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T H E E X P E R T ’ S V O I C E ® I N C+ +
C++ 14
Quick Syntax
Reference
Second Edition
—
Mikael Olsson
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C++ 14 Quick Syntax
Reference
Second Edition
Mikael Olsson
www.it-ebooks.info
C++ 14 Quick Syntax Reference
Copyright © 2015 by Mikael Olsson
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Contents at a Glance
■
■Chapter 1: Hello World�������������������������������������������������������������������� 1
■
■Chapter 2: Compile and Run����������������������������������������������������������� 5
■
■Chapter 3: Variables����������������������������������������������������������������������� 7
■
■Chapter 4: Operators�������������������������������������������������������������������� 15
■
■Chapter 5: Pointers����������������������������������������������������������������������� 19
■
■Chapter 6: References������������������������������������������������������������������ 23
■
■Chapter 7: Arrays������������������������������������������������������������������������� 25
■
■Chapter 8: String�������������������������������������������������������������������������� 29
■
■Chapter 9: Conditionals���������������������������������������������������������������� 33
■
■Chapter 10: Loops������������������������������������������������������������������������� 35
■
■Chapter 11: Functions������������������������������������������������������������������ 37
■
■Chapter 12: Class������������������������������������������������������������������������� 47
■
■Chapter 13: Constructor��������������������������������������������������������������� 51
■
■Chapter 14: Inheritance���������������������������������������������������������������� 59
■
■Chapter 15: Overriding����������������������������������������������������������������� 63
■
■Chapter 16: Access Levels������������������������������������������������������������ 67
■
■Chapter 17: Static������������������������������������������������������������������������� 71
iii
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■ Contents at a Glance
■
■Chapter 18: Enum������������������������������������������������������������������������� 73
■
■Chapter 19: Struct and Union������������������������������������������������������� 77
■
■Chapter 20: Operator Overloading������������������������������������������������ 81
■
■Chapter 21: Custom Conversions������������������������������������������������� 85
■
■Chapter 22: Namespaces�������������������������������������������������������������� 89
■
■Chapter 23: Constants������������������������������������������������������������������ 93
■
■Chapter 24: Preprocessor������������������������������������������������������������� 99
■
■Chapter 25: Exception Handling������������������������������������������������� 107
■
■Chapter 26: Type Conversions���������������������������������������������������� 111
■
■Chapter 27: Templates���������������������������������������������������������������� 117
■
■Chapter 28: Headers������������������������������������������������������������������� 125
Index���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 129
iv
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Contents
■
■Chapter 1: Hello World�������������������������������������������������������������������� 1
Choosing an IDE�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 1
Creating a Project������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 1
Adding a Source File������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 1
Hello World���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 2
Using Namespace����������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 3
IntelliSense���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 3
■
■Chapter 2: Compile and Run����������������������������������������������������������� 5
Visual Studio Compilation����������������������������������������������������������������������� 5
Console Compilation�������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 5
Comments����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 6
■
■Chapter 3: Variables����������������������������������������������������������������������� 7
Data Types����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 7
Declaring Variables���������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 8
Assigning Variables��������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 8
Variable Scope���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 9
Integer Types������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 9
Signed and Unsigned Integers�������������������������������������������������������������� 10
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Numeric Literals������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 11
Floating-Point Types������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 11
Literal Suffixes�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 12
Char Type����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 13
Bool Type����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 13
■
■Chapter 4: Operators�������������������������������������������������������������������� 15
Arithmetic Operators����������������������������������������������������������������������������� 15
Assignment Operators��������������������������������������������������������������������������� 15
Combined Assignment Operators���������������������������������������������������������� 16
Increment and Decrement Operators���������������������������������������������������� 16
Comparison Operators��������������������������������������������������������������������������� 16
Logical Operators���������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 17
Bitwise Operators���������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 17
Operator Precedence����������������������������������������������������������������������������� 18
■
■Chapter 5: Pointers����������������������������������������������������������������������� 19
Creating Pointers����������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 19
Dereferencing Pointers�������������������������������������������������������������������������� 19
Pointing to a Pointer������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 20
Dynamic Allocation�������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 20
Null Pointer�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 21
■
■Chapter 6: References������������������������������������������������������������������ 23
Creating References������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 23
References and Pointers����������������������������������������������������������������������� 23
Reference and Pointer Guideline����������������������������������������������������������� 23
Rvalue Reference���������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 24
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■
■Chapter 7: Arrays������������������������������������������������������������������������� 25
Array Declaration and Allocation����������������������������������������������������������� 25
Array Assignment���������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 25
Multi-dimensional Arrays���������������������������������������������������������������������� 26
Dynamic Arrays������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 26
Array Size���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 26
■
■Chapter 8: String�������������������������������������������������������������������������� 29
String Combining����������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 29
Escape Characters�������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 30
String Compare������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 31
String Functions������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 31
String Encodings����������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 31
■
■Chapter 9: Conditionals���������������������������������������������������������������� 33
If Statement������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 33
Switch Statement���������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 34
Ternary Operator����������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 34
■
■Chapter 10: Loops������������������������������������������������������������������������� 35
While Loop��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 35
Do-while Loop��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 35
For Loop������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 35
Break and Continue������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 36
Goto Statement������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 36
■
■Chapter 11: Functions������������������������������������������������������������������ 37
Defining Functions�������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 37
Calling Functions����������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 37
Function Parameters����������������������������������������������������������������������������� 38
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Value Initialization��������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 54
Copy Initialization���������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 55
New Initialization����������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 55
Aggregate Initialization������������������������������������������������������������������������� 55
Uniform Initialization����������������������������������������������������������������������������� 56
■
■Chapter 14: Inheritance���������������������������������������������������������������� 59
Upcasting���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 59
Downcasting����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 60
Constructor Inheritance������������������������������������������������������������������������� 60
Multiple Inheritance������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 61
■
■Chapter 15: Overriding����������������������������������������������������������������� 63
Hiding Derived Members����������������������������������������������������������������������� 63
Overriding Derived Members���������������������������������������������������������������� 64
Base Class Scoping������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 65
■
■Chapter 16: Access Levels������������������������������������������������������������ 67
Private Access��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 67
Protected Access����������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 68
Public Access���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 68
Access Level Guideline�������������������������������������������������������������������������� 69
Friend Classes and Functions��������������������������������������������������������������� 69
Public, Protected and Private Inheritance��������������������������������������������� 70
■
■Chapter 17: Static������������������������������������������������������������������������� 71
Static Fields������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 71
Static Methods�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 72
Static Local Variables���������������������������������������������������������������������������� 72
Static Global Variables��������������������������������������������������������������������������� 72
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■Chapter 18: Enum������������������������������������������������������������������������� 73
Enum Example�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 73
Enum Constant Values��������������������������������������������������������������������������� 74
Enum Conversions��������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 74
Enum Scope������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 74
Strongly Typed Enums��������������������������������������������������������������������������� 75
■
■Chapter 19: Struct and Union������������������������������������������������������� 77
Struct����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 77
Declarator List��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 77
Union����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 78
Anonymous Union��������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 79
■
■Chapter 20: Operator Overloading������������������������������������������������ 81
Operator Overloading Example�������������������������������������������������������������� 81
Binary Operator Overloading����������������������������������������������������������������� 81
Unary Operator Overloading������������������������������������������������������������������ 82
Overloadable Operators������������������������������������������������������������������������� 83
■
■Chapter 21: Custom Conversions������������������������������������������������� 85
Implicit Conversion Constructor������������������������������������������������������������ 85
Explicit Conversion Constructor������������������������������������������������������������ 86
Conversion Operators���������������������������������������������������������������������������� 86
Explicit Conversion Operators��������������������������������������������������������������� 87
■
■Chapter 22: Namespaces�������������������������������������������������������������� 89
Accessing Namespace Members���������������������������������������������������������� 89
Nesting Namespaces���������������������������������������������������������������������������� 90
Importing Namespaces������������������������������������������������������������������������� 90
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■ Contents
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■ Contents
■
■Chapter 25: Exception Handling������������������������������������������������� 107
Throwing Exceptions��������������������������������������������������������������������������� 107
Try-catch statement���������������������������������������������������������������������������� 107
Re-throwing Exceptions���������������������������������������������������������������������� 108
Exception Specification����������������������������������������������������������������������� 108
Exception Class����������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 109
■
■Chapter 26: Type Conversions���������������������������������������������������� 111
Implicit Conversions���������������������������������������������������������������������������� 111
Explicit Conversions���������������������������������������������������������������������������� 112
C++ casts������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 112
xii
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■ Contents
Index���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 129
xiii
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About the Author
Mikael Olsson is a professional web entrepreneur, programmer, and author. He works for
an R&D company in Finland where he specializes in software development. In his spare
time he writes books and creates websites that summarize various fields of interest.
