Mini-project on

Automatic Water Level Controller and Indicator

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement of Third Year

Instrumentation Engineering
1.Subodh Gajanan Jangali (I 502)
2. Aditya Yogesh Rajput (I 505)
3. Aniket Anant Shirkar (I 506)

under the guidance of

Mr. Prathamesh Ghanekar

Department of Instrumentation Engineering

Vidya Prasarak Mandal, Thane’s
Maharshi Parshuram College of Engineering
University of Mumbai
2019 - 2020
 Mini-project on

Automatic Water Level Controller and Indicator

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement of Third Year

Instrumentation Engineering

by

1. Subodh Gajanan Jangali (I 502)

2. Aditya Yogesh Rajput (I 505)
3. Aniket Anant Shirkar (I 506)

under the guidance of

Mr.Prathamesh Ghanekar

Department of Instrumentation Engineering

Vidya Prasarak Mandal, Thane’s
Maharshi Parshuram College of Engineering
University of Mumbai
2019 - 2020
 Certificate
This is to certify that, the following students have satisfactorily com-
pleted Mini-project work on Automatic Water Level Controller and
Indicator submitted to University of Mumbai in partial fulfillment of the
Third Year in Instrumentation Engineering course of Semester V.

1. Subodh Gajanan Jangali (I 502)

2. Aditya Yogesh Rajput (I 505)
3. Aniket Anant Shirkar (I 506)

Mr.Prathamesh Ghanekar Mr. Avinash N. Pawar

Guide Head, Dept. of Instrumentation

Dr. Amitkumar Mane

Principal

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 Approval sheet
Vidya Prasarak Mandal, Thane’s
Maharshi Parshuram Collage Of Engineering
District: Ratnagiri, Pin-415729

Department of Instrumentation Engineering

Approval Sheet

Project Entitled :Automatic Water Level Controller

and Indicator

Submitted by
1. Subodh Gajanan Jangali (I 502)
2. Aditya Yogesh Rajput (I 505)
3. Aniket Anant Shirkar (I 506)

In partial fulfillment of T.E (Sem V) in Instrumentation Engineering Aca-

demic Year 2019-20 is approved.

Guide Examiner
Mr.Prathmesh Ghanekar

Head, Dept. of Instrumentation Principal

Mr. Avinash N. Pawar Dr. Amitkumar Mane

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 Declaration
We declare that this written submission represents our idea in our own
words and where other idea or word have been included. We are adequately
cited and referenced the original source. We also declare that, We are ad-
hered to all principles of academic honesty, integrity and have not misrepre-
sented, fabricated or falsified any idea/data/fact/source in our submission.
We understand that any violation of the above will be cause for disciplinary
action by the Institute and can also evoke penal action from the source which
have thus not been properly cited or from whom proper permission has not
been taken when needed.

Name of the student

Signature

1. Subodh Gajanan Jangali (I 502)

2. Aditya Yogesh Rajput (I 505)
3. Aniket Anant Shirkar (I 506)

Date:

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 Ackowledgement

We take this opportunity to express our sincere gratitude towards our guide
Mr.Prathamesh Ghanekar from Department of Instrumentation Engi-
neering, VPM’s Maharshi Parshuram College of Engineering, Vel-
neshwar, (affiliated to University of Mumbai), for their encouraging and
inspiring guidance. We also wish to thank staff members of our college for
their support.

We wish to express our profound thanks to the Head of the institution,

Principal Dr.Amitkumar Mane and Head of the Department
Mr.Avinash Pawar for making us available all the facilities required to
complete the project.

Signature
Name of the students

1. Subodh Gajanan Jangali (I 502)

2. Aditya Yogesh Rajput (I 505)
3. Aniket Anant Shirkar (I 506)

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 Abstract
Water is very precious for the living beings and scarcity of the same is
gradually increasing. Most of the cities in the county and that of the world
are facing this problem. This is one of the motivations for the current work
and to deploy techniques in order to save water and help the environment
which in turn ensures water for the future. Hence, it is of utmost importance
to preserve and save water. In many houses there exists unnecessary wastage
of water due to overflow from overhead tanks etc. Automatic Water Level
Controller can provide a solution to this problem. Automatic Water Level
Controller can provide a solution to this problem. The operation of water
level controller is based on the fact that water conducts electricity. As the
water level rises or fall the sensing probes and circuits of the controller detect
the same. These signals are used to switch ON or switch OFF the pump
motor as per requirements. This system is used to automate the process
of water pumping to over-head tank storage and has the facility to select
the level of water to pump. The logical situations using electronic circuit
manage the system.

