18CEO405T

WATER POLLUTION AND ITS

MANAGEMENT

07/30/2020 18CEO405 1
07/30/2020 18CEO405 2
07/30/2020 18CEO405 3
 S1-SLO 1- Introduction to Water pollution

Introduction : Water Pollution

• Water that has constituents of human and/or animal

metabolic wastes.

• Water that has the residuals from cooking, cleaning

and/or bathing as a domestic

• Water that has the residuals from manufacturing,

processing, cleaning as a industrial.
07/30/2020 18CEO405 4
 SOURCES OF WATER POLLUTION

07/30/2020 18CEO405 5
07/30/2020 18CEO405 6
07/30/2020 18CEO405 7
 What is called Waste water?

• Water that has been used in the home, in a

business, or as part of an industrial process.
(Source: Oxford Dictionary)

• Water that has been used in washing, flushing,

manufacturing etc.
(Source: http://www.dictionary.com)

07/30/2020 18CEO405 8
 Wastewater: A burden or A resource ?

• Burden: As it Contains pollution

• Resource: Generally, > 99% fraction is water

What is Wastewater Treatment ?

• Processing of wastewater for removal

of contaminants

07/30/2020 18CEO405 9
 Why learn wastewater management ?
• To transform the “burden” into “resource”

This Requires:

• Engineering/Technological approaches
• Social acceptability
• Financial / economic viability
• Environmental sustainability

07/30/2020 18CEO405 10
S1-SLO2- Sources and Types of water pollution

Wastewater is liquid waste, often produced as

the byproduct of many uses of water.
• Household uses
• Industrial uses
• Commercial uses
• Agricultural uses
• Livestock uses

07/30/2020 18CEO405 11
Image Source: Irrigation and Drainage - Sustainable Strategies and Systems, Publisher:
INTECH, Editors: M S Javaid, pp.55-75
07/30/2020 18CEO405 12
Image Source: https://www.iswa.uni-stuttgart.de/Isww/arbeitsbereich/iwt/index.en.html

07/30/2020 18CEO405 13
 Types of Waste water

• Domestic Wastewater
(Municipal wastewater or sewage)
• Industrial Wastewaters
(Industrial effluents)
• Agricultural wastewater
(Agricultural runoff)
• Storm water Runoff

07/30/2020 18CEO405 14
Types & Generation of Domestic Waste water

Image Source: Larsen et al, (2016), Emerging solutions to the water challenges of an
urbanizing world, Science , 352 (6288), pp. 928-933
07/30/2020 18CEO405 15
 S2-SLO1- Point source and non point source
pollution
Classification of water pollution
Water pollution is any chemical, biological, or physical change in water
quality that has a harmful effect on living organisms or makes water
unsuitable for desired uses.

•Point source: specific location (drain pipes, ditches, sewer lines).

•Nonpoint source: cannot be traced to a single site of discharge

(atmospheric deposition, agricultural / industrial / residential runoff)

07/30/2020 18CEO405 16
 Classification of water pollution

Nonpoint source : Surface run off Point source: Industrial effluent disposal
Image Source: Image Source:
http://www.deeproot.com/blog/blog-entries/ http://www.indiacelebrating.com/environmen
whats-the-pointof- talissues/
non-point sources-and-causes-of-water-pollution/
07/30/2020 18CEO405 17
 Classification of water pollution- Cntd.,

Source:
07/30/2020 18CEO405 18
http://ubclfs-wmc.landfood.ubc.ca/webapp/IWM/course/land-use-water-4/introduction-5/
 WATER POLLUTANT AND CAUSES

07/30/2020 18CEO405 19
 S2-SLO2- Types of pollutant
Types Of Water Pollutants

07/30/2020 18CEO405 20
 S2-SLO2- Types of pollutant
Organic Pollutants : It can be Inorganic pollutants: Acids, Toxic
further divided into following categories: metals and etc
• Oxygen Demanding wastes: The
wastewaters such as, domestic and
municipal sewage, wastewater from Organic pollutants : Pesticides, Oil and
etc
food processing industries, canning
industries, slaughter houses, paper and
pulp mills, tanneries, breweries,
distilleries, etc. have considerable
concentration of biodegradable organic
compounds either in suspended,
colloidal or dissolved form.
• These wastes undergo degradation and
decomposition by bacterial activity.

07/30/2020 18CEO405 21
 S2-SLO2- Types of pollutant
•Synthetic Organic Compounds :

•Synthetic organic compounds are also likely to enter the

ecosystem through various manmade activities such as
production of these compounds, spillage during transportation,
and their uses in different applications.
•These include synthetic pesticides, synthetic detergents, food
additives, pharmaceuticals, insecticides, paints, synthetic fibers,

plastics, solvents and volatile organic compounds (VOCs).