The books he writes are focused on teaching their subject in the most efficient way
possible, by explaining only what is relevant and practical without any unnecessary
repetition or theory.
xv
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Introduction
xvii
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Chapter 1
Hello World
Choosing an IDE
To begin developing in C++ you need a text editor and a C++ compiler. You can get both at
the same time by installing an Integrated Development Environment (IDE) that includes
support for C++. A good choice is Microsoft's Visual Studio Community Edition, which
is a free version of Visual Studio that is available from Microsoft’s website.1 This IDE has
built-in support for the C++11 standard and also includes many features of C++14 as of
the 2015 version.
Two other popular cross-platform IDEs include NetBeans and Eclipse CDT.
Alternatively, you can develop using a simple text editor – such as Notepad – although
this is less convenient than using an IDE. If you choose to do so, just create an empty
document with a .cpp file extension and open it in the editor of your choice.
Creating a Project
After installing Visual Studio, go ahead and launch the program. You then need to create a
project, which will manage the C++ source files and other resources. Go to File ➤ New ➤
Project in Visual Studio to display the New Project window. From there select the Visual
C++ template type in the left frame. Then select the Win32 Console Application template
in the right frame. At the bottom of the window you can configure the name and location
of the project. When you are finished, click the OK button and another dialog box will
appear titled Win32 Application Wizard. Click next and a couple of application settings
will be displayed. Leave the application type as Console application and check the Empty
project checkbox. Then click Finish to let the wizard create your empty project.
1
http://www.microsoft.com/visualstudio
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Chapter 1 ■ Hello World
Give this source file the name “MyApp” and click the Add button. An empty cpp file
will now be added to your project and also opened for you.
Hello World
The first thing to add to the source file is the main function. This is the entry point of the
program, and the code inside of the curly brackets is what will be executed when the
program runs. The brackets, along with their content, is referred to as a code block, or
just a block.
int main() {}
The first application will simply output the text “Hello World” to the screen. Before
this can be done the iostream header needs to be included. This header provides input
and output functionality for the program, and is one of the standard library files that come
with all C++ compilers. What the #include directive does is effectively to replace the line
with everything in the specified header before the file is compiled into an executable.
#include <iostream>
int main() {}
With iostream included you gain access to several new functions. These are all
located in the standard namespace called std, which you can examine by using a double
colon, also called the scope resolution operator (::). After typing this in Visual Studio, the
IntelliSense window will automatically open, displaying what the namespace contains.
Among the members you find the cout stream, which is the standard output stream in
C++ that will be used to print text to a console window. It uses two less-than signs known
as the insertion operator (<<) to indicate what to output. The string can then be specified,
delimited by double quotes, and followed by a semicolon. The semicolon is used in C++
to mark the end of all statements.
#include <iostream>
int main()
{
std::cout << "Hello World";
}
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Chapter 1 ■ Hello World
Using Namespace
To make things a bit easier you can add a line specifying that the code file uses the
standard namespace. You then no longer have to prefix cout with the namespace (std::)
since it is now used by default.
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
cout << "Hello World";
}
IntelliSense
When writing code in Visual Studio, a window called IntelliSense will pop up wherever
there are multiple predetermined alternatives from which to choose. This window can be
also brought up manually at any time by pressing Ctrl+Space to provide quick access to
any code entities you are able to use within your program. This is a very powerful feature
that you should learn to make good use of.
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Chapter 2
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
cout << "Hello World";
cin.get();
}
Console Compilation
As an alternative to using an IDE you can also compile source files from a terminal
window as long as you have a C++ compiler.1 For example, on a Linux machine you can
use the GNU C++ compiler, which is available on virtually all Unix systems, including
Linux and the BSD family, as part of the GNU Compiler Collection (GCC). This compiler
can also be installed on Windows by downloading MinGW or on Mac as part of the Xcode
development environment.
1
http://www.stroustrup.com/compilers.html
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Chapter 2 ■ Compile and Run
To use the GNU compiler you type its name "g++" in a terminal window and give it
the input and output filenames as arguments. It then produces an executable file, which
when run gives the same result as one compiled under Windows in Visual Studio.
Comments
Comments are used to insert notes into the source code. They have no effect on the end
program and are meant only to enhance the readability of the code, both for you and for
other developers. C++ has two kinds of comment notations - single-line and multi-line.
The single-line comment starts with // and extends to the end of the line.
// single-line comment
The multi-line comment may span more than one line and is delimited by /* and */.
/* multi-line comment */
Keep in mind that whitespace characters – such as comments, spaces, and tabs – are
generally ignored by the compiler. This allows you a lot of freedom in how to format your code.
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Chapter 3
Variables
Data Types
Depending on what data you need to store there are several kinds of built-in data types.
These are often called fundamental data types or primitives. The integer (whole number)
types are short, int, long, and long long. The float, double and long double types are
floating-point (real number) types. The char type holds a single character and the bool
type contains either a true or false value.
In C++, the exact size and range of data types are not fixed. Instead they are
dependent on the system for which the program is compiled. The sizes shown in the table
above are those found on most 32-bit systems and are given in C++ bytes. A byte in C++ is
the minimum addressable unit of memory, which is guaranteed to be at least 8 bits, but
might also be 16 or 32 bits depending on the system. By definition, a char in C++ is 1 byte
in size. Furthermore, the int type will have the same size as the processor’s word size, so
for a 32-bit system the integers will be 32 bits in size. Each integer type in the table must
also be at least as large as the one preceding it. The same applies to floating-point types
where each one must provide at least as much precision as the preceding one.
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Chapter 3 ■ Variables
Declaring Variables
To declare (create) a variable you start with the data type you want the variable to hold
followed by an identifier, which is the name of the variable. The name can consist of
letters, numbers and underscores, but it cannot start with a number. It also cannot
contain spaces or special characters and must not be a reserved keyword.
Assigning Variables
To assign a value to a declared variable the equal sign is used, which is called the
assignment operator (=).
myInt = 50;
The declaration and assignment can be combined into a single statement. When a
variable is assigned a value it then becomes defined.
At the same time that the variable is declared there is an alternative way of assigning,
or initializing, it by enclosing the value in parentheses. This is known as constructor
initialization and is equivalent to the statement above.
If you need to create more than one variable of the same type there is a shorthand
way of doing it using the comma operator (,).
int x = 1, y = 2, z;
Once a variable has been defined (declared and assigned), you can use it by simply
referencing the variable’s name: for example, to print it.
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Chapter 3 ■ Variables
Variable Scope
The scope of a variable refers to the region of code within which it is possible to use that
variable. Variables in C++ may be declared both globally and locally. A global variable
is declared outside of any code blocks and is accessible from anywhere after it has been
declared. A local variable, on the other hand, is declared inside of a function and will
only be accessible within that function after it has been declared. The lifetime of a local
variable is also limited. A global variable will remain allocated for the duration of the
program, while a local variable will be destroyed when its function has finished executing.
The default values for these variables are also different. Global variables are
automatically initialized to zero by the compiler, whereas local variables are not
initialized at all. Uninitialized local variables will therefore contain whatever garbage is
already present in that memory location.
int main()
{
int localVar; // uninitialized
}
int main()
{
int localVar = 0; // initialized to 0
}
Integer Types
There are four integer types you can use depending on how large a number you need the
variable to hold.
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Chapter 3 ■ Variables
C++11 standardized a fifth integer type, long long, which is guaranteed to be at least
64-bits large. Many compilers started to support this data type well before the C++11
standard was complete, including the Microsoft C++ compiler.
To determine the exact size of a data type you can use the sizeof operator. This
operator returns the number of bytes that a data type occupies in the system you are
compiling for.
Fixed-sized integer types were added in C++11. These types belong to the std
namespace and can be included through the cstdint standard library header.
#include <cstdint>
using namespace std;
int8_t myInt8 = 0; // 8 bits
int16_t myInt16 = 0; // 16 bits
int32_t myInt32 = 0; // 32 bits
int64_t myInt64 = 0; // 64 bits
10
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Another Random Document on
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I can thynk he shall ellis fare the wors for i’ feyth he standyth
daly in gret fere, for the false contrary party ageyns hym. Item,
at the reverence of God, be ware howe ye ryd or go, for nowgty
and evyll desposyd felacheps. I am put en fere dayly for myn
abydyng here, and cownsellyd be my moder and be other good
frendes, that I shuld not abeyd here but yf the world wher in
mor quiete than it is. God for hys merci send us a good world,
and send yow helthe in body and sowle, and good speed in all
your maters. Wreten in hast the Thursday next after Seynt
Thomas. By your,
M. P.
287.1 [From Paston MSS., B.M.] This letter clearly relates to the affairs
of Thomas Denys’s wife, after the murder of her husband in 1461.
