focus on Character: personal ethical
responsibility.
• Aristotle's ethics centers on
developing virtuous • It encourages individuals to
character traits (like justice, take ownership of their
courage, and compassion). actions and strive to live a
life that aligns with virtuous
• In the context of social
principles.
justice, this means
cultivating individuals who • This is very important
regarding social justice,
 because it requires people you navigate challenging
to take responsibility for situations.
their actions, and how
• This allows for consistency
those actions affect the
in your ethical choices.
people around them.

How can an individual create a moral

How could you develop an ethical
framework inspired by Kantian ethics?
framework to guide your actions in
challenging situations?

The correct response is: By ensuring

that their actions can be universalized
The best response is: By considering
as moral laws.
the consequences of actions and
aligning decisions with core values. Here's why:

Here's a breakdown of why this is the • Kant's Categorical Imperative:

most effective way to develop an ethical
• At the heart of Kantian
framework:
ethics is the categorical
• Considering Consequences: imperative, which is a
universal moral law.
• Ethical decision-making
often involves weighing the • One of the key formulations
potential outcomes of of the categorical
different actions. imperative is the "formula
of universal law," which
• This requires careful
states that you should act
analysis and foresight to
only according to a maxim
understand how your
(a principle of action) that
choices might affect
you could at the same time
yourself and others.
will to become a universal
• Aligning Decisions with Core law.
Values:
• In essence, this means
• Core values are the asking yourself: "Could I
fundamental principles that rationally want everyone to
guide your beliefs and act this way?" If the answer
behaviors. is yes, then the action is
morally permissible
• Identifying and prioritizing
according to Kant.
your core values provides a
moral compass that helps • Duty Over Inclination:
 • Kantian ethics emphasizes • Rejection of Essentialism:
acting from a sense of duty,
• Existentialism, especially in
rather than from personal
the form articulated by
desires or inclinations.
Sartre, rejects
• Therefore, a Kantian moral essentialism, the notion
framework involves that there is a pre-
prioritizing moral determined essence or
obligations over self- nature that defines
interest. humans.

• This means that humans

are not born with a set of
moral guidelines or a pre-
How does existentialist ethics challenge defined purpose.
the idea that man is the foundation of
• They are "condemned to
goodness?
be free," meaning they are
responsible for creating
their own values and
The correct response is: It denies that
defining their own
objective moral values exist.
existence.
Here's why:

• Existentialism and Subjectivity:

• Existentialism emphasizes
What is the key difference between
individual freedom and
consequentialist and non-
responsibility.
consequentialist ethical theories?
• It rejects the idea of pre-
existing, objective moral
values or a fixed human The correct response is:
nature. Consequentialism assesses the
rightness of an action by its
• Instead, it argues that
consequences, while non-
individuals create their own
consequentialism emphasizes duties
values and meaning
and rules.
through their choices and
actions. Here's a breakdown:

• Therefore, there is no • Consequentialism:

inherent "goodness" that
• This ethical approach
humans are founded upon.
judges the morality of an
 action based on its • Pragmatic Ethics Basics:
outcomes or
• Pragmatic ethics
consequences.
emphasizes the practical
• The most well-known form consequences of actions
is utilitarianism, which and the role of experience
seeks to maximize overall in shaping moral principles.
happiness or well-being.
• It rejects the idea of fixed,
• "The ends justify the absolute moral rules.
means" is a common,
• Instead, it views moral
though simplified, way to
principles as tools that
describe this.
should be constantly tested
• Non-consequentialism and revised based on their
(Deontology): effectiveness in addressing
real-world problems.
• This approach emphasizes
duties, rules, or principles, • Emphasis on Experience and
regardless of the Consequences:
consequences.
• Pragmatists believe that
• Kant's ethics is a prime moral principles should be
example, focusing on moral evaluated based on their
obligations and the practical outcomes.
categorical imperative.
• If a principle leads to
• Actions are deemed right or positive consequences, it is
wrong based on their considered useful and
adherence to these duties valid.
and rules, not their
• If it leads to negative
outcomes.
consequences, it should be
modified or discarded.

How does pragmatic ethics view moral • Moral principles are seen
principles? as tools to improve society.

The correct response is: As evolving How can a person balance Epicurean
guidelines shaped by experience and and Stoic principles when facing a major
consequences. life decision?

