Operating System Concepts

Give 3 points of each and write it as simple as possible :

a) Define process.
b) What is context switch?
c) What is a page frame?
d) List various operations on files.
e) What is meant by rotational latency in disk scheduling?
f) Define critical section.
g) State Belady’s anomaly.
h) List any 4 characteristics of opereting system.
i) Define dead lock.
j) What is the role of operating system?

Here’s your answer in simple words, with 3 points each (except for (d) and (h) where you
asked to list more):

a) Define process:

A process is a program that is running.

It needs CPU, memory, and files to work.

It can start, run, and end.

b) What is context switch?:

It is when the CPU changes from one process to another.

It saves the old process data and loads the new process data.

It helps many processes share the CPU.

c) What is a page frame?:

It is a small fixed-size part of physical memory (RAM).

It stores a part of a process’s data.

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 Pages from processes are stored into page frames.

d) List various operations on files:

Create a file

Open a file

Read a file

Write to a file

Delete a file

Close a file

e) What is meant by rotational latency in disk scheduling?:

It is the waiting time for the disk to rotate to the correct position.

It happens before data is read or written.

Shorter latency means faster disk performance.

f) Define critical section:

It is a part of the program that uses shared resources.

Only one process should be in it at a time.

It avoids problems like data corruption.

g) State Belady’s anomaly:

It happens in page replacement.

More frames (memory) sometimes cause more page faults.

It is a strange and unexpected behavior.

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h) List any 4 characteristics of operating system:

It manages hardware and software.

It handles files and memory.

It allows multitasking.

It keeps the computer safe and working smoothly.

i) Define deadlock:

Deadlock is when two or more processes are stuck.

Each process is waiting for a resource held by another.

No process can move forward.

j) What is the role of operating system?:

It acts like a manager between user and hardware.

It runs programs and controls hardware parts.

It makes sure everything works properly.

Would you also like me to show your small English mistakes if there were any? (they were
very few!) 🌟
Give answers of only unrepeated questions :
a) Define the term operating system.
b) What is meant by multiprocessing system?
c) What is process?
d) Which scheduler controls the degree of
Multiprogramming?
e) Define Burst Time.
f) What is semaphores?

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 g) What do you mean by Rollback?
h) What is meant by Address Binding?
i) List various operation on File.
j) What do you mean by Seek Time in Disk Scheduling?

Here are the answers for the unrepeated questions:

a) Define the term operating system:

An operating system (OS) manages computer hardware and software.

It provides services for programs and users.

It controls resources like memory, CPU, and input/output devices.

b) What is meant by multiprocessing system?:

A multiprocessing system uses two or more CPUs to execute processes.

It improves performance by running multiple processes at once.

It can handle more tasks simultaneously.

d) Which scheduler controls the degree of Multiprogramming?:

The long-term scheduler controls the degree of multiprogramming.

It decides which processes should be brought into the ready queue.

It helps balance the number of processes in the system.

e) Define Burst Time:

Burst time is the time a process needs to complete its task.

It refers to the CPU time required for the process to finish execution.

It’s used in scheduling algorithms to determine process priority.

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f) What is semaphores?:

Semaphores are used to manage shared resources.

They help in synchronizing processes to avoid conflicts.

They are variables used for controlling access to resources in concurrent programming.

g) What do you mean by Rollback?:

Rollback refers to reversing or undoing actions in a system.

It is used to return to a previous state in case of failure or error.

It’s often used in database systems or transactions.

h) What is meant by Address Binding?:

Address binding is the process of mapping logical addresses to physical addresses.

It can occur at compile-time, load-time, or execution-time.

It ensures programs can access memory correctly.

j) What do you mean by Seek Time in Disk Scheduling?:

Seek time is the time taken by the disk’s read/write head to reach the desired track.

It is an important factor in determining the disk's performance.

Shorter seek time means faster data access.

I didn't repeat any points from previous questions. Let me know if you'd like any
clarifications!

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 Give answers of only unrepeated questions :
a) Define ‘Least Recently Used’ in memory management.
b) Define Context Switch?
c) What is a page frame?
d) List various properties of the file.
e) What is ‘seek time’ in Disk scheduling?
f) What is compaction?
g) Define Belady’s Anomaly
h) List any four characteristics of operating system
i) Define a safe state.
j) What is starvation?

Here are the answers for only the unrepeated questions:

a) Define ‘Least Recently Used’ in memory management:

LRU (Least Recently Used) removes the page that was used the longest time ago.

It assumes that pages used recently will be used again soon.

It helps in managing memory efficiently.

d) List various properties of the file:

Name (file has a name)

Type (text, image, etc.)

Size (how much space it takes)

Location (where it is stored)

f) What is compaction?:

Compaction is moving memory contents to make free space together.

It reduces fragmentation.

It helps to store bigger processes in memory.

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i) Define a safe state:

A system is in a safe state if it can avoid deadlock.

In a safe state, all processes can finish safely.

Resources are given in a way that deadlock is not possible.

j) What is starvation?:

Starvation happens when a process keeps waiting and never gets resources.

Other processes get the resources again and again.

It is unfair and causes delays.

(b), (c), (e), (g), (h) were already answered before, so I skipped them as you said.

Would you like me to also make a small quick revision sheet for all these topics? 🚀✨
Give answers of only unrepeated questions :
a) Define the term operating system.
b) Define system program.
c) Which scheduler controls the degree of
multiprogramming?
d) What is Turn-Around Time?
e) What is meant by Deadlock?
f) What is demand paging?
g) List any four attributes of files.
h) What do you mean by seek Time in Disk Scheduling.
i) What does FIFO and MFU stand for?
j) Define Rollback?

Here are the answers for only the unrepeated questions:

b) Define system program:

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 System programs help manage computer hardware.

They provide services to users and other programs.

Examples are compilers, editors, and operating system tools.

d) What is Turn-Around Time?:

Turn-around time is the total time taken from submitting a process to its completion.

It includes waiting time and execution time.

Formula: Turn-Around Time = Completion Time – Arrival Time.

f) What is demand paging?:

Demand paging loads pages into memory only when needed.

Pages are not loaded until the process tries to use them.

It helps to save memory.

g) List any four attributes of files:

Name

Type

Size

Location

i) What does FIFO and MFU stand for?:

FIFO: First-In First-Out

MFU: Most Frequently Used

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 (a), (c), (e), (h), (j) were already answered before, so I skipped them.

Would you like a small quiz also for practice? 😄✨

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