John Paston and William Rokewood were trustees of his lands, and
Margaret’s cousin, John Berney of Witchingham, it will be seen,
wrote more than one letter to them about this time.
287.2 i.e. her husband’s.
467
JOHN BERNEY TO JOHN PASTON
AND WYLLIAM ROKEWODE 288.1
R
IGHT worshipfull cosynes, I recummaund me to yow. And
for as mech as I am credybilly informyd how that Sir
Myles Stapylton knyght with other yll dysposed persones,
defame and falsly noyse me in morderyng of Thomas Denys the
Crowner, and how that I intend to make insurexyones contrari
unto the law; and that the seyd Stapylton ferthermore noyseth
me with gret robries; in whech defamacyones and fals noysyngs
the seyd Stapylton, and in that his saying he is fals, that knowith
God, &c. And for my playn acquitayll, yf he or any substancyall
gentylman wyll say it, and avow it, I say to it contrari, and by
lisens of the Kyng to make it good as a gentylman. And in this
my playn exskeus, I pray yow to opyn it unto the Lords, that the
seyd Stapylton, &c., makyn gret gaderyngs of the Kyngs
rebelyones, lying in wayte to morder me. And in that I may
make opyn proff. Wretyn in hast the x. day of July anno regni
Regis E. iiij. primo. John Berneye.
Remembre to take a wryht to chese crowneres in Norffolk.
288.1 [From Fenn, i. 236.]
468
JOHN PASTON TO MARGARET PASTON 289.1
I
RECOMAUND me to yow, letyng yow wete tha the
Undershreve doughtyth hym of John Berney; wherfore I
pray yow bryng hem to gedyr, and set hem acord, if ye
can, so that the seyd Ondershreve be sure that he shall not be
hurt be hym, ner of hys cuntrymen. And eyf he woll not, lete
hym verely understonde that he shall be compellyd to fynd hym
suerte of the pes to agry in thys heed, and that shall nowther be
profitabyll, ner worchepful. And lete hym wete that there have
be many compleynts of hym be that knavyssh knyght, Sir Miles
Stapilton, as I sent yow word before; but he shall come to hys
excuse wele inow, so he have a mannys hert, and the seyd
Stapylton shall ben ondyrstand as he ys, a fals shrewe. And he
and hys wyfe and other have blaveryd here of my kynred in
hedermoder; 290.1 but, be that tyme we have rekned of old dayes
and late dayes, myn shall be found more worchepfull thanne hys
and hys wyfes, or ellys I woll not for hys gilt gypcer.
Also telle the seyd Berney that the Shreve ys in a dought
whedyr he shall make a newe eleccion of knyghts of the shyre,
be cause of hym and Grey; where in it were bettyr for hym to
have the Shreves good wyll.
Item, me thynkyth for quiete of the cuntre it were most
worchepfull that as wele Berney as Grey shuld get a record of all
suche that myght spend xls. ayere, that were at the day of
eleccon, whech of them that had fewest to geve it up as reson
wold. Wretyn at London, on Relyk Sonday.
Item, that ye send abought for sylver acordyng to the old bylle
that I sent yow from Lynne. John Paston.
289.1 [From Fenn, iv. 20.] This letter and the next, which is an
answer to it, are evidently of the same year as No. 471. Relic
Sunday (the third Sunday after Midsummer Day) was the 12th July
in 1461.
290.1 In hugger-mugger, i.e. clandestinely.
469
MARGARET PASTON TO JOHN PASTON 290.2
1461
JULY 15
I
RECOMAND me to yow. Please yow to wete that I have sent
to my cosyn Barney, acordyng to your desyr in the letter
that ye deed wright on Relec Sonday to me, wheropon he
hathe wreten a letter to yow and anothyr bylle to me, the wyche
I send yow. He tolde the masanger that I sent to hym that the
Undershereve nedyth not to fer hym nor non of hys; for he
seyd, after the aleccion was doo, he spak with hym at the Grey
Fryers, and prayyd hym of hys good masterchep, and seyd to
hym that he feryd no man of bodely harme, but only Twyer and
hys felachep.
Item, Sir John Tatersalle and the baly of Walsynsham and the
constabyll hathe take the parson of Snoryng and iiij. of hys men,
and sete hem fast in the stokkys on Monday at nyght; and, as it
is seyd, they shuld be carryyd up to the Kyng in hast. God
defend yt but they be shastysyd as the lawe wolle. Twyer and
hys felachep beryth a gret wyght of Thomas Denys dethe in this
contry abowght Walsynham; and it is seyd ther yf John Osberne
hade owght hym as good wylle, as he deed befor that he was
acqueyntyd with Twyer, he shuld not adyyd [have died] for he
myght rewlyd al Walsynham as he had lyst, as it ys seyd.
Item, Will Lynys, that was with Master Fastolf, and swyche other
as he is with hym, goo fast abowght in the contr, and ber men a
hand, 291.1 prests and others, they be Skotts, and take brybys of
hem and let hem goo ageyn. He toke the last wek the parson of
Freton, and but for my cosyn Jarnyngham the younger, 291.2 ther
wold a led hem forthe with hem; and he told hem pleynly yf
they mad any suche doyngs ther, but [i.e. unless] they had the
letter to schewe for hem, they shuld aley on her bodyys. It wer
welle do that they wer met with be tymys. It is told me that the
seyd Will reportyth of yow as shamfully as he can in dyvers
place. Jesu have yow in Hys kepyng. Wreten in hast, the
Wednysday after Relec Sonday.
Yf the Undershereve come home, I woll a say to do for hym as
ye desyryd me in your letter. As for mony, I have sent abowght,
and I can get non but xiijs. iiijd. syn ye went owght. I wolle do
my parte to get mor as hastely as ye may.
By yowr,
M. P.
290.2 [From Fenn, iv. 24.] See note to preceding letter, p. 289, Note
1.
291.1 That is to say, make imputations against them. See vol. ii. p.
110, Note 1.
291.2 John Jerningham, junior, son of John Jerningham, senior, of
Somerleyton, Suffolk.
470
JOHN BERNEY TO JOHN PASTON 291.3
R
IGHT worshipfull sir, I recummaund me to yow, praying
yow hertyli to labour for that the Kyng may wryte unto
me, gevyng me thankyng of the good wyll and servyse
that I haff doo unto hym, and in beyng with hym a yens his
adversaries and rebelyones, as well in the North, as in this
cuntre of Norffolk. And in that the Kyng shold please the
Comynnes in this cuntre; for they grudge and sey, how that the
Kyng resayvith sych of this cuntre, &c. as haff be his gret
eanemyes, and opresseors of the Comynes; and sych as haff
assystyd his Hynes, be not rewardyt; and it is to be consederyd,
or ellys it wyll hurt, as me semyth by reason. And in ayd of this
chaungebyll rewle, it wer nessessary to move the good Lords
Spiretuall and Temperall, by the whech that myght be reformyd,
&c. And in cas that any of myn olde enemyes, Tudynham,
Stapylton, and Heydon, with theyr affenyte labur the Kyng and
Lords unto my hurt, I am and wylbe redy to come to my
souverayn Lord for my exskeus, soo that I may come saff for
unlawfull hurt, purveyed by my seyd ennemyes. No more at this
tyme, but God preserve yow in gras. Wretyn at Wychyngham
the xvj. day in the moneth of July, anno regni Regis E. iiijti.
primo. John Berneye.
Please it yow to move this unto my Lords Cauntyrburi, Ely,
Norwych, &c.
291.3 [From Fenn, i. 238.]
471
JOHN BERNEY TO JOHN PASTON 292.1
S
IR, I recomaund me to zow, &c. And as for my playn
dysposyssyon towards the Undyrshrewe, I wyll hym no
bodyli hurt, nor shal not be hurt by me nor by noo man
that I may rewle. But the Comynnes throw all the schyer be
movyd agayn hym, for cause of his lyght demeanyng towards
them for this elexsyon of knygtts of the shyer for the Parlement.
