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Defi Nation

The document provides definitions and examples of various chemistry terms, including acids, bases, compounds, and reactions. It also discusses functional groups and their priority in IUPAC nomenclature, as well as the effects of different groups on chemical properties. Key concepts such as oxidation, reduction, and the nature of elements and compounds are highlighted.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
11 views4 pages

Defi Nation

The document provides definitions and examples of various chemistry terms, including acids, bases, compounds, and reactions. It also discusses functional groups and their priority in IUPAC nomenclature, as well as the effects of different groups on chemical properties. Key concepts such as oxidation, reduction, and the nature of elements and compounds are highlighted.

Uploaded by

Galaxy Academy
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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PASSWORD DEFINATION CHEMISTRY

Acid · Example: Sodium chloride


· Definition: A substance is a compound of sodium
that donates hydrogen ions and chlorine.
and has a pH less than 7.
· Example: Hydrochloric Concentration
acid is commonly used in · Definition: The amount of
laboratories. a substance in a given
Amphoteric volume.
· Definition: A substance · Example: The
that can act as both an concentration of salt in
acid and a base. seawater is high
· Example: Water is an Element
amphoteric compound. · Definition: A substance
Base that cannot be broken
· Definition: A substance down into simpler
that accepts hydrogen ions substances.
and has a pH greater than · Example: Gold is an
7. element with the symbol
· Example: Sodium Au
hydroxide is a common Enzyme
base. · Definition: A protein that
Bond acts as a catalyst in
· Definition: The force that biochemical reactions.
holds atoms together in a · Example: Enzymes speed
molecule. up metabolic processes in
· Example: A covalent bond the body.
involves the sharing of Formula
electron pairs between · Definition: A set of
atoms. chemical symbols showing
Catalyst the elements in a
· Definition: A substance compound and their
that increases the rate of a proportions.
chemical reaction without · Example: The chemical
being consumed. formula for water is H2O.
· Example: Enzymes act as Gas
catalysts in biological · Definition: A state of
processes. matter with no fixed shape
Compound or volume.
· Definition: A substance · Example: Oxygen is a gas
made of two or more that is essential for
elements chemically respiration.
bonded together. Hydrocarbon
· Definition: An organic liquids, and gases, is made
compound consisting of matter.
entirely of hydrogen and Metal
carbon. · Definition: An element
· Example: Methane is a that is typically hard, shiny,
simple hydrocarbon. and has good electrical and
Ion thermal conductivity.
· Definition: An atom or · Example: Gold is a
molecule with a net electric valuable metal used in
charge due to the loss or jewelry and electronics.
gain of one or more Mixture
electrons. · Definition: A combination
· Example: Sodium ions are of two or more substances
positively charged. that are not chemically
Isomer bonded.
· Definition: Compounds · Example: Air is a mixture
with the same molecular of gases including nitrogen,
formula but different oxygen, and carbon
structures. dioxide.
· Example: Glucose and Molecule
fructose are isomers · Definition: The smallest
Isotope unit of a chemical
· Definition: Atoms of the compound that retains its
same element with chemical properties.
different numbers of · Example: A water
neutrons. molecule consists of two
· Example: Carbon-12 and hydrogen atoms bonded to
carbon-14 are isotopes of one oxygen atom.
carbon. Nucleus
Liquid · Definition: The central
· Definition: A state of part of an atom, containing
matter with a definite protons and neutrons.
volume but no fixed shape. · Example: The nucleus is
· Example: Water is a positively charged due to
common liquid used in the presence of protons
many chemical reactions. Orbit
Matter · Definition: The path of an
· Definition: Anything that electron around the
has mass and takes up nucleus of an atom.
space. · Example: Electrons move
· Example: Everything in specific orbits or energy
around us, including solids, levels around the nucleus.
Oxidation · Definition: A process in
· Definition: A chemical which substances interact
reaction in which a to form new substances.
substance loses electrons, · Example: The reaction
often associated with between vinegar and
gaining oxygen. baking soda produces
· Example: Rusting of iron carbon dioxide gas.
is an example of oxidation. Reagent
Particle · Definition: A substance
· Definition: A small portion used in a chemical reaction
of matter, such as an atom, to detect, measure, or
molecule, or ion. produce other substances.
· Example: Particles in a · Example: Reagents are
gas move rapidly and are essential for conducting
widely spaced chemical tests in the lab.
Reduction
· Definition: A chemical
Properties reaction that involves the
· Definition: Characteristics gain of electrons or the
used to describe or identify decrease in oxidation state
a substance. of a substance.
· Example: Physical · Example: Reduction is the
properties include color, opposite of oxidation in
density, and melting point redox reactions.
Proton Salt
· Definition: A subatomic · Definition: An ionic
particle with a positive compound formed by the
charge found in the neutralization reaction
nucleus of an atom. between an acid and a
· Example: The number of base.
protons in an atom’s · Example: Table salt is
nucleus determines its chemically known as
element. sodium chloride
Radical Substance
· Definition: A group of · Definition: A form of
atoms behaving as a unit matter with a uniform and
in a number of compounds. definite composition.
· Example: The hydroxyl · Example: Pure substances
radical (OH) is highly include elements and
reactive and can damage compounds.
cells. Symbol
Reaction
· Definition: A letter or
letters representing an
element.
· Example: The symbol for
carbon is C.
Valency
· Definition: The combining
power of an element,
especially as measured by
the number of hydrogen
atoms it can displace or
combine with.
· Example: Carbon has a
valency of four, meaning it
can form four bonds with
other atoms.
Priority order of functional group in IUPAC nomenclature -Carboxylic
acids (-COOH)> Esters (-COOR) >Acid chlorides (-COCl) >Amides (-CONR2)
>Nitriles (-CN) >Aldehydes (-CHO) >Ketones (C=O) >Alcohols (-OH) >Phenols
(Ar-OH) >Thiols (-SH) >Ethers (-O-) >Alkenes (C=C) >Alkynes (C≡C) >Alkanes
(C-C) >Haloalkanes (R-X)

Increasing order of −I effect or decreasing order of +I effect, common


functional groups are:-

−NH3 +> −NO2 > −SO2R > −SO3H > −CN > −CHO > −COR > −COOH > −COCl >
−CONH2 > −F > −Cl > −Br > −I > −OR > −OH > −NR2 > −NH2 > −C6H5 > −CH=C
H2 > −H

The order of the +M effects is given as:


−O− > −NH2 > −OR > −NHCOR > −OCOR > −Ph > −CH3 > −F > −Cl >
−Br > −I
The order of -M effect is given as:
−NO2 > −CN > −SO3H > −CHO > −COR >−COOCOR >−COOR >−COOH
>−CONH2 > −COO−

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