Keywords: Timer IC555,Transistors BC547-BC548, Sensing probes wires,

Resistor, LED, pump.

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List of Figures
2.1 Circuit Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2.2 Circuit Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2.3 Circuit Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

3.1 Block diagram for project setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

3.2 NE 555 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
3.3 NE 555 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
3.4 BC547,BC548 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
3.5 SPDT Relay Switch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
3.6 SPDT Internal Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
3.7 Diodes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
3.8 LED’s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
3.9 Resistors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
3.10 Simulation Circuit for Water level controller and indicator . 14
3.11 NE 555 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
3.12 BC547,BC548 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
3.13 SPDT Relay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
3.14 1N4007 Diode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
3.15 LED’s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
3.16 When overhead tank level is low the pump motor is Switch ON 18
3.17 When water level in overhead tank reached along required
level the motor will be switch off Automatically . . . . . . . 18

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Contents
Certificate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i
Approval Sheet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ii
Declaration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iii
Acknowledgement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iv
Abstract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v
List of Figures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vi

1 Introduction 1
1.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 Aim and objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.3 Motivation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.4 Problem statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

2 Literature Review 3
2.1 Literature review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

3 Project Details 6
3.1 Principle Of Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
3.1.1 Block Diagram: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
3.1.2 Timer IC555 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
3.1.3 Pin Diagram of Timer IC55 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
3.1.4 Transistor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
3.1.5 Single Pole Double Throw Relay Switch . . . . . . . 11
3.1.6 Diodes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
3.1.7 LED’s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
3.1.8 Resistors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

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3.2 Development stages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
3.2.1 Project Simulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
3.2.2 Timer IC555 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
3.2.3 Transistors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
3.2.4 Single Pole Double Throw Switch Relay . . . . . . . 16
3.2.5 Diode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
3.2.6 Light Emitting Diode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
3.2.7 Result and Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
3.2.8 Advantages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
3.2.9 Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
3.2.10 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
3.2.11 Future Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Chapter 1

Introduction
1.1 Introduction
Water is very precious and needed for many and every activities. The
storage of water for the domestic,industrial, agricultural or other such needs
is very important. The pump motor is of single phase AC and operated
using relay from the controller. The present work do not incorporate any
Microcontroller instead use Transistors and Timer IC555. It will automat-
ically switch ON and OFF the domestic water pump to fill the over head
tank to the set level or volume of water. The main advantage of this wa-
ter level controller circuit is that it automatically controls the water pump
without any user interaction. It is built with simple electronic components.
In this project, The heart of this pump controller circuit is NE555 IC.
Water level controller does help to control the level of water automatically
by using sense probe/circuit of the tank. This system not only monitors the
water level of the tank, it switches ON the motor automatically whenever
overhead tank is empty. The motor is switched OFF when the required level
in the overhead tank is reached along with LED indications. Pump motor is
not started whenever underground water level is below the pre set threshold.
Using this system we can avoid the overflow and wastage of the water.

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1.2 Aim and objectives

• To design and develop automatic water level controller.

• To save the time and reduce the efforts of the peoples.

• To design electonic circuit using IC555 and basic electronic components.

• To control overall operation of the system very safely.

1.3 Motivation
• Conservation of water, Mostly wastage of water is the major problem
in industry and urbun areas.

• In many houses there is unnecessary wastage of water due to overflow in

overhead tanks. Automatic Water Level Indicator and Controller can
provide a solution to this problem.

• conservation of time, To save the time and reduce the efforts of the
peoples

1.4 Problem statement

A reliable, low cost and simple electronic circuit to control water level
of tank

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Chapter 2

Literature Review
2.1 Literature review
1.Ajinkya Kaner, Milind Rane published paper entitled as ”Automatic Wa-
ter Level Indicator And Controller(To control water level of overhead tank)”.
”Designed a system with simple logic with LED, resister, transistor and elec-
tronic devices The operation of water level controller works upon the fact
that water conducts electricity due to the presence of minerals within it. As
the water level rises, different circuits in the controller send different signals.
These signals are used to automatically switch OFF the motor pump so as
to avoid the unnecessary wastage of water”.