And I suppose yf that he wyll, he may be hastyli easyd as thus:
—lat hym make notys unto the seyd Comynnes that this theyr
eleccyon shall stande, or ellys lat hym purchas a new wryt, and
lat hym make wrytyng unto them what day they shall come, and
they to make a new eleccyon acordyng unto the law. And, sir,
I pray zow, sey to hym that it is nott his oneste to lye upon too
many men, noysyng them rebyliones of Norff[olk], and Berney
theyr c . . . No more to zow at this tyme, but I naff sent zow
ij. letteris within this viij. dayes. Wretyn the xvij. day of July
anno regni Regis E. iiijti. 1mo. John Berney.
292.1 [From Fenn, iv. 28.]
472
MARGARET PASTON TO JOHN PASTON 293.1
R
YTH worchepful husbond, I recomawnd me to yow. Plesyt
yow to wete that I am desyrid be Sir John Tatersale to
wryte to yow for a comyssion or a noyr in termyner [oyer
and terminer] 293.2 for to be sent down in to this cuntre to sit
uppon the parson of Snoryng, and on soche as was cause of
Thomas Denyssys dethe, and for many and gret horebyl
robryys; and as for the costs ther of the cuntre wele pay therfor,
for they be sor aferd but [i.e. unless] the seyd dethe be
chastysed, and the seyd robryys, they ar aferde that mo folks
xal be servyd in lyke wyse.
As for the prest and vj. of hese men that be takyn, they be
delyveryt to Twer [Twyer], and iiij. be with hem of the cuntreys
cost, for to be sent with to the Kyng; and yf they be browt up at
the reverens of God, do yowr parte that they schape not, but
that they may have the jugement of the lawe, and as they have
deservyd, and be comytyt to prison, not to departe tyl they be
inqueryd of her forseyd robery be soche a comyssion that ye
can get, that the Keng and the Lords may hondyrstonde wat
rewle they have be of, not hondely for the moderys and the
robbryys, but as wele for the gret insurrexsin that they were
lyke amade within the shyre. The preests of Castyr they be
streytely take hede at be Roberd Harmerer and hoder, so that
the seyde prestys may have no thyng out of ther owne, ne of
hodyr menys, but they be rassakyt, and the plase ys watchyd
bothe day and nyth. The prestys thynk ryth longe tyl they
tydynggs fro yow. At the reverens of God, be ware hou ye goo
and ryde, for that ys told me that ye thret of hem that be nowty
felawys that hathe be inclynyng to them, that hathe be your
hold adversarys.
The blyssyd Trenyte have yow in hys kepyng. Wretyn in hast,
the Saturday nex be fore Sent Margarete.
Be yours,
M. P.
293.1 [From Fenn, iv. 30.] The date of this letter is certain, as it
refers to the murder of Thomas Denys.
293.2 See vol. ii. p. 161, Note 3.
473
GRANT FROM THE CROWN 294.1
R
EX omnibus ad quos &c. salutem. Cum Nos indebitati
sumus Johanni Paston armigero et Thomæ Hows clerico
in septingentis marcis legalis monetæ regni nostri Angliæ
eisdem Johanni et Thomæ solvendis juxta formam cujusdam
billæ manu nostra signatæ cujus tenor sequitur in hæc verba:—
Edward, Kyng of Inglond and of Frauns, Lord of Irlond, recorde
and knoweleych that we have receyvyd of John Paston, Squyer,
and Thomas Hows, clerk, be the assent of oure trusty and
welbelovyd cosyn Thomas Archebysshop of Caunterbury, [and?]
Mayster John Stokys, clerk, an nowche of gold with a gret
poynted diamaunt set upon a rose enamellid white, and a
nowche of gold in facion of a ragged staff with ij. ymages of
man and woman garnysshed with a ruby, a dyamaunt and a gret
perle, which were leyd to plegge by oure fader, whom Crist
assoyle, to Sir John Fastolff, knyght, for CCCC. xxxlvijli.; and also
an obligacion wherby oure seid fader was bound to the seid Sir
John Fastolff in an C. marc; for which we graunt and promitt in
the word of a kyng to pay to the seid John Paston and Thomas
Hows, clerk, or to her assignez, D.CC. mark of lawfull money of
Englond at days underwritte, that is to sey; att the Fest of All
Seyntes than next folowyng after the date of thys bille CC.
mark, and other CC. mark at the Fest of All Seyntis than next
folowyng, and other CC. mark at the Fest of All Seyntes than
next folowyng, and an C. mark at the Fest of All Seyntys thanne
next folowyng. And also we graunte that the seid John Paston
and Thomas Hows shall have a signement sufficient to hem
aggreabill for the seid payment. And if it fortune that the same
John and Thomas be unpayd by the seid assignement of any of
the seid paymentis at any of the seid Festis, thanne we graunt
upon notice made to us therof by the same John or Thomas to
pay hem or her assignez that payment so behynd onpaid oute of
oure cofirs withoute delay. In witnesse werof we have signed
this bill with oure hand the xij. day of Jule the first yere of [our]
reign.
Nos solutionem summæ illius præfatis Johanni et Thomæ fieri et
haberi volentes, ut tenemur, concessimus et per præsentes
concedimus eisdem Johanni Paston et Thomæ Hows
septingentas marcas monetæ prædictæ percipiendas modo et
forma subsequentibus, videlicet, centum marcas inde annuatim
percipiendas de primis denariis provenientibus et crescentibus
de feodi firma civitatis nostræ Norwici et de omnibus aliis firmis,
exitibus, proficuis et reventionibus de eadem civitate
provenientibus per manus majoris, custodis, vicecomitum,
civium seu ballivorum ejusdem civitatis pro tempore existentium
aut aliorum receptorum, firmariorum seu appruatorum
eorundem feodi firmarum, exituum, proficuorum et reventionum
dictæ civitatis pro tempore existentium, et centum marcas inde
annuatim percipiendas de firmis, redditibus, exitibus, proficuis et
aliis commoditatibus quibuscumque de comitatibus nostris Norff’
et Suff’ provenientibus per manus vicecomitum eorumdem
comitatuum pro tempore existentium quousque septingentæ
marcæ eisdem Johanni Paston et Thomæ Hows plenarie
persolutæ fuerint. In cujus &c. Teste Rege apud
Westmonasterium, xxvij. die Julii.
Per ipsum Regem oretenus.
294.1 [From Patent Roll, 1 Edw. IV., Part 3, No. 13.]
474
THOMAS PLAYTER TO JOHN PASTON 296.1
P
LEASE your maistership wete that Danyell of Grayes In
enfourmed me that Kyng of Dounham whiche slewe
Thomas Denys is arested and in hold at Wysbyche and
had ben delyvered nor had Fraunceys Costard a taken suerte of
pees of hym; and so he is kept in by non other meane but al
onely by suerte of pees. And as I felt by the said Danyell if he
be craftyly handeled he woll accuse many other; but Danyell is
loth to name hem, but I suppose he ment by Twyer and yet
other mo, right sufficient, and kalled of substans. Item, Haydon
hath payed ccccc. marks and is delivered. Item it is talked the
parlement schal be proroged tyl the iiij. day of Novembre and
the kyng wol in to Scotland in al hast. Wretyn in hast uppon the
day of the Advencion. 296.2 —Youris,
Thomas Plaiter.
296.1 [Add. MS. 34,888, f. 181.] The year in which this letter was
written is certain, not only from the reference to the murder of
Thomas Denys, which was in July 1461, but also from the mention
of the prorogation of Parliament to the 4th of November.
296.2 Probably meaning the Feast of St. Peter ad Vincula (1st
August).
