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Join operation pdf

The document explains various types of join operations in relational databases, including natural joins, outer joins (left, right, and full), and equi joins. Each type is defined with examples using EMPLOYEE and SALARY tables, demonstrating how related tuples are combined based on specified conditions. The document highlights the purpose of joins in managing and retrieving related data from different relations.

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2 views

Join operation pdf

The document explains various types of join operations in relational databases, including natural joins, outer joins (left, right, and full), and equi joins. Each type is defined with examples using EMPLOYEE and SALARY tables, demonstrating how related tuples are combined based on specified conditions. The document highlights the purpose of joins in managing and retrieving related data from different relations.

Uploaded by

Anupmamalhotra
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Join Operations:

A Join operation combines related tuples from diferent relations, if and only
if a given join condition is satisfedd It is denoted by ⋈d

Example:
EMPLOYEE

EMP_CODE EMP_NAME

101 Stephan

102 Jack

103 Harry

SALARY

EMP_CODE SALARY

101 50000

102 30000

103 25000

Operation: (EMPLOYEE ⋈ SALARY)

Result:

EMP_CODE EMP_NAME SALARY


101 Stephan 50000

102 Jack 30000

103 Harry 25000

Types of Join operations:

1. Natural Join:
o A natural join is the set of tuples of all combinations in R and S that are equal
on their common attribute namesd

o It is denoted by ⋈d
Example: Let's use the above EMPLOYEE table and SALARY table:

Input:

∏EMP_NAME, SALARY (EMPLOYEE ⋈ SALARY)

Output:

EMP_NAME SALARY

Stephan 50000

Jack 30000

Harry 25000

2. Outer Join:
The outer join operation is an extension of the join operationd It is used to
deal with missing informationd

Example:

EMPLOYEE

EMP_NAME STREET CITY

Ram Civil line Mumbai

Shyam Park street Kolkata

Ravi MdGd Street Delhi

Hari Nehru nagar Hyderabad


FACT_WORKERS

EMP_NAME BRANCH SALARY

Ram Infosys 10000

Shyam Wipro 20000

Kuber HCL 30000

Hari TCS 50000

Input:

(EMPLOYEE ⋈ FACT_WORKERS)

Output:

EMP_NA STREE CITY BRANC SALAR


ME T H Y

Ram Civil Mumbai Infos 100


line ys 00

Shyam Park Kolkata Wipr 200


stre o 00
et

Hari Neh Hyderab TCS 500


ru ad 00
nag
ar

An outer join is basically of three types:

ad Left outer join

bd Right outer join

cd Full outer join

a. Left outer join:


o Left outer join contains the set of tuples of all combinations in R and S that
are equal on their common attribute namesd

o In the left outer join, tuples in R have no matching tuples in Sd

o It is denoted by ⟕d

Example: Using the above EMPLOYEE table and FACT_WORKERS table

Input:

1d EMPLOYEE ⟕ FACT_WORKERS

EMP_NA STREE CITY BRANC SALAR


ME T H Y

Ram Civil Mumbai Infos 100


line ys 00

Shyam Park Kolkata Wipr 200


stre o 00
et

Hari Neh Hyderab TCS 500


ru
stre ad 00
et

Ravi MdGd Delhi NULL NUL


Stre L
et

b. Right outer join:


o Right outer join contains the set of tuples of all combinations in R and S that
are equal on their common attribute namesd

o In right outer join, tuples in S have no matching tuples in Rd

o It is denoted by ⟖d

Example: Using the above EMPLOYEE table and FACT_WORKERS Relation

Input:

EMPLOYEE ⟖ FACT_WORKERS

Output:

EMP_NA BRANC SALAR STREE CITY


ME H Y T

Ram Infos 100 Civil Mumbai


ys 00 line

Shyam Wipr 200 Park Kolkata


o 00 stre
et

Hari TCS 500 Neh Hyderab


00 ru ad
stre
et

Kuber HCL 300 NUL NULL


00 L

c. Full outer join:


o Full outer join is like a left or right join except that it contains all rows from
both tablesd

o In full outer join, tuples in R that have no matching tuples in S and tuples in S
that have no matching tuples in R in their common attribute named

o It is denoted by ⟗d

Example: Using the above EMPLOYEE table and FACT_WORKERS table

Input:

EMPLOYEE ⟗ FACT_WORKERS

Output:

EMP_NA STREE CITY BRANC SALAR


ME T H Y

Ram Civil Mumbai Infos 100


line ys 00

Shyam Park Kolkata Wipr 200


stre o 00
et
Hari Neh Hyderab TCS 500
ru ad 00
stre
et

Ravi MdGd Delhi NULL NUL


Stre L
et

Kuber NUL NULL HCL 300


L 00

3. Equi join:
It is also known as an inner joind It is the most common joind It is based on
matched data as per the equality conditiond The equi join uses the
comparison operator(=)d

Example:

CUSTOMER RELATION

CLASS_ID NAME

1 John

2 Harry

3 Jackson

PRODUCT
PRODUCT_ID CITY

1 Delhi

2 Mumbai

3 Noida

Input:

CUSTOMER ⋈ PRODUCT

Output:

CLASS_ID NAME PRODUCT_ID CITY

1 John 1 Delhi

2 Harry 2 Mumbai

3 Harry 3 Noida

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