Figure 2.1: Circuit Diagram

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2. Dipanjan Rakshit, Bijit Baral, Saikat Datta, Pratyusha Biswas Deb,

Priyanjali Mukherjee, Shaon Paul, published paper entitled as Water Level
Indicator
In this project Water Level Indicator is a simple low cost circuit.
There the circuit is made with various components like transsitors (BC547.BC548)
Resistors, Leds and etc.The operation of water level indicator also works
upon the fact that water conducts electricity. But in this motor does not
ON automatically.

Figure 2.2: Circuit Diagram

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3.Oyndrila Roy a, Aranyak Roy b, Dr.Debasis Roy b, c* published paper

entitled as ”AUTOMATIC WATER LEVEL INDICATOR”.
In this project A water level indicator may be defined as a system
by which we can get the information of water within the reservoir. Water
level indicator systems are quite useful to reduce the wastage of water from
any reservoir, while filling such reservoir. The wires with colours Blue, Red,
Green and Yellow are adjusted to check Level 1, Level 2, Level 3 and Level 4
respectively. Each of these four wires are connected to the amplifier. In this
project we have de-signed the sensor to measure water up to four levels. Four
seg-ments of insulated conducting wires are used and the naked ends within
water are connected with carbon rods. The length of the wire segments are
adjusted according to the water levels within the resoirvoir.

Figure 2.3: Circuit Diagram

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Chapter 3

Project Details
3.1 Principle Of Operation
3.1.1 Block Diagram:

Figure 3.1: Block diagram for project setup

Figure 3.1 shows the block diagram of our project ”Automatic Water
Level Controller and Indicator”.

First block of our 12V DC power supply is provided to our whole cir-
cuit. Next block is our circuit box that means complete integrated electronic
circuit is assemble in the circuit box(including resistors, transistors, diode,
led, IC555, Relay).Now next block is SPDT(Single Pole Double Throw) relay
is using to control a motor. When overhead tank is low level the motor is

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switch on, tank start to filling and when water reached along our required
level the motor is switch off automatically.

3.1.2 Timer IC555

One of the most versatile linear ICs is the 555 timer which was first intro-
duced in early 1970 by Signetic Corporation giving the name as SE/NE 555
timer. This IC is a monolithic timing circuit that can produce accurate and
highly stable time delays or oscillation. Like other commonly used op-amps,
this IC is also very much reliable, easy to use and cheaper in cost. It has a va-
riety of applications including monostable and astable multivibrators, dc-dc
converters, digital logic probes, waveform generators, analog frequency me-
ters and tachometers,temperature measurement and control devices, voltage
regulators.The timer IC555 is an integrated circuit used in verity of timer,
pulse generation and oscillator application .IC555 package includes 25 tran-
sistors, 2 diodes, 15 resistor on a silicon chip installed in an 8-pin dual in
line package.

Figure 3.2: NE 555

There are three modes are in Timer IC555
• Astable mode: This means there will be no stable level at the output.
So the output will be swinging between high and low. This character
of unstable output is used as a clock or square wave output for many
applications.

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• Mono-stable mode:This confiuration consists of one stable and one un-

stable state.The stable state can be chosen either high or low by the
user.If the stable output is set at high(1) ,the output of the timer
is high(1).At the application of an interrupt,the timer output turns
low(0).Since the low state is unstable it goes to high(1) automatically
after the interrupt passes.Similar is the case for a low stable monostable
mode.

• Bi-stable mode: In bistable mode, both the output states are stable.
At each interrupt, the output changes from low(0) to high(1) and vice
versa, and stays there. for example, if we have a high(1) output, it will
go low(0) till the next interrupt changes the status.

3.1.3 Pin Diagram of Timer IC55

Figure 3.3: NE 555

The explanation of terminals coming out of the 555 timer IC is as follows.

• Pin 1: Grounded Terminal: All the voltages are measured with respect
to this terminal.

• Pin 2: Trigger Terminal: This pin is an inverting input to a comparator

that is responsible for transition of flip-flop from set to reset.The output

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Department of Instrumentation Engg. VPM’s MPCOE, Velneshwar

of the timer depends on the amplitude of the external trigger pulse

applied to this pin.

• Pin 3: Output Terminal: Output of the timer is available at this pin.

There are two ways in which a load can be connected to the output
terminal either between pin 3 and ground pin (pin 1) or between pin 3
and supply pin (pin 8). The load connected between pin 3 and ground
supply pin is called the normally on loadand that connected between
pin 3 and ground pin is called the normally off load.