07/30/2020 18CEO405 22
 S2-SLO2- Types of pollutant

•Synthetic Organic Compounds :

•Most of these compounds are toxic and bio-refractory organics i.e., they
are resistant to microbial degradation. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)
are used in the industries since 1930s which are complex mixtures of
chlorobiphenyls
•Inorganic pollutants- includes a variety of toxic heavy metals such as
cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), arsenic (As), lead (Pb), mercury (Hg), etc.
Copper greater than 0.1 mg/L is toxic to microbes.

07/30/2020 18CEO405 23
 S2-SLO2- Types of pollutant
•Pathogens:
• The pathogenic microorganisms enter in to water body through
sewage discharge as a major source or through the wastewater from
industries like slaughterhouses.
•Viruses and bacteria can cause water borne diseases, such as cholera,
typhoid, dysentery, polio and infectious hepatitis in human.
•Nutrients:
• The agriculture run-off, wastewater from fertilizer industry and
sewage contains substantial concentration of nutrients like nitrogen and
phosphorous.

07/30/2020 18CEO405 24
 S2-SLO2- Types of pollutant
•Nutrients:
•In long run, water body reduces DO, leads to eutrophication and ends up
as a dead pool of water. People swimming in eutrophic waters containing
blue-green algae can have skin and eye irritation, gastroenteritis and
vomiting.
•High nitrogen levels in the water supply, causes a potential risk, especially
to infants under six months Eg., Blue baby disease.
•In freshwater systems, eutrophication is a process whereby water bodies
receive excess inorganic nutrients, especially N and P, which stimulate
excessive growth of plants and algae.

07/30/2020 18CEO405 25
 S2-SLO2- Types of pollutant
•Nutrients (Contd):
•Eutrophication can happen naturally in the normal succession of some
freshwater ecosystems. the rate of this natural process is greatly
intensified.
•Two major nutrients, nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P), occur in streams in
various forms as ions or dissolved in solution. Aquatic plants convert
dissolved inorganic forms of nitrogen (nitrate, nitrite, and ammonium) and
phosphorus (orthophosphate) into organic or particulate forms for use in
higher trophic production. may develop.

07/30/2020 18CEO405 26
 S2-SLO2- Types of pollutant
•Suspended solids and sediments:
• These comprise of silt, sand and minerals eroded from land. These

appear in the water through the surface runoff during rainy season and

through municipal sewers.

•This can lead to the siltation, reduces storage capacities of reservoirs.

Presence of suspended solids can block the sunlight penetration in the

water, which is required for the photosynthesis by bottom vegetation.

07/30/2020 18CEO405 27
 S2-SLO2- Types of pollutant
•Suspended solids and sediments: Cntd.,

•Deposition of the solids in the quiescent stretches of the stream or ocean

bottom can impair the normal aquatic life and affect the diversity of the
aquatic ecosystem.
•If the deposited solids are organic in nature, they will undergo
decomposition leading to development of anaerobic conditions. Finer
suspended solids such as silt and coal dust may injure the gills of fishes and
cause asphyxiation.

07/30/2020 18CEO405 28
 S2-SLO2- Types of pollutant
•Thermal pollution:
•Considerable thermal pollution results due to discharge of

hot water from thermal power plants, nuclear power

plants, and industries where water is used as coolant.

•As a result of hot water discharge, the temperature of

water body increases. Rise in temperature reduces the DO

content of the water, affecting adversely the aquatic life.

•This alters the spectrum of organisms, which can adopt to

live at that temperature and DO level.

07/30/2020 18CEO405 29
 S2-SLO2- Types of pollutant
Radioactive pollutants:

• Radioactive materials originate from the following:

•Mining and processing of ores. Use in research, agriculture,

medical and industrial activities, such as I131, P32, Co60, Ca45,

S35, C14, etc.

•Radioactive discharge from nuclear power plants and nuclear

reactors, e.g., Sr90, Cesium Cs137, Plutonium Pu248,

Uranium-238, Uranium-235. Uses and testing of nuclear

weapons. These isotopes are toxic to the life forms; they

accumulate in the bones, teeth and can cause serious disorders.

