PASSWORD DEFINATION CHEMISTRY

Acid · Example: Sodium chloride

· Definition: A substance is a compound of sodium
that donates hydrogen ions and chlorine.
and has a pH less than 7.
· Example: Hydrochloric Concentration
acid is commonly used in · Definition: The amount of
laboratories. a substance in a given
Amphoteric volume.
· Definition: A substance · Example: The
that can act as both an concentration of salt in
acid and a base. seawater is high
· Example: Water is an Element
amphoteric compound. · Definition: A substance
Base that cannot be broken
· Definition: A substance down into simpler
that accepts hydrogen ions substances.
and has a pH greater than · Example: Gold is an
7. element with the symbol
· Example: Sodium Au
hydroxide is a common Enzyme
base. · Definition: A protein that
Bond acts as a catalyst in
· Definition: The force that biochemical reactions.
holds atoms together in a · Example: Enzymes speed
molecule. up metabolic processes in
· Example: A covalent bond the body.
involves the sharing of Formula
electron pairs between · Definition: A set of
atoms. chemical symbols showing
Catalyst the elements in a
· Definition: A substance compound and their
that increases the rate of a proportions.
chemical reaction without · Example: The chemical
being consumed. formula for water is H2O.
· Example: Enzymes act as Gas
catalysts in biological · Definition: A state of
processes. matter with no fixed shape
Compound or volume.
· Definition: A substance · Example: Oxygen is a gas
made of two or more that is essential for
elements chemically respiration.
bonded together. Hydrocarbon
 · Definition: An organic liquids, and gases, is made
compound consisting of matter.
entirely of hydrogen and Metal
carbon. · Definition: An element
· Example: Methane is a that is typically hard, shiny,
simple hydrocarbon. and has good electrical and
Ion thermal conductivity.
· Definition: An atom or · Example: Gold is a
molecule with a net electric valuable metal used in
charge due to the loss or jewelry and electronics.
gain of one or more Mixture
electrons. · Definition: A combination
· Example: Sodium ions are of two or more substances
positively charged. that are not chemically
Isomer bonded.
· Definition: Compounds · Example: Air is a mixture
with the same molecular of gases including nitrogen,
formula but different oxygen, and carbon
structures. dioxide.
· Example: Glucose and Molecule
fructose are isomers · Definition: The smallest
Isotope unit of a chemical
· Definition: Atoms of the compound that retains its
same element with chemical properties.
different numbers of · Example: A water
neutrons. molecule consists of two
· Example: Carbon-12 and hydrogen atoms bonded to
carbon-14 are isotopes of one oxygen atom.
carbon. Nucleus
Liquid · Definition: The central
· Definition: A state of part of an atom, containing
matter with a definite protons and neutrons.
volume but no fixed shape. · Example: The nucleus is
· Example: Water is a positively charged due to
common liquid used in the presence of protons
many chemical reactions. Orbit
Matter · Definition: The path of an
· Definition: Anything that electron around the
has mass and takes up nucleus of an atom.
space. · Example: Electrons move
· Example: Everything in specific orbits or energy
around us, including solids, levels around the nucleus.
Oxidation · Definition: A process in
· Definition: A chemical which substances interact
reaction in which a to form new substances.
substance loses electrons, · Example: The reaction
often associated with between vinegar and
gaining oxygen. baking soda produces
· Example: Rusting of iron carbon dioxide gas.
is an example of oxidation. Reagent
Particle · Definition: A substance
· Definition: A small portion used in a chemical reaction
of matter, such as an atom, to detect, measure, or
molecule, or ion. produce other substances.
· Example: Particles in a · Example: Reagents are
gas move rapidly and are essential for conducting
widely spaced chemical tests in the lab.
Reduction
· Definition: A chemical
Properties reaction that involves the
· Definition: Characteristics gain of electrons or the
used to describe or identify decrease in oxidation state
a substance. of a substance.
· Example: Physical · Example: Reduction is the
properties include color, opposite of oxidation in
density, and melting point redox reactions.
Proton Salt
· Definition: A subatomic · Definition: An ionic
particle with a positive compound formed by the
charge found in the neutralization reaction
nucleus of an atom. between an acid and a
· Example: The number of base.
protons in an atom’s · Example: Table salt is
nucleus determines its chemically known as
element. sodium chloride
Radical Substance
· Definition: A group of · Definition: A form of
atoms behaving as a unit matter with a uniform and
in a number of compounds. definite composition.
· Example: The hydroxyl · Example: Pure substances
radical (OH) is highly include elements and
reactive and can damage compounds.
cells. Symbol
Reaction
 · Definition: A letter or
letters representing an
element.
· Example: The symbol for
carbon is C.
Valency
· Definition: The combining
power of an element,
especially as measured by
the number of hydrogen
atoms it can displace or
combine with.
· Example: Carbon has a
valency of four, meaning it
can form four bonds with
other atoms.
Priority order of functional group in IUPAC nomenclature -Carboxylic
acids (-COOH)> Esters (-COOR) >Acid chlorides (-COCl) >Amides (-CONR2)
>Nitriles (-CN) >Aldehydes (-CHO) >Ketones (C=O) >Alcohols (-OH) >Phenols
(Ar-OH) >Thiols (-SH) >Ethers (-O-) >Alkenes (C=C) >Alkynes (C≡C) >Alkanes
(C-C) >Haloalkanes (R-X)

Increasing order of −I effect or decreasing order of +I effect, common

functional groups are:-

−NH3 +> −NO2 > −SO2R > −SO3H > −CN > −CHO > −COR > −COOH > −COCl >
−CONH2 > −F > −Cl > −Br > −I > −OR > −OH > −NR2 > −NH2 > −C6H5 > −CH=C
H2 > −H

The order of the +M effects is given as:

−O− > −NH2 > −OR > −NHCOR > −OCOR > −Ph > −CH3 > −F > −Cl >
−Br > −I
The order of -M effect is given as:
−NO2 > −CN > −SO3H > −CHO > −COR >−COOCOR >−COOR >−COOH
>−CONH2 > −COO−