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Lecture_Four Digital Signal Processing

The document discusses the transfer functions of digital filters, specifically Finite Impulse Response (FIR) and Infinite Impulse Response (IIR) filters, detailing their structures, equations, and characteristics. It explains the concepts of canonical and non-canonical structures, as well as methods for realizing filters in different forms, including direct and cascade forms. Additionally, it provides examples and exercises related to impulse response and filter realization.

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5 views

Lecture_Four Digital Signal Processing

The document discusses the transfer functions of digital filters, specifically Finite Impulse Response (FIR) and Infinite Impulse Response (IIR) filters, detailing their structures, equations, and characteristics. It explains the concepts of canonical and non-canonical structures, as well as methods for realizing filters in different forms, including direct and cascade forms. Additionally, it provides examples and exercises related to impulse response and filter realization.

Uploaded by

haftish0521
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Introduction

Lecture 4
Solomon T.

Mekelle Institute of Technology-Mekelle


University (MIT-MU) 1/31/2019 1
 Transfer function of a digital filter can be realized in different
ways.
 Finite Impulse Response (FIR)-Non-recursive : the output is a
function of only past and present inputs
 y(n) =b0x[n]+ b1x[n-1]+ b2x[n-2]+... bMx[n-M]

 The order of the filter is M


 The length of the filter M+1
 There are M+1 multiplications
 M additions
 M memory locations

Mekelle Institute of Technology-Mekelle University (MIT-MU) 1/31/2019 2


Mekelle Institute of Technology-Mekelle University (MIT-MU) 1/31/2019 3
Mekelle Institute of Technology-Mekelle University (MIT-MU) 1/31/2019 4
 Infinite Impulse Response (IIR)-Recursive : the output is a function
of past output, past and present inputs
 y(n) =-a1y[n-1] -a2y[n-2]-... -aNx[n-N] +b0x[n]+ b1x[n-1]+ b2x[n-2]+...
bMx[n-M]
 M+N additions
 M+N+1 multiplications
 M+N memory locations

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Mekelle Institute of Technology-Mekelle University (MIT-MU) 1/31/2019 6
Mekelle Institute of Technology-Mekelle University (MIT-MU) 1/31/2019 7
 For FIR
 H(z)=Y(z)/X(z)= b0+ b1z-1+ b2z-2+ b3z-3+... +bMz-M
 For IIR
 H(z)=Y(z)/X(z)= (b0+ b1z-1+ b2z-2+ b3z-3+... +bMz-
M)/(1+ a z-1+ a z-2+ a z-3+... +a z-N)
1 2 3 N

Mekelle Institute of Technology-Mekelle University (MIT-MU) 1/31/2019 8


1. Find the impulse response of the following system. Is it a FIR or IIR
filter? Stable or unstable ? y[n]=0.25y[n-1]+x[n]
2. Find the impulse response of the following system. Is it a FIR or IIR
filter? Stable or unstable ?y[n]=x[n]-2x[n-2]+ 5x[n-3]

Answer White board

Mekelle Institute of Technology-Mekelle University (MIT-MU) 1/31/2019 9


 Note the fundamental building blocks:
 Unit delay z−1
 Multiplier/gain
 Accumulator/summer/adder
 Pick-off node

Mekelle Institute of Technology-Mekelle University (MIT-MU) 1/31/2019 10


Mekelle Institute of Technology-Mekelle University (MIT-MU) 1/31/2019 11
 In general, we can form an equivalent structure by performing the
transpose operation, which is defined as follows:
 Reverse all paths
 Replace pick-off nodes with accumulators, and vice-versa
 Interchange input and output

Mekelle Institute of Technology-Mekelle University (MIT-MU) 1/31/2019 12


 If we perform this transpose operation on a direct form FIR filter, we get
the “direct form transposed” FIR filter structure:

Mekelle Institute of Technology-Mekelle University (MIT-MU) 1/31/2019 13


Mekelle Institute of Technology-Mekelle University (MIT-MU) 1/31/2019 14
 Direct block diagram representation of an LTI recursive system described
by the difference equations
 The transfer function H(z) of the IIR system is divided into two parts
connected in cascade, with the first part H1(z) containing only the zeroes,
and the second part H2(z) containing only the poles.
 H(z)= H1(z) H2(z)
 Realizing the two equations (H1(z) and H2(z)) using basic building blocks and
connecting them in cascade, we obtain the Direct Form – I structure as
follows

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Mekelle Institute of Technology-Mekelle University (MIT-MU) 1/31/2019 17
 Since, in a cascade arrangement, the order of the systems is not
important, the all – pole system H2(z) and the all - zero system H1(z) can
be interchanged .i.e.

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Mekelle Institute of Technology-Mekelle University (MIT-MU) 1/31/2019 20
 M+N additions
 M+N+1 multiplications
 Max(M,N) Memory locations

Mekelle Institute of Technology-Mekelle University (MIT-MU) 1/31/2019 21


 A digital filter structure is said to be canonic if the number of delays in
the block diagram representation is equal to the order of the transfer
function
 • Otherwise, it is a noncanonic structure
 Example: y[n] =-d1 y[n-1] + p0x[n] +p1x[n-1]

 noncanonical

Mekelle Institute of Technology-Mekelle University (MIT-MU) 1/31/2019 22


 Realize the second order digital filter
y[n]=2rcos(w0)y[n-1] -r2y[n-2]+x[n]-rcos(w0) x[n-1]both in
direct form I and II
 Answer White board

Mekelle Institute of Technology-Mekelle University (MIT-MU) 1/31/2019 23


 A parallel form realization of an IIR system can be obtained by
performing partial – fraction expansion of H(z) .i.e.,

 Where {pk}are the poles

 H(z)= c +A1/(1-p1z-1)+ A2/(1-p2z-1) + A3/(1-p3z-1)+...+ AN/(1-pNz-1)


 H(z) =Y(z)/X(z)= c + H1(z)+ H2(z)+.H3(z)+... HN(z)
 Y(z) = cX(z) + H1(z) X(z)+ H2(z) X(z)+.H3(z) X(z)+... HN(z) X(z)

Mekelle Institute of Technology-Mekelle University (MIT-MU) 1/31/2019 24


 The last equation can be realized as follows

 Each of the subsystems can be realized either in Direct Form – I, or


Direct – Form II or transposed form.

Mekelle Institute of Technology-Mekelle University (MIT-MU) 1/31/2019 25


 H(z)=(1+b11z-1+b21z-2)(1+b12z-1+b22z-2)(1+b13z-1+b23z-2)
 H(z)=H1(z)H2(z)H3(z)

Mekelle Institute of Technology-Mekelle University (MIT-MU) 1/31/2019 26


 H(z)=(1+b11z-1+b21z-2)(1+b12z-1+b22z-2)(1+b13z-1+b23z-2)/(1+a11z-1+a21z-
2)(1+a z-1+a z-2)(1+a z-1+a z-2)
12 22 13 23
 H1(z) =(1+b11z-1+b21z-2)/(1+a11z-1+a21z-2)
 H2(z) = (1+b12z-1+b22z-2)/(1+a12z-1+a22z-2)
 H3(z) =(1+b13z-1+b23z-2)/(1+a13z-1+a23z-2)

 H(z)=H1(z)H2(z)H3(z)

Mekelle Institute of Technology-Mekelle University (MIT-MU) 1/31/2019 27


 Draw the cascade-form structures of the following filter
H(z)=(1- 2z-1 + 3z-2))(1 + 3z-5)
Answer (White board)
 Draw the direct-form and cascade-form structures of the following filter

Mekelle Institute of Technology-Mekelle University (MIT-MU) 1/31/2019 28

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