The document provides definitions and examples of various chemistry terms, including acids, bases, compounds, and reactions. It also discusses functional groups and their priority in IUPAC nomenclature, as well as the effects of different groups on chemical properties. Key concepts such as oxidation, reduction, and the nature of elements and compounds are highlighted.
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The document provides definitions and examples of various chemistry terms, including acids, bases, compounds, and reactions. It also discusses functional groups and their priority in IUPAC nomenclature, as well as the effects of different groups on chemical properties. Key concepts such as oxidation, reduction, and the nature of elements and compounds are highlighted.
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PASSWORD DEFINATION CHEMISTRY
Acid · Example: Sodium chloride
· Definition: A substance is a compound of sodium that donates hydrogen ions and chlorine. and has a pH less than 7. · Example: Hydrochloric Concentration acid is commonly used in · Definition: The amount of laboratories. a substance in a given Amphoteric volume. · Definition: A substance · Example: The that can act as both an concentration of salt in acid and a base. seawater is high · Example: Water is an Element amphoteric compound. · Definition: A substance Base that cannot be broken · Definition: A substance down into simpler that accepts hydrogen ions substances. and has a pH greater than · Example: Gold is an 7. element with the symbol · Example: Sodium Au hydroxide is a common Enzyme base. · Definition: A protein that Bond acts as a catalyst in · Definition: The force that biochemical reactions. holds atoms together in a · Example: Enzymes speed molecule. up metabolic processes in · Example: A covalent bond the body. involves the sharing of Formula electron pairs between · Definition: A set of atoms. chemical symbols showing Catalyst the elements in a · Definition: A substance compound and their that increases the rate of a proportions. chemical reaction without · Example: The chemical being consumed. formula for water is H2O. · Example: Enzymes act as Gas catalysts in biological · Definition: A state of processes. matter with no fixed shape Compound or volume. · Definition: A substance · Example: Oxygen is a gas made of two or more that is essential for elements chemically respiration. bonded together. Hydrocarbon · Definition: An organic liquids, and gases, is made compound consisting of matter. entirely of hydrogen and Metal carbon. · Definition: An element · Example: Methane is a that is typically hard, shiny, simple hydrocarbon. and has good electrical and Ion thermal conductivity. · Definition: An atom or · Example: Gold is a molecule with a net electric valuable metal used in charge due to the loss or jewelry and electronics. gain of one or more Mixture electrons. · Definition: A combination · Example: Sodium ions are of two or more substances positively charged. that are not chemically Isomer bonded. · Definition: Compounds · Example: Air is a mixture with the same molecular of gases including nitrogen, formula but different oxygen, and carbon structures. dioxide. · Example: Glucose and Molecule fructose are isomers · Definition: The smallest Isotope unit of a chemical · Definition: Atoms of the compound that retains its same element with chemical properties. different numbers of · Example: A water neutrons. molecule consists of two · Example: Carbon-12 and hydrogen atoms bonded to carbon-14 are isotopes of one oxygen atom. carbon. Nucleus Liquid · Definition: The central · Definition: A state of part of an atom, containing matter with a definite protons and neutrons. volume but no fixed shape. · Example: The nucleus is · Example: Water is a positively charged due to common liquid used in the presence of protons many chemical reactions. Orbit Matter · Definition: The path of an · Definition: Anything that electron around the has mass and takes up nucleus of an atom. space. · Example: Electrons move · Example: Everything in specific orbits or energy around us, including solids, levels around the nucleus. Oxidation · Definition: A process in · Definition: A chemical which substances interact reaction in which a to form new substances. substance loses electrons, · Example: The reaction often associated with between vinegar and gaining oxygen. baking soda produces · Example: Rusting of iron carbon dioxide gas. is an example of oxidation. Reagent Particle · Definition: A substance · Definition: A small portion used in a chemical reaction of matter, such as an atom, to detect, measure, or molecule, or ion. produce other substances. · Example: Particles in a · Example: Reagents are gas move rapidly and are essential for conducting widely spaced chemical tests in the lab. Reduction · Definition: A chemical Properties reaction that involves the · Definition: Characteristics gain of electrons or the used to describe or identify decrease in oxidation state a substance. of a substance. · Example: Physical · Example: Reduction is the properties include color, opposite of oxidation in density, and melting point redox reactions. Proton Salt · Definition: A subatomic · Definition: An ionic particle with a positive compound formed by the charge found in the neutralization reaction nucleus of an atom. between an acid and a · Example: The number of base. protons in an atom’s · Example: Table salt is nucleus determines its chemically known as element. sodium chloride Radical Substance · Definition: A group of · Definition: A form of atoms behaving as a unit matter with a uniform and in a number of compounds. definite composition. · Example: The hydroxyl · Example: Pure substances radical (OH) is highly include elements and reactive and can damage compounds. cells. Symbol Reaction · Definition: A letter or letters representing an element. · Example: The symbol for carbon is C. Valency · Definition: The combining power of an element, especially as measured by the number of hydrogen atoms it can displace or combine with. · Example: Carbon has a valency of four, meaning it can form four bonds with other atoms. Priority order of functional group in IUPAC nomenclature -Carboxylic acids (-COOH)> Esters (-COOR) >Acid chlorides (-COCl) >Amides (-CONR2) >Nitriles (-CN) >Aldehydes (-CHO) >Ketones (C=O) >Alcohols (-OH) >Phenols (Ar-OH) >Thiols (-SH) >Ethers (-O-) >Alkenes (C=C) >Alkynes (C≡C) >Alkanes (C-C) >Haloalkanes (R-X)
Increasing order of −I effect or decreasing order of +I effect, common