07/30/2020 18CEO405 30
 S3-SLO1- Adverse effects of pollutants

07/30/2020 18CEO405 31
 S3-SLO1- Adverse effects of pollutants
•Diseases: In humans, drinking or consuming polluted water in any way has many
disastrous effects on our health. It causes typhoid, cholera etc.,

•Destruction of Ecosystems: These are extremely dynamic and respond to even

small changes in the environment. Water pollution can cause an entire ecosystem
to collapse if left unchecked.

07/30/2020 18CEO405 32
 S3-SLO1- Adverse effects of pollutants
•Eutrophication: Chemicals in a water body, encourage the growth of algae.
These algae form a layer on top of the pond or lake. Bacteria feed on this
algae and this decreases the amount of oxygen in the water body,
severely affecting the aquatic life there.

•Effects the food chain: Disruption in food chains happens when toxins and
pollutants in the water are consumed by aquatic animals (fish, shellfish etc)
which are then consumed by humans.

07/30/2020 18CEO405 33
 S3-SLO1- Adverse effects of pollutants

07/30/2020 18CEO405 34
 S3-SLO2- Principles of pollution assessment
•Pollution assessment is the systematic identification and evaluation
of the potential impacts(effects) of proposed projects, plans,
programs or legislative actions relative to the physical- chemical,
biological, cultural and socioeconomic components of the total
environment. It is classify into the following categories
• Physical Assessment
• Chemical Assessment &
• Biological Assessment

07/30/2020 18CEO405 35
S3-SLO2- Principles of pollution assessment

07/30/2020 18CEO405 36
 S3-SLO2- Principles of pollution
assessment

07/30/2020 18CEO405 37
 S4-SLO1- Terms and Definitions in
wastewater
•Wastewater: The term wastewater includes both organic and
inorganic constituents, in soluble or suspended form, and mineral
content of liquid waste carried through liquid media.
•Generally the organic portion of the wastewater undergoes
biological decompositions and the mineral matter may combine with
water to form dissolved solids.
•Stormwater: It indicates the rain water of the locality.
•Night Soil: It is a term used to indicate the human and animal
excreta.

07/30/2020 18CEO405 38
 S4-SLO1- Terms and Definitions in
wastewater
•Industrial wastewater: It is the wastewater generated from the
industrial and commercial areas. This wastewater contains
objectionable organic and inorganic compounds that may not be
amenable to conventional treatment processes.
•Sullage: This refers to the wastewater generated from bathrooms,
kitchens, washing place and wash basins, etc. Composition of this
waste does not involve higher concentration of organic matter and it
is less polluted water as compared to sewage.

07/30/2020 18CEO405 39
 S4-SLO1- Terms and Definitions in
wastewater
Sewage: It indicates the liquid waste originating from
the domestic uses of water. It includes sullage,
discharge from toilets, urinals, wastewater
generated from commercial establishments,
institutions, industrial establishments and also the
groundwater and storm water that may enter into
the sewers. Its decomposition produces large
quantities of malodorous gases, and it contains
numerous pathogenic or disease producing bacteria,
along with high concentration of organic matter and
suspended solids.
07/30/2020 18CEO405 40
 S4-SLO1- Terms and Definitions in
wastewater
•Sanitary sewage: Sewage originated from the residential buildings comes
under this category. This is very foul in nature.
•It is the wastewater generated from the lavatory basins, urinals and water
closets of residential buildings, office building, theatre and other
institutions. It is also referred as domestic wastewater.
•Sewer: It is an underground conduit or drain through which sewage is
carried to a point of discharge or disposal. There are three types of sewer
systems that are commonly used for sewage collection. 1) Separate sewer
2) Combined sewer 3) Storm sewer.

07/30/2020 18CEO405 41
S4-SLO2- Transport of pollutants
 S4-SLO2- Transport of pollutants

07/30/2020 18CEO405 43
 S4-SLO2- Transport of pollutants
• The dissolved transport in waters is very important since this is highly

associated with more available forms of pollutants of greater

environmental concern.

• In addition, by this way pollutants can more easily reach other sites or

environmental compartments way from the source.

• Primarily, this involves leaching processes, i.e., a process by which

pollutants are released from solid phase into the aqueous phase under

the influence of dissolution and desorption of pollutants from their

support-phases.
07/30/2020 18CEO405 44
 S5-SLO1- Causes of Water pollution
• Urbanization
• Deforestation
• Destruction of Wetland
• Dumping of waste
• Mining's
• Global warming
• Acid rain
• Oil pollution

07/30/2020 18CEO405 45
 S5-SLO2- Hydrology cycle

Source : http://ngojwg.org/study3-2-e.html18CEO405
07/30/2020 46
 S5-SLO2- Hydrology cycle