475
JOHN PASTON TO MARGARET PASTON 296.3
F
IRST, that Richard Calle fynde the meane that a distresse
may be taken of such bestes as occupie the ground at
Stratton, and that cleyme and contynuauns be made of
my possession in any wise, and that thei be not suffrid to
occupie withowt thei compoune with me; and that aftir the
distresse taken the undirshreve be spoke with all that he make
no replevyn with out agrement or apoyntement taken, that the
right of the lond may be undirstand.
ij. Item, I here sey the peple is disposed to be at the shire at
Norwich on Sen Lauerauns Day for th’affermyng of that thei
have do afore, wherof I hold me wele content if thei do it of her
owne disposicion, but I woll not be the cause of the labour of
hem, ner bere no cost of hem at this tyme, for be the lawe I am
suer befor, but I am wel a payed it shall be on han halyday for
lettyng of the peples werk. I undirstand ther shall be labour for
a coroner that day, for ther is labour made to me for my good
wyll here, and I wyll nothyng graunt withowt the under shreves
assent, for he and I thought that Richard Bloumvyle were good
to that occupacion. Item, ye shall undirstand that the
undirshreve was some what flekeryng whill he was here, for he
informyd the Kyng that the last eleccion was not peasibill, but
the peple was jakkyd and saletted, and riottously disposid, and
put hym in fere of his lyfe. Wherefore I gate of hym the writte
whech I send yow herwith, to that entent, thow any fals shrewe
wold labour, he shuld not be sure of the writ, and therfore ye
most se that the undirshreve have the writ at the day, in case
the peple be gadered, and thanne lete th’endentures be made
up or er they departe.
iij. Item, that ye remembyr Thomas Denys wyfe that her
husbond had divers billes of extorcion don be Heydon and other,
whech that he told me that his seid wyfe beryid whan the
rumour was, so that thei were ny roten. Bidde her loke hem up
and take hem yow.
iiij. Item, as for the seyd distreynyng at Stratton, I wold that
Dawbeney and Thomas Bon shuld knowe the closes and the
ground, that thei myght attende ther to, that Richard were not
lettyd of other occupacions, and I wold this were do as sone as
is possibill, or I come home. Notwithstandyng, I trowe I shall
come home or the shire, but I woll nat it be knowe till the same
day, for I will not come there with owt I be sent fore be the
peple to Heylisdonne. Notwithstandyng, and the peple were
wele avertised at that day, they shuld be the more redy to
shewe the oribyll extorcions and briberys that hath be do upon
hem to the Kyng at his comyng, desyring hym that he shuld not
have in favor the seyd extorcioners, but compelle hem to make
amendes and sethe [satisfaction] to the pore peple.
v. Item, that Berney and Richard Wright geve suche folkys
warnyng as wyll compleyne to be redy with her billes if thei list
to have any remedy.
vj. Item, that the maters ayens Sir Miles Stapilton may at
Aylesham be remembyrd.
vij. Also if ye can be any craft get a copy of the bille that Sir
Miles Stapilton hath of the corte rolles of Gemyngham, that ye
fayle not, but assay and do yowr devyr, for that shuld preve
some men shamefully fals. Master Brakle seyd he shuld a get
oon of Freston. I wold he shuld assay, or ellys peraventure
Skypwith, or ellys Master Sloley; for if Stapilton were boren in
hande that he shuld be founde fals and ontrewe, and first
founder of that mater, he wold bothe shewe the bille and where
he had it. 298.1
viij. Item, I wold the prestis of Caster were content for
Midsomer term.
ix. Item, ther is a whith box with evidens of Stratton, in on of
the canvas baggis in the gret cofir, or in the spruse chest. Ric.
Calle knowith it well, and ther is a ded of feffement and a letter
of atorne mad of the seyd londs in Stratton to John Damm,
W. Lomner, Ric. Calle, and John Russe. I wold a new dede and
letter of atorne were mad owth theroff be the feffees of the
same laund to Thome Grene, 298.2 Thome Playter, the parson of
Heylisdon, Jacobo Gloys, klerke, 298.3 Johanni Pamping, and that
the ded bere date nowh, and that it be selid at the next shire;
for than I suppose the seyd feffes will be ther if it may not be
don er that tyme. I wold have the seyd dedis leyd in a box, both
old and new, and left secretly at Ric. Thornis hows at Stratton,
that whan I com homwar I mygh fynd it ther, and mak seson
[seisin] and stat to be take whil I wer ther. Wret at London on
Lammes Day.
296.3 [From Paston MSS., B.M.] This letter is printed from a draft
which is partly in John Paston’s own hand. The contents clearly refer
to, first, the Norfolk election of 1461, which it was proposed to
confirm by a new meeting of the electors at the shire-house; and
secondly, the necessity of electing a new coroner after the murder
of Thomas Denys. The date is therefore certain.
298.1 Between this and the next paragraph is the following sentence
crossed out:— ‘Item, I send yow a writ direct to the Meyer and
Shreves of Norwich for to receyve of hem an C. [hundred] mark
yerly for suche jowellys as the Kyng hath of me.’
298.2 This name is substituted for three others crossed out, viz. ‘John
Grenefeld, Thomas Playter, Water Wrottisle, Squyer.’
298.3 Here occurs the name, ‘Christofere Grenacre,’ crossed out.
476
JOHN RUSSE TO JOHN PASTON 299.1
R
YGHT worshypfull sir, and my right honourable maister, I
recomaunde me louly to you. And plese youre
maistirshyp to wete that my Maister Clement, youre
brothyr, and Plater, wrot a letter to my mayster yore sone 299.2
yistirday, the tenure of whych was how ye were entretyd there.
And as ye desyred me, so I enformyd hem the mater along, for
they wist not of it til I told hem; and they wrete the more
pleynerly inasmych as a worshypfull man rood the same day,
and bare the letter to my seyd maister youre sone.
The Lord Bourgcher is with the Kynge, and my Lord Warwyk still
in the North, &c.
Item, sir, thys day cam on John Waynflet from the Kyng streyt
weye, and he is of myn aqueyntaunce; and he teld me there
was no voyse nor spekyng aboute the Kyng of that mater; and I
teld hym all the mater along hou ye were intretyd, whych he
wyll put in remembraunce in ony place that he cometh in in
Suffolk or Esex as he goth homward, for he owyth no good wil
to youre adversary. And the seyd Waynflet teld me that he
knowyth for serteyn that the Kyng cometh not to Northefolk til
he hathe been upon the Marchys of Walys, and so there is no
serteynte of hyse comyng thys many dayez. He teld me he lefte
the Kyng with a smal felashyp aboute hym.
And I enqueryd hym of the gyding of my maystyr yore sone,
whiche he comendyd gretly, and seyd that he stood well
inconseyt, and dayly shuld increse; and he was well in
acqueyntaunce and be lovyd with jentilmen aboute the Kyng.
But he seyd ther shal no thyng hurte hym but youre streytnesse
of mony to hym, for withoute he have mony in hyse purse, so as
he may resonably spende among hem, ellys they wyll not sette
by hem; and there be jentilmen sones of lesse reputacion that
hath mony more lyberal x. tymez than he hath, and soo in that
they seyd Waynflet seyd it were full necessary for you to
remembre, &c.
As for tydyngs here bee noon newe, &c. I truste I shal brynge
you a letter from my mayster your sone, or thanne I come, for
whych I shal rather thanne fayle abyde on day the lenger. And
Jesu have you, my right honourable maister, in Hyse mercyfull
governaunce, and preserve you from adversyte. Wretyn at
London, on Seynt Bertylmewys Evyn.
I can speke with noo man but that thynke the gydyng of youre
adversary hath been in many causez ryght straunce, and as it is
soposyd that he shal undyrstonde at the Parlament; but for
Gods sake have men inow aboute yow, for ye undyrstonde is on
manerly dysposecion.
Your bedeman and servaunt,
John Russe.
299.1 [From Fenn, iv. 42.] Edward IV. went into the Marches of Wales,
as mentioned in this letter, in the autumn of 1461. He was at
Gloucester on the 11th September, and at Ludlow on the 21st, as
appears by the dates of his privy seals. The matter mentioned in the
postscript is doubtless Howard’s contention with Paston in the shire-
house at Norwich, to which allusion is made in the letter following.
299.2 John Paston, the eldest son.
477
JOHN PASTON, THE ELDEST SON, TO HIS
FATHER 301.1
M
OST reverent and worschepfull fadyr, I rekomawnd me
hertyly, and submytt me lowlely to your good
faderhood, besechyng yow for cheryte of yowr dayly
blyssyng. I beseche yow to hold me ascewsyd that I sente to
yowe none erste no wrythgtyng, for I kowd not spede to myn
intent the maters that ye sent to me for. I have laboryd dayly
my Lord of Essexe, Treserer of Ynglond, to have mevyd the Kyng
bothe of the maner [of] Deddham and of the byll copye of the
Corte Roll, everye mornyng ore he went to the Kyng, and often
tymys inqueryd of hym and he had mevyd the Kyng in these
matyers. He answeryd me naye, seyyng it was no tyme, and
seyd he wold it war osse fayne spedd os I myselfe, offed tymys
de layding me that in trouthe I thowt to have send yowe word
that I felyd by hym that he was not wyllyng to meve the Kyng
ther in. Neverthe lesse I lawberyd to hym contynually, and
prayed Barronners hys man to remembyr hym of it. I told offten
tyms to my seyd Lord that I had a man teryyn in town, that I
schuld a sente to yow for othyr sundry maters, and he teryid for
no thyng but that I mythg send yowe by hym an answer of the
seyd matyers; othyr tyms besechyng hym to spede me in theys
matyers for thys cawse, that ye schulde thynke no defawte in
me for remembryng in the seyd maters.