• Pin 4: Reset Terminal: To disable or reset the timer a negative pulse is

applied to this pin due to which it is referred to as reset terminal. When
this pin is not to be used for reset purpose, it should be connected to
+ VCC to avoid any possibility of false triggering.

• Pin 5: Control Voltage Terminal: The function of this terminal is to

control the threshold and trigger levels. Thus either the external voltage
or a pot connected to this pin determines the pulse width of the output
waveform. The external voltage applied to this pin can also be used to
modulate the output waveform. When this pin is not used, it should
be connected to ground through a 0.01 micro Farad to avoid any noise
problem.

• Pin 6: Threshold Terminal: This is the non-inverting input terminal of

comparator 1, which compares the voltage applied to the terminal with
a reference voltage of 2/3 VCC. The amplitude of voltage applied to
this terminal is responsible for the set state of flip-flop.

• Pin 7: Discharge Terminal: This pin is connected internally to the

collector of transistor and mostly a capacitor is connected between this
terminal and ground. It is called discharge terminal because when tran-
sistor saturates, capacitor discharges through the transistor. When the
transistor is cut-off, the capacitor charges at a rate determined by the
external resistor and capacitor.

• Pin 8: Supply Terminal: A supply voltage of + 5 V to + 18 V is applied

to this terminal with respect to ground (pin 1).

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Department of Instrumentation Engg. VPM’s MPCOE, Velneshwar

3.1.4 Transistor

BC547 is an NPN bi-polar junction transistor (BJT).Mostly it is used

for the switching purpose as well as for amplificaton purposes. Similar to
the other transistors BC547 is also used for the amplification of current.The
smallest amount of current at the base is used to control the larger amount
of currents at collector and emitter as well. Its basic application.BC547 has
three pins in total similar to the other bipolar junction transistors. All of
these pins i.e. collector, base and emitter. BC548 is general purpose silicon
NPN bi polar junction transistor.

Figure 3.4: BC547,BC548

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3.1.5 Single Pole Double Throw Relay Switch

The SPDT Relay (10A) [JQC-3FC (T73) DC5V] is a high quality Single
Pole Double Throw Relay (SPDT). The Relay consists of a coil, 1 common
terminal, 1 normally closed terminal, and one normally open terminal. When
the coil of the relay is at rest (not energized), the common terminal and the
normally closed terminal have continuity. When the coil is energized, the
common terminal and the normally open terminal have continuity. This
relay’s coil is rated up to 5V and the contact is rated up to 10A (@120VAC,
24VDC). In this project we have connected the motor to the normally closed
terminal due to which it can keep on working until the tank gets completely
filled and common terminal shifts to the normally open terminal which in
turn disconnects the motor from the circuit.

Figure 3.5: SPDT Relay Switch

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Figure 3.6: SPDT Internal Structure

3.1.6 Diodes
A diode is a semiconductor device which allows current to flow through
it in only one direction.That is the current should always flow from the anode
to cathod. The cathode terminal can be identified by using a grey bar as
shown in the figure

For 1N4007 Diode, the maximum current carrying capacity is 1A it

withstand peaks up to 30A. Hence we can use this in circuits that are de-
signed for less than 1A. The reverse current is 5uA which is negligible. The
power dissipation of this diode is 3W.

Figure 3.7: Diodes

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Department of Instrumentation Engg. VPM’s MPCOE, Velneshwar

3.1.7 LED’s
A light-emitting diode(LED) is a semiconductor light source that emits
light when current flows through it. Electrons in the semiconductor recom-
bined with electron holes, releasing energy in the form of photons. Color of
light id determined by the energy required for electron to cross band gap of
the semiconductor. We are using three LED’s of colour red, yellow, green.

Figure 3.8: LED’s

3.1.8 Resistors
A resistor is a passive two-terminal electrical component that imple-
ments electrical resistance as a circuit element. In electronic circuits, resis-
tors are used to reduce current flow, adjust signal levels, to divide voltages,
bias active elements,etc.

Figure 3.9: Resistors

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Department of Instrumentation Engg. VPM’s MPCOE, Velneshwar

3.2 Development stages

3.2.1 Project Simulation

Figure 3.10: Simulation Circuit for Water level controller and indicator

Figure 3.10 shows the Circuit Simulation of our project ”Automatic

Water Level Controller and Indicator”.