Here's why:
The correct response is: Seek rational meaningful pleasures that
virtue while allowing moderate, enhance life's quality,
meaningful pleasures. provided they don't disrupt
inner peace or lead to
Here's a breakdown of how Epicurean
excessive indulgence.
and Stoic principles can be balanced:
• Acceptance: Stoicism
• Epicureanism:
helps to accept the
• Emphasizes seeking outcome of the decision,
pleasure and avoiding pain. even if it's not the desired
one, focusing on what can
• Advocates for simple,
be controlled, which is your
moderate pleasures that
own reaction.
lead to tranquility.
• Essentially, use stoicism to
• Focuses on the absence of
guide the decision, and
mental and physical
epicureanism to enjoy the
distress.
good parts of life in a
• Stoicism: controlled manner.

• Emphasizes virtue, reason,

and acceptance of what
How relevant is Natural Law in
cannot be controlled.
contemporary legal and ethical
• Advocates for living in discussions?
accordance with nature
and fulfilling one's duty.
The correct response is: It remains
• Focuses on inner peace
influential in human rights and moral
through self-control and
philosophy
resilience.
Here's why:
• Finding the Balance:
• Influence on Human Rights:
• Rational Virtue: Stoicism
Natural law concepts have
provides the framework for
significantly shaped the
making decisions based on
development of modern human
reason and virtue, ensuring
rights. The idea that certain rights
that the decision aligns with
are inherent and universal, rather
moral principles.
than granted by governments, is a
• Moderate Pleasures: core principle of natural law.
Epicureanism allows for the
• Moral Philosophy: Natural law
enjoyment of simple,
continues to be a subject of
 debate and discussion in According to Aquinas, what is the
contemporary moral philosophy. relationship between reason and Natural
Philosophers explore its Law?
implications for ethics, justice, and
political theory.
According to Aquinas, the relationship
between reason and Natural Law is that:
A person facing a moral dilemma
• Reason helps humans discover
between generosity and financial
and apply Natural Law.
responsibility should, according to
Aristotle: Here's a breakdown of why:
• Aquinas believed that Natural Law
is a participation of the Eternal
Law (God's plan) in rational
The correct response is: Find a creatures.
reasonable balance between
• He held that humans, by virtue of
generosity and financial security
their reason, are able to discern
Here's why: the principles of Natural Law.

• Aristotle's Doctrine of the • Essentially, reason allows us to

Mean: Aristotle's ethical understand what is inherently
philosophy emphasizes the good and to act in accordance
"golden mean," which is the with it.
desirable middle ground between
• Therefore, reason is the tool by
two extremes. In this case, the
which we access and apply the
extremes are excessive
Natural Law to our lives.
generosity (giving away all
money) and excessive stinginess
(saving all money without concern
What is the key difference between
for others).
hypothetical and categorical
• He would argue that a virtuous imperatives?
person finds a balance, being
generous when appropriate but
also responsible with their The correct response is: Hypothetical
finances. imperatives apply only in specific
situations, while categorical
imperatives apply universally.

Here's a breakdown:
 • Hypothetical Imperatives: What is the key difference between
hypothetical and categorical
• These are commands that
imperatives?
apply only if you have a
specific goal or desire.

• They take the form of "If Correct answer: Hypothetical imperatives

you want X, then do Y." apply only in specific situations, while
categorical imperatives apply universally
• Example: "If you want to
get good grades, then you
should study."
How relevant is Natural Law in
• They are contingent on contemporary legal and ethical
your desires. discussions?

• Categorical Imperatives:

• These are commands that Correct answer: It remains influential in

apply to everyone, human rights and moral philosophy
regardless of their desires.

• They are universal and

Correct answer: By ensuring that their
absolute moral obligations.
actions can be universalized as moral
• They take the form of "Do laws
Y."

• Example: "Do not lie."

How does existentialist ethics challenge
• They are based on morality the idea that man is the foundation of
itself, and are not based on goodness?
desiresn.

Correct answer: It denies that objective

Correct answer: Reason helps humans moral values exist
discover and apply Natural Law

Correct answer: By aligning actions with

Correct answer: Seek rational virtue reason, virtue, and fundamental moral
while allowing moderate, meaningful
pleasures
Which action best aligns with Kant's
ethical theory?
Correct answer: Donating to charity
because it is one's moral duty

Correct answer: He would oppose it

because it does not allow for justified
inequalities that benefit everyone

A company decides to implement fair

wages and ethical business practices.
Which ethical principle does this best
reflect?

Correct answer: Utilitarianism

Correct answer: Moral virtues involve

emotions and actions, while intellectual
virtues involve reasoning and knowledge

Which of the following best illustrates the

application of Natural Law in
government?

Correct answer: Which of the following

best illustrates the application of Natural
Law in government?