And nowe of late, I, rememberyng hym of the same mater,
inqueryd if he had mevyd the Kyngs Hythgnes therin; and he
answeryd me that he hadde felte and mevyd the Kyng ther in,
rehersyng the Kyngys answer therin; how that, when he had
mevyd the Kyng in the seyd maner of Dedham, besechyng hym
to be yowr good Lord ther in, konsyderyng the servyse and
trewe part that ye have done, and owthg to hym, and in
espesyal the rygth that ye have therto, he seyd he wold be your
good Lord therin as he wold be to the porest man in Inglond. He
wold hold with yowe in yowr rygth; and as for favor, he wyll
nogth be under stand that he schal schewe favor mor to one
man then to anothyr, nowgth to on in Inglond.
And as for the bille copyd of the Cort Rolle, when he mevyd to
him of it, he smylyd and seyd that suche a bylle ther was,
seyyng that ye wold an oppressyd sundreys of yowr contremen
of worchypfull men, and the for he kepyd it styll. Never the lesse
he seyd he schuld loke it uppe in haste, and he schuld have it.
Baronners undertoke to me twyes ore thryes that he schuld so
a’ remembred hys lord and master, 302.1 that I schuld au had it
with inne ij. or iij. dayes. He is often tyms absent, and therfor I
have it nowthg yyt; when I kan gete it, I schall send it yowe,
and of the Kyngs mowth, hys name that take it hym.
I scend you home Pekok a geyn. He is not for me. God send
grace that he may do yow good servyse, that be extymacion is
not lykelye. Ye schall have knowleche aftyrward how he hathe
demenyd hym her with me. I wold, savyng yowr dysplesure,
that ye were delyvered of hym, for he schalle never do yow
profyte ner worchyp.
I suppose ye understand that the monye that I hadde of yowe
att Londun maye not indur with me tyll that the Kyng goo in to
Walys an kome ageyn, for I under stand it schall be long or he
kome ageyn. Wher for I have sent to Londun to myn onkyl
Clement to gete an Cs. of Christofyr Hansom yowr servaunt, and
sene [send] it me be my seyd servaunt, and myn herneys with
it, whyche I lefte at Lundun to make klene.
I beseche yowe not to be dysplesyd with it, for I kowd make
non othyr cheysaunce [arrangement] but I schuld a boruyed it
of a strange man, sum of my felawys, who I suppose schold not
lyke yowe, and ye herd of it a nothyr tyme. I ame in suerte
wher as I schall have a nothyr maun in the stede of Pekoke.
My Lord of Estsexe seythe he wyll do as myche for yowe as for
any esquyer in Inglond, and Beronners hys man telht me,
seyy[n]g, ‘Yowr fadyr is myche be holdyng to my Lord, for he
lovyth hym well.’ Bernners mevyd me ons, and seyd that ye
must nedys do sum wate for my Lord and hys, and I seyd I wost
well that ye wold do for hym that laye in yowre powar. And he
seyd that ther was a lytyl mony be twyxe yowe and a jantylman
of Estsexe, callyd Dyrward, seyyng that ther is as myche be
wern [between] my seyd Lord and the seyd jantylman, of the
wyche mony he desieryth yowr part.
It is talkyd here how that ye and Howard schuld a’ strevyn
togueder on the scher daye, and on of Howards men schuld a’
strekyn yow twyess with a dagere, and soo ye schuld a ben hurt
but for a good dobelet that ye hadde on at that tyme. Blyssyd
be God that ye hadde it on. No mor I wryth to yower good
faderhod at thys tym, but All myghty God have yowe in Hys
kepyng, and sende yowe vyttorye of yowr elmyes [enemies],
and worschyp in cressyng to yowr lyvys end yn. Wrytyn at
Lewys, on Seynt Bertylmwes Eve.
Be yowr servaunt and elder sone,
John Paston.
301.1 [From Fenn, iv. 46.] Allusion is made in this letter, as in the last,
to Edward IV.’s going into Wales in 1461. The writer appears to have
been with the King, and expecting to accompany him on the
journey. Edward was at Battle on the 21st August 1461, according
to the dates of his privy seals.
302.1 Henry Bourchier, Earl of Essex.
478
CLEMENT PASTON TO JOHN PASTON 303.1
R
YTHE reverent and worchypfwll broder, I recomawnde me
to yowr good broderhood, desieryng to herre of zour
welfar and good prosperite, the gwyche I pray God
encresse to His pleswr and zowr herts hesse [heart’s ease];
certyfyyng zow that I have spok with John Rwsse, and Playter
spok with him bothe, on Fryday be for Seynt Barthelmw. He
tolde us of Howards gydyng, gwyche mad us rythe sory tyl we
herde the conclusion that ze hadde non harme.
Also I understond by W. Pekok that my nevew hadde knowleche
ther of also up on Saterday nexst be for Seynt Barthelmwe, in
the Kyngs howse. Not with standyng, up on the same day
Playter and I wryte letters on to him, rehersyng al the mater, for
cause if ther wer ony questionys mevyd to hym ther of, that he
xwlde telle the trowthe, in cas that the qwestions wer mevyd by
ony worchypfwll man, and namyd my Lord Bowcher, 304.1 for my
Lord Bowcher was with the Kyng at that tyme.
I fele by W. Pekok that my nevew is not zet verily aqweyntyd in
the Kyngs howse, nor with the officers of the Kyngs howse he is
not takyn as non of that howse; for the coks [cooks] be not
charged to serve hym, nor the sewer 304.2 to gyve hym no dyche,
for the sewer wyll not tak no men no dyschys till they be
comawndyd by the cownterroller. Also he is not aqweyntyd with
no body but with Weks; 304.3 and Weks ad told hym that he wold
bryng hym to the Kyng, but he hathe not zet do soo. Wherfor it
were best for hym to tak hys leve and cum hom, til ze hadd
spok with swm body to helpe hym forthe, for he is not bold y
now to put forthe hym selfe. But than I consyderyd that if he
xwld now cum hom, the Kyng wold thyng [think] that wan he
xwld doo hym ony servie som wer, that than ze wold have hym
hom, the qwyche xwld cause hym not to be hadde in favor; and
also men wold thynke that he wer put owte of servic. Also
W. Pekok tellythe me that his mony is spent, and not ryotesly,
but wysly and discretly, for the costs is gretter in the Kyngs
howse qwen he rydythe than ze wend it hadde be, as Wyllam
Pekok can tell zow; and therof wee must gett hym jCs. at the
lest, as by Wyllam Pekoks seyyng, and zet that will be to lytill,
and I wot well we kan not get xld. of Christifyr Hanswm. So I
xall be fayn to lend it hym of myn owne silver. If I knew verily
zour entent wer that he xwld cum hom, I wold send hym non.
Ther I wyll doo as me thynkithe ze xwld be best plesyd, and
that me thynkythe is to send him the silver. Ther for I pray zow
hastely as ze may send me azen v. mark, and the remnawnte,
I trow, I xall get up on Christofir Hanswm and Lwket. I pray zow
send me it as hastely as ze may, for I xall leve my selfe rythe
bare; and I pray zow send me a letter how ze woll that he xull
be demenyd. Wrytyn on Twsday after Seynt Barthelmwe, &c.
Christus vos conservet! Clement Paston.
303.1 [From Fenn, iv. 52.] The references to Howard’s conduct, and
to John Paston the son being with the King, prove this letter to be of
the year 1461. Compare the last paragraph of the letter immediately
preceding with the first of this.
304.1 Henry, Viscount Bourchier, who had been created Earl of Essex
on the 30th June preceding. The writer had forgotten his new
dignity.
304.2 An officer who had the ordering of the dishes, etc.
479
LORD BEAUCHAMP TO SIR THOMAS HOWES 305.1
W
ELBELOVED frende, I grete you well. And for as muche
as I understonde that William Wurcester, late the
servant unto Sir John Fastolf, Knyth, whois soule God
assoyle, ys not had in favour ne trust with my right welbeloved
frende, John Paston, nether with you, as he seyth, namely in
such maters and causes as concerneth the wylle and testament
of the said Sir John Fastolf; and as I am informed the said
William purposeth hym to go into his cuntre, for the whiche
cause he hath desired me to wryte unto you that ye wolde ben
a special good frend unto hym, for his said mastris sake, to have
alle suche things as reason and consciens requireth, and that ye
wolde be meane unto Paston for hym in this mater to schewe
hym the more favour at thys tyme for this my writyng in doyng
of eny truble to hym, trusting that he wole demeane hym in
suche wyse that he shal have no cause unto hym, but to be his
good master, as he seyth. And yf ther be eny thing that I can do
for you, I wole be right glad to do it, and that knoweth Almyghty
God, whiche have you in his keping. Wretin at Grenewyche, the
xxviijth day of August. J. Beauchamp.