Source : http://ngojwg.org/study3-2-e.html18CEO405
07/30/2020 47
 S5-SLO2- Hydraulic flow of water pollution
Transport Dilution
Sediment transport Sedimentation
Advection Diffusion
Dispersion Leaching
Filtration Adsorption
Hydrolysis Biodegradation
Photodecomposition

Source : http://ngojwg.org/study3-2-e.html18CEO405
07/30/2020 48
 S5-SLO2- Hydraulic flow of water pollution

Source : http://ngojwg.org/study3-2-e.html18CEO405
07/30/2020
49
 S6-SLO1- Water sampling
•Sampling:
•The process of collecting a representative portion of water, as from the
natural environment or from an industrial site, for the purpose of
analyzing it for constituents.
•The process of taking a portion of water for analysis or other testing
•E.g drinking water to check that it complies or river water to check for
pollutants, or bathing water to check that it is safe.

07/30/2020 18CEO405 50
 S6-SLO1- Sampling procedure

07/30/2020 18CEO405 51
 S4-SLO2- Transport of pollutants
• The transport of pollutants in water can occur under particulate
or dissolved forms, either in surface or groundwater.
• In surface water, soil particles can be introduced in streams and
move under particulate form downstream (bed-load transport) by
rolling, sliding, and saltation and further deposited downstream.
• It depends on flow velocity, turbulence, and grain size, shape, and
density. In groundwater, particulate transport is not so expressive
and occurs for very small grain size particles.

07/30/2020 18CEO405 52
 S6-SLO1- Sampling procedure
•Sampling:
• Objective of sampling is to collect a portion of material small enough in
volume to be transported comfortably and yet large enough for analytical
purposes while still representing the material being sampled.
• A clean pair of new, non-powdered, disposable gloves will be worn each
time a different location is sampled and the gloves should be donned
immediately prior to sampling. The gloves should not come in contact with
the media being sampled and should be changed any time during sample
collection when their cleanliness is compromised.

07/30/2020 18CEO405 53
 S6-SLO1- Sampling procedure
• Sample containers for samples suspected of containing high

concentrations of contaminants shall be stored separately.

• Sample collection activities shall proceed progressively from the least

suspected contaminated area to the most suspected contaminated area.

• Samples of waste or highly contaminated media must not be placed in

the same ice chest as environmental (i.e., containing low contaminant

levels) or background/control samples.

07/30/2020 18CEO405 54
 S6-SLO1- Sampling procedure

• If possible, one member of the field sampling team should take all the

notes and photographs, fill out tags, etc., while the other members

collect the samples.

• Field investigators must use new, verified certified-clean disposable

or non disposable equipment cleaned according to their procedures

07/30/2020 18CEO405 55
 S6-SLO2- Methods of Sampling and Storage
•Types of Sampling:
• Dip or Grab sampling
• Composite sampling
• Integrated sampling

•Dip or Grab sampling : Water samples are usually obtained by filling a container
held beneath the surface of the water. A sample taken at a specific time and point
which gives an indication of the water quality at that point in time.
•A properly taken grab sample is a snap shot of the quality of the water at the exact
time and place the sample was taken. Depending on the water body, grab samples
may be taken by simply dipping a sample bottle in the water body, or they may
require the use of specific sampling devices.

07/30/2020 18CEO405 56
07/30/2020 18CEO405 57
 S6-SLO2- Methods of Sampling and Storage
•The discrete grab sample is one that is taken at a selected location, depth,
and time and then analyzed for the constituents of interest.
•A Depth-Integrated Grab Sample is collected over a predetermined part or
the entire depth of the water column, at a selected location and time, in a
given body of water, and then analyzed for the constituents of interest.
•The primary advantage of grab samples is that sometimes very little
equipment is required for sample collection and there is flexibility in
sampling location selection. However, this method sacrifices data
resolution because of the smaller number of samples that are usually
collected

07/30/2020 18CEO405 58
 S6-SLO2- Methods of Sampling and Storage
•Composite sampling: are usually obtained by mixing equal volumes of

discrete grab samples (collected at one point at regular time intervals. A

composite sample provides an estimate of average water quality conditions.

Various sample intervals and subsample volumes can be set.

•A composite sample is a mixture of grab samples taken at different times or

locations and pooled together to provide one sample.

07/30/2020 18CEO405 59
 S6-SLO2- Methods of Sampling and Storage
•The advantage of composite sampling is that it gives you an idea of the
average condition of a water body over time, (samples taken at different
times and mixed together) or space, (samples taken at different locations
within the water body).
•This is particularly useful in water bodies that have a lot of chemical
variability either over space or over short time periods. Composite samples
are often used to reduce the cost of analyzing a large number of samples.
•This method also has its limitations. Individual sample information is lost
and you lose the ability to mathematically assess the variability.