The working of water level controller is understood easily in above figure

3.10. Left side overhead tank is simulated by a water container and a bottle
at right side to for underground tank. Level probes are installed in overhead
and underground tank as required. Let over head tank is empty or level is
below the threshold then the circuit switches ON the pump motor provided
the minimum level of water is present in the underground tank else do not
turns ON. The user has the choice of selecting the water level of over head
tank by the selector given. Let us assume the level chosen is 2 and then
the pump status is ON till the water level of the over head tank reaches to
respective sensing probe. Once the probe is sensed the pump turns OFF.
The pump motor is stopped by the circuit once the level is reached. This is
very useful in providing proportional or sharing of water by group of houses
from common source by providing selected volume of water for the user.

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3.2.2 Timer IC555

Figure 3.11: NE 555

Technical specifications of Timer IC555 :

1. Supply voltage Vcc=4.5V to 15V
2. Output current(max)=200m
3. Max power dissipation=600mW
4. Operating temperature=0 to 75 Degree celcius

3.2.3 Transistors

Figure 3.12: BC547,BC548

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Department of Instrumentation Engg. VPM’s MPCOE, Velneshwar

Technical specifications of Transistor :

1. Transistor Type=NPN
2. Voltage-Collector Emitter Breakdown(Max)=5V
3. Current-Collector(Ic)(Max)=100mA
4. Power-Max=625mW
5. Frequency-Transition=300MHz
6.Mounting Type=Through Hole

3.2.4 Single Pole Double Throw Switch Relay

Figure 3.13: SPDT Relay

Technical specifications of SPDT Relay :

1. Max.Switching Current=7A, 10A
2. Max.Switching Voltage=28V DC/250V AC
3. Ambient Temperature=-40 to 85 degree celcius
4. Operation/Release Time=10/8MS

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3.2.5 Diode

Figure 3.14: 1N4007 Diode

Technical specifications of 1N4007 Diode :

1. Forward Current=1A
2. Non-repetitive Peak current=30A
3. Reverse current=5uA
4. Peak repetitive Reverse Voltage=1000V
5. Power dissipation=3W

3.2.6 Light Emitting Diode

Figure 3.15: LED’s

Technical specifications of 1N4007 Diode :
1. Red colour=LED output is Red
2. Green colour=LED output is Green

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3.2.7 Result and Conclusion

• Result

Figure 3.16: When overhead tank level is low the pump motor is Switch ON

Figure 3.17: When water level in overhead tank reached along required level
the motor will be switch off Automatically

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3.2.8 Advantages
• Easy installation.

• Low maintenance.

• Users can control the required level of water in over head tank.

• Avoids wastage of water from tanks.

• It can maintain exact preset water levels.

• Being automatic saves man power.

3.2.9 Applications
• Used in buildings where the manual monitoring is difficult.

• Used in industries to control the water level and in chemical mixing etc.

• It can be installed in metro cities where the drinking water is the only
water used for all purposes which keeps the drinking water from being
wasted.

3.2.10 Conclusion
As per our objective we prepared the Automatic water level indicator
and controller.Our System works very effectively.The overhead tank goes to
low level motor will start automatically and overhead tank full then motor
will iff automatically.

3.2.11 Future Scope

GSM module can be interfaced with our proposed system so that if
authorized person is calling our system then the start motor and feedback
message from GSM will be sent to the authorized person.

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References
[1] Md. Moyeed Abrar, Rajendra.R.Patil,et al. ”Design and Develop-
ment Logic Gate Based Automatic Water Level Controller” Interna-
tional Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-
1163 pISSN: 2321-7308. Web site: http://www.ijret.org.

[2] Pranav Rameshji Rokde,et al. ” Wireless Water Level Indicator With-
out MCU” Available at http://electronicsforu.com/electronicsprojects/wireless-
water-level-indicator-without-microcon- troller. Web site: https://electronicsforu.co
water-level-indicatorwithout-microcontroller.

[3] Ajinkya Kaner, Milind Rane published paper, et al. ”Automatic Wa-
ter Level Indicator And Controller(To control water level of overhead
tank)”. ”Designed a system with simple logic with LED, resister, tran-
sistor and electronic devices”.

[4] Oyndrila Roy a, Aranyak Roy b, Dr.Debasis Roy b, c* published paper

entitled as ”AUTOMATIC WATER LEVEL INDICATOR”.

20