305.1 [From Fenn, iv. 96.] This letter was probably written in the year
1461, if not in the year preceding. The disputes about Fastolf’s will
came before the Spiritual Court in the year 1465; but at the date of
this letter they could not have proceeded very far.
480
LORD HUNGERFORD AND ROBERT
WHITYNGHAM TO MARGARET OF ANJOU 306.1
M
ADAM, please it yowr gode God, we have sith our comyng
hider, writen to your Highnes thryes. The last we sent
by Bruges, to be sent to you by the first vessell that
went into Scotland; the oder ij. letters we sent from Depe, the
ton by the Carvell in the whiche we came, and the oder in a
noder vessell. But, ma dam, all was oon thyng in substance, of
puttyng you in knolege of the Kyng your uncles 306.2 deth, whom
God assoyll, and howe we sta[n]de arest [arrested], and doo
yet; but on Tuysday next we trust and understande, we shall up
to the Kyng, your cosyn germayn. 306.3 His Comyssaries, at the
first of our tarrying, toke all our letters and writyngs, and bere
theym up to the Kyng, levyng my Lord of Somerset in kepyng
atte Castell of Arkes, 306.4 and my felowe Whityngham and me,
for we had sauff conduct, in the town of Depe, where we ar
yete. But on Tyysday next we understand, that it pleaseth the
said Kyngs Highnes that we shall come to hys presence, and ar
charged to bring us up, Monsieur de Cressell, nowe Baillyf of
Canse, and Monsieur de la Mot.
Ma dam[, ferth [fear] you not, but be of gode comfort, and
beware that ye aventure not your person, ne my Lord the
Prynce, 307.1 by the See, till ye have oder word from us, in less
than your person cannot be sure there as ye ar, [and] that
extreme necessite dryfe you thens; and for God sake the Kyngs
Highnes be advysed the same. For as we be enformed, Th’erll of
March 307.2 is into Wales by land, and hath sent his navy thider by
see; and, Ma dame, thynketh verily, we shall not soner be
delyvered, but that we woll come streght to you, withaut deth
take us by the wey, the which we trust he woll not, till we see
the Kyng and you peissible ayene in your Reame; the which we
besech God soon to see, and to send you that your Highnes
desireth. Writen at Depe the xxxti dey of August.
Your true Subgettes and Liege men.
Hungerford.
Whityngham.
At the bottom of the Copy of the Letter is added:—
These ar the names of those men that ar in Scotland with the
Quene. The Kyng Herry is at Kirkhowbre with iiij. men and a
childe.
Quene Margaret is at Edenburgh and hir son.
The Lord Roos and his son.
John Ormond.
William Taylboys.
Sir John Fortescu.
Sir Thomas Fyndern.
Waynesford of London.
Thomas Thompson of Guynes.
Thomas Brampton of Guynes.
John Audeley of Guynes.
Langheyn of Irland.
Thomas Philip of G[i]ppeswich.
Sir Edmund Hampden.
Sir Henry Roos.
John Courteney.
Myrfyn of Kent.
Dauson.
Thomas Burnby.
Borret of Sussex.
Sir John Welpdalle.
Mr. Roger Clerk, of London.
John Retford, late Coubitt.
Giles Senctlowe.
John Hawt.
306.1 [From Fenn, i. 246.] That this letter was written in the year
1461 is sufficiently evident from its contents. The MS. from which it
was printed by Fenn was a copy in the handwriting of Henry
Windsor, and was manifestly the enclosure referred to in his letter
No. 483. It bore the same paper-mark as that letter.
306.2 Charles VII. of France. He died on the 22nd July 1461.
306.3 Lewis XI., son of Charles VII.
306.4 Arques, in Normandy, south of Dieppe.
307.1 Edward, son of Henry VI.
481
JOHN PAMPYNG TO JOHN PASTON, SENIOR 308.1
To my right worshipfull master John Paston, the older,
Squier.
1461
SEPT. 6
P
LEASE your mastirship to wete that I have be at Cotton, and
spoke with Edward Dale, and he told me that Yelverton
and Jenney were there on Friday, 308.2 and a toke distresse
of xxvj. or more bullokks of the seid Edwards in the Park, and
drofe hem to a town therby; and a neyghbore there
undirstandyng the bests were Edward Dalis, 308.3 and bond hym
to pay the ferme, or ellis to bryng in the bests be a day. And
whan the seid Edward undirstod the takyng of the seid bests he
went to Yelverton and Jenney, and bond hym in an obligacon of
xli., to pay hem his ferme at Mighelmes; whech I told hym was
not well do, for I told hym ye had be abill to save hym harmeles.
And because of discharge of his neyghbour he seid he myght
non other wise do. Nevirthelesse as for mony thei get none of
hym redely, ner of the tenaunts nowthyr, as he can thynk yet.
The seid Yelverton dyned on Friday at Cotton, and there chargid
the tenaunts thei shuld pay no mony but to hym, and hath
flaterid hem, and seith thei shall be restorid ayen of such
wrongs as thei have had be Sir Philip Wentworth and other for
Master Fastolff; and because of such tales, your tenaunts owe
hym the bettir will. And I purposid to have gon to Cotton and
spoke with the tenaunts, and Edward Dale told me he supposid
thei wold be this day at Nakton. And because [I desired] 308.4 to
speke with hem as ye comaundid me, I terid not but rod to
Ipwich to my bed, and there at the Sonne was the seid
Yelverton and Jenney and Thomas Fastolff; and myn ost told
me, that the same aftir none thei had be at Nakton, but what
thei ded there I can not telle, and whan I was undirstand your
man, Hogon, Jenneys man, askyd suerte of pes of me; and
Jenney sent for an officer to have hed me to prison; and so myn
ost undirtoke for me that nyght. And this day in the mornyng I
wente to Sen Lauerauns Chirche; and there I spak to hem and
told hem ye merveylid that thei wold take any distresse or
warne any of your tenaunts that thei shuld pay yow no mony.
And Yelverton seid ye had take a distresse falsly and ontrewly of
hym that ought yow no mony ner hem nowther. And he seid he
was infeffid as well as ye; and as for that I told hym he wost
odre [knew the contrary], and thow he were it was but your
use, and so I told hym that men were infeffid in his lond, and
that he shuld be servid the same withinne fewe dayes. And he
seid he wost well ye were not infeffid in his lond, and if ye toke
upon yow to make any trobill in his lond ye shall repente it. And
also he seid that he wold do in like wise in alle maners that were
Sir John Fastolffs in Norfolk as thei have begonne, and other
langage as I shall telle yow. And so I am with the gayler, with a
clogge upon myn hele for suerte of the pees; wherefore please
your mastirship to send me your avise.
Item, John Andrews was with hem at Cotton, and thei have set
a man of the seid Andrews to kepe the plase.
Item, Wymondham, Debenham and Tympirle come to Yelverton
this day at masse and speke with hym; and I speke to Tymperle
in your name that he wold not comforte ner be with hem ayein
in this mater; and he seid he undirstod no such thyng, ner it
was not his comyng hedir. Wretyn at Ipwych the Sonday next
before the Nativite of Owr Lady.
Yowr servaunt,
John Pampyng.
The back is covered with some rough memoranda in Richard Calle’s
hand, of moneys received at different times of year by Richard
Charlys, Thomas Howys, William Berton, baker, of Southwark, Ralph
Lovel, John Prentyng, Richard Coomber, and John de Dorylot. Some of
these payments are made through Dawbeney, John Paston, junior, and
John Paston, senior (per manus Johannis Paston Senioris).
482
JAMES GLOYS TO JOHN PASTON 310.1
R
IGHT reverent and wurchepfull sir, I recomand me to your
gode maystershep, prayng you to wete that I was at
Blakkes, and spake with his wiffe; and she seth he was
not at hame this iij. weks,—he ridith up the countre to take
accompts of balys [bailiffs],—and that this day sevennyght he
shuld have satyn in Caystr by you up on accounts, and fro thens
he shuld have redyn to Lynne, and that he shall be at home un
Monday at nyght next comyng. Wherfor I have left my heraund
with her. But she seth that he shall not mown comyn [be able to
come] to you, for my Lady 310.2 have sent for hym in gret hast,
bothyn be a letter and be a tokyn, to comyn to her as hastly as
he may; notwithstandyng she shall do the herand to hym.