07/30/2020 18CEO405 60
 S6-SLO2- Methods of Sampling and Storage
•Integrated sampling : is carried out by collecting mixture of grab samples

collected from different points simultaneously. The points may be

horizontal or vertical variation.

•Examples include river, stream or reservoir or lake that varies in

composition across the width and depth. Also in industries that have

different streams and combined treatment is proposed, than integrated

sampling of different streams can be made to understand the significant

effect on treatment.
07/30/2020 18CEO405 61
07/30/2020 18CEO405 62
 S7-SLO1- Effects of water pollution
•Water-borne diseases account for the deaths of 3,575,000 people a year!

That’s equivalent to a jumbo jet crashing every hour, and the majority of

these are children.

•Infectious diseases can be spread through contaminated water. Some of

these water-borne diseases are Typhoid, Cholera, Paratyphoid Fever,

Dysentery, Jaundice, Amoebiasis and Malaria.

•Chemicals in the water also have negative effects on our health.

07/30/2020 18CEO405 63
 S7-SLO1- Effects of water pollution
•Pesticides – can damage the nervous system and cause cancer because of
the carbonates and organophosphates that they contain. Chlorides can
cause reproductive and endocrinal damage.
•Lead – can accumulate in the body and damage the central nervous
system.
•Arsenic – causes liver damage, skin cancer and vascular diseases
•Flourides - in excessive amounts can make your teeth yellow and cause
damage to the spinal cord.– even with very low exposure, can cause cancer.

07/30/2020 18CEO405 64
 S7-SLO2- Eutrophication
•Eutrophication can happen naturally in the normal succession of some
freshwater ecosystems. However, when the nutrient enrichment is due to
the activities of humans, sometimes referred to as “cultural
eutrophication”, the rate of this natural process is greatly intensified.
•Two major nutrients, nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P), occur in streams
in various forms as ions or dissolved in solution. Aquatic plants convert
dissolved inorganic forms of nitrogen (nitrate, nitrite, and ammonium)
and phosphorus (orthophosphate) into organic or particulate forms for
use in higher trophic production.

07/30/2020 18CEO405 65
 S7-SLO2- Eutrophication

07/30/2020 18CEO405 66
 S7-SLO2- Eutrophication

07/30/2020 18CEO405 67
 S7-SLO2- Eutrophication
•The main effects caused by eutrophication can be summarized
as follows:
• Species diversity decreases and the dominant biota changes.
• Plant and animal biomass increase.
• Turbidity increases.
• Rate of sedimentation increases, shortening the lifespan of
the lake.
• Anoxic conditions may develop.

07/30/2020 18CEO405 68
 S7-SLO2- Eutrophication

Source : http://quizlet.com/291485834/eutrohication-diagram/

07/30/2020 18CEO405 69
 S8-SLO1- Public awareness and participation in water pollution

• Water conservation

•Hygienic water use

•Preservation of ecosystem

•Public environmental awareness is one of the most important indicators for

displaying national civilization.

•It reflects many aspects of environmental status, such as peoples

knowledge, personal consideration and behaviour, public capacity, and the

local citizen’s attitudes towards a sustainable society as a whole.

07/30/2020 18CEO405 70
S8-SLO1- Public awareness and participation in water pollution

Source :
http://www.idfc.com/pdf/report/2011/Chp-19-Water-Pollution-in-India-An-Economic-Appraisal
.pdf 07/30/2020 18CEO405 71
 S8-SLO2- Industries and their role in water pollution
•The wastewater from industries varies so greatly in both flow and pollution

strength. So, it is impossible to assign fixed values to their constituents.

•In general, industrial wastewaters may contain suspended, colloidal and

dissolved (mineral and organic) solids.

•In addition, they may be either excessively acid or alkaline and may

contain high or low concentrations of colored matter. These wastes may

contain inert, organic or toxic materials and possibly pathogenic bacteria

07/30/2020 18CEO405 72
 S8-SLO2- Industries and their role in water pollution
Types of Industrial Effluents
•Tannery Battery manufacturing.
•Electric power plants Food industry.
•Iron and steel industry Mines and quarries.
•Distillery Nuclear industry
•Pharmaceutical Dairy industry
•Petroleum refining and petrochemicals.
•Paper and pulp industries
•Organic chemicals manufacturing.

07/30/2020 18CEO405 73
 Thank you

07/30/2020 18CEO405 74