As for Yelverton, I dede a gode fele to enquer of Yemmys
Skynner whan the seid Yelverton shuld go to London. He seid
not this sevynnyght. He cowde not tell what day till he had
spokyn with his son. His sone shuld come to hym or his master
shuld ridyn. I shall enquer mor at Walsyngham. And for Godds
love be not to longe fro London, for men seyn ther, as I have be
[told], that my Lord of Glowcetir 310.3 shuld have Cayster, and
ther is gret noyse of this revell that was don in Suffolk be
Yelverton and Jeney; and your wele willers thynkyn that if thei
myght prevayle in this, thei wold attempt you in other. But seas
ther pore and malyce, and preserve you from all evill. And at the
reverence of God lete sum interposicion go a twix you and my
mastres your moder or ye go to London, and all that ye do shall
spede the better; for she is set on gret malyce, and every man
that she spekith with knowith her hert, and it is like to be a
fowle noyse [over] all the countre with aught it be sone sesid.
Also, sir, it is told me that my Lord of Norfolk is comyn to
Framlyngham, and that ye be gretly comendyd in his howshold.
Therfor it wer wele do, me semyth, that ye spake with hym. The
Holy Trynyte kepe you.
Wretyn at Norwich, the Thursday next after Sent Mathewe.
Your pore prest,
James Gloys.
310.1 [From Fenn, iv. 58.] On the back of this letter is the following
memorandum in a contemporaneous hand:— ‘De Ric’o Calle pro
ordio (i.e. hordeo) ibidem pro ij. annis terminatis ad Mic’ anno primo
regni Regis E. iiij., xxvjs. viijd.’ This shows that the letter itself could
not have been written later than 1461, and as there was no ‘Lord of
Gloucester’ before that year, it could not have been earlier.
310.2 Alice, Duchess of Suffolk.
310.3 Richard, the King’s brother, afterwards Richard III.
483
HENRY WYNDESORE TO JOHN PASTON 311.1
R
IGHT worshipfull sir, and some tyme my moost speciall
gode master, I recommaunde me unto your gode
maistership, with all my pour service, if it may in any
wise suffice; and farthermore, sir, I beseche you, nowe beyng in
your countre, where ye may deily call unto you my maister Sir
Thomas Howys, ones to remembre my pour mater, and by your
discretions to take such a direction theryn, and so to conclude,
as may be to your discharge and to my furtherance, accordyng
to the will of hym that is passed unto Gode, whose saull I pray
Jesu pardone! for truly, sir, ther was in hym no faute, but in me
onely; yf it be not as I have remembred your maistership affore
thy[s] tyme. For truly, sir, I der say I shuld have had as speciall
and as gode a maister of you, as any pour man, as I am, withyn
England shuld have hadd of a worshipfull man, as ye ar, yf ye
had never medulled the godes of my maister F., and as moche
ye wold have done, and labored fore me, in my right, if it hadde
byn in the handes of any oder man than of your self anely. But,
I truste in Gode, at your next comyng to have an answere, such
as I shalbe content with. And yf it may be so, I am and shalbe
your servaunt in that I can or may, that knoith our Lord Jesu,
whom I besech save and sende you a gode ende in all your
maters, to your pleiser and worship everlastyng. Amen. Writton
at London, iiijto die Octobris.
As fore tidyngs, the Kyng wolbe at London withyn iij. deies next
comyng; and all the castelles and holdes in South Wales, and in
North Wales, ar gyfen and yelden up into the Kynges hand. And
the Duc of Excestre 312.1 and th’erle of Pembrok 312.2 ar floon and
taken the mounteyns, and dyvers Lordes with gret puissans ar
after them; and the moost part of gentilmen and men of
worship ar comen yn to the Kyng, and have grace, of all Wales.
The Duc of Somerset, the Lord Hungerford, Robert Whityngham,
and oder iiij. or v. Squyers are comen into Normandy out of
Scotland, and as yette they stand strete under arest; and as
merchauntes that ar comen late thens sey, they ar like to be
demed and jugged prisoners. My Lord Wenlok, Sir John Cley,
and the Dean of Seynt Severyens, have abiden at Cales thise iij.
wikes, and yette ar there, abidyng a saufconduit, goyng uppon
an ambassate to the Frenshe Kyng; and Sir Wauter Blount,
Tresorer of Cales, with a grete feleship of souldeours of Cales,
and many oder men of the Marches, have leyn, and yette doo,
at a seege afore the Castell of Hampmes, by side Cales, and
deily make gret werre, either parte toother.
Item, I send unto you a copy of a letter that was taken uppon
the see, made by the Lord Hungerford and Whytyngham.
Item, we shall have a gret ambassate out of Scotland in all hast
of Lordes.
At your comaundement, and Servaunt,
Henry Wyndesore.
311.1 [From Fenn, i. 240.] For the date of this letter, compare
No. 480.
312.1 Henry Holland. He married Anne, sister of King Edward IV., but
remained a steady Lancastrian, and was attainted this year in
Parliament.
312.2 Jasper Tudor, half-brother of Henry VI.
484
CLEMENT PASTON TO JOHN PASTON 313.1
485
RICHARD CALLE TO JOHN PASTON 315.1
P
LESITH it your maystreschip to witte that Mr. John and I,
with other mo, have ben at Cotton on Friday 315.2 last
passed, and there Jenney had do warned the corte there
to be the same Friday, and he was at Eye at the cescions the
Thorsday before; and on the Friday in the mornynge he was
comyng to Cotton to hoolde the corte there. And it fortuned we
had entred the place or he come; and he herd therof and turned
bac a yein to Oxon 315.3 to my Lorde of Norwiche, and there
dyned with hym. And my Lorde sent Mr. John Colleman to
Cotton Halle to speke with you; and at hes comyng he
undrestode ye were not there, and if ye had, my Lorde desired
you to come and spoken with hym, and that my Lorde desired
to put your matre in a trety; in so moche that Mr. John Colleman
tolde to my master, John Paston, that diverse of your elmees
[enemies] had labored to my Lorde to have a trety if he cowde
brynge it aboute, &c. And as for the tenaunts they wolde not
come at the place on to the tyme that I sent for hem, for they
sey pleynly they woll not have a do with hem; and so the corte
whas holden in your name, and the tenaunts ryght weele plesed
ther of, excepte Thurnberne and Agas, and as for any socour,
they have there ryght noone at all. And so Mr. John whas ther
Friday all day and Saterday tyll none; and than he toke hes
horse with xxx. men with hym and rode to Jeney place, and
toke there xxxvj. heede of nete, and brought hem in to Norfolk;
and so whas I left still at Cotton with xij. men with me, be cauce
they reporte and we abode there ij. dayes we schulde be pult
out be the heeds. And so we a mode [? abode] there v. dayes
and kepte the place, and I walked aboute all the lordeschippes
and spake with all the fermours and tennaunts that longen to
the maner to undrestande her disposessyon and to receyve
money of hem; and I fynde [them] ryght weele disposed to you.
And be cauce the corte whas warned in ther name and not in
youre, therfore they purvey no money; but they have promysed
me to pay no money to no man but to you, so that ye woll safe
hem harmeles; and I told hem ye wold safe hem harmeles. They
have apoynted with me to make redy her money withinne a
fornyght aftre Halowemesse, &c. I have receyved of the
tenaunts that I undrestod out [owed] you werst wyll viij. marc,
&c. And as for Edward Dalys money it is redy, so that your
maistreschip woll se that he be not hurt be hes obligacion.
Ferthermore, plesit your maistreschip to sende worde if they
entre into the maner ayein, how we schall be rwled and gidyd;
for the tenaunts fere hem they wol entre whan we be gon, and
than wol they distreyne the tenaunts, for they sey there that my
Lorde of Cauntyrbury and other Lords woll relese to hem,
notwithstandyng that I have enformed hem other wice;
wherfore, savyng your better advice, me semethe it were ryght
weele doo that ye had a letter of my Lorde of Cauntirbury, and
other to the tenaunts of Cotton that it is her wyll and entent
that ye schulde have the rwle and gouernaunce, and receyve
the money of that maner, and other that were Sir John Fastolff,
on whom God have mercy, for I dought not and suche a lettre
came downe to the tenaunts there schulde no man sey nay to it.
Besechyng your maystreschyp to have an answere of how we
schall be gided and rwled, &c. Item, to sende worde howe we
schall doo with the geere that wee toke out at the Wyght Freris,
wether it schall be sent to you or nought. And Jesu preserve
you. Wreten at Norwiche upon Sein Edwards Day.
Be your servaunt and bedman,
Ric. Calle.
Endorsed in a hand nearly contemporaneous: ‘Litter’ sirca anno (sic) E.
4 iij. vel iiijo.’
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