Disaster risk reduction aims to decrease the risk level in communities.

It implements policies
and measures to control potential risks like poor urban and rural planning, poverty, and poor
government and local capacities.

Risk assessment- is made to estimate the potential economic, infrastructure, and social
impacts.

Vulnerability- The failure to withstand the impacts of hazards.

Disaster Risk Factors

 PHYSICAL – This includes the concrete objects in a community that can help or harm an
individual during a disaster. Examples are availability of fire exits during a fire, sturdiness
of infrastructure or the ability of a building to withstand earthquakes.

 PSYCHOLOGICAL – It includes the mental state of an individual, like the ability of an

individual to respond to a disaster and fear.

 SOCIO-CULTURAL – This includes traditions, religion, and social statuses in society.

Examples include community folklore, presence of bayanihan system, etc.

 ECONOMIC – This includes resources in the community and the income source of
individuals such as farming and employment.

 BIOLOGICAL – This includes the flora and fauna in the environment, their health, and its
diseases.

CLASSIFICATION OF HAZARDS:

• NATURAL

• HUMAN-INDUCED

HAZARDS OF NATURAL ORIGIN:

Geological- natural events that originated from movements of the crust and this includes
earthquake, volcanic eruptions, tsunami, and landslide.

Hydro-meteorological –originated from atmospheric conditions and composition. Cyclones and

its associated hazards such as storm surges can either be called hydro-meteorological or
atmospheric hazard.

Biological hazards- originated from living organisms and these are usually in the form of
harmful microorganisms that have potentials to cause epidemics.
HUMAN-INDUCED OR ANTHROPOGENIC HAZARDS:

• environmental degradation and technological.

• But when there is an interaction between natural events and human activities, it is
referred to as a quasi-natural hazards.

• Many natural hazards may be influenced by human activities. An example would be a

landslide due to a mining activity in the area. Drought can be classified as climatic
because it results from long periods without precipitation. However, drought can be
influenced by human activities that brought about climate changes.

EARTHQUAKE HAZARDS

Earthquake is a natural event feared by many, even by those who have not recalled any
experience of it or its effects.

 Ground shaking and earthquake are usually used synonymously because people
perceive earthquake often when the ground below shakes without warning.

 The earth has three main layers: crust, mantle, and core.

 The outermost shell of the earth, which includes the crust and the upper most mantle,
consists of tectonic plates.

TWO TYPES OF SEISMIC WAVES

 Body waves - are seismic waves that travel through the interior of the earth.

Primary (P) waves are the first waves that reach the surface of the earth and make
the ground shake. They move the ground back and forth along the direction they are
traveling. The shaking from P waves is light or sometimes not felt.
Secondary (S) waves are body waves that vibrate perpendicular to their propagation
direction, producing an up and down motion. They move slower but shake the
ground more strongly than P waves.
 Surface waves- are waves that are trapped near the surface

Love waves are surface waves that have a horizontal motion perpendicular to
the direction they are traveling.
Rayleigh waves shake the ground in a rotational manner with no transverse
motion.
  Fire- is a secondary hazard if the shaking sufficiently damages electric and gas lines.

DISASTER FROM DIFFERENT PERSPECTIVE

 Physical and Environmental Aspect- When a disaster hits, the first line of impact is
the environment. Disaster causes drastic changes in the structure of the environment.
Ex. roads will break and crack.
Landslides, erosion, drought

 Socio-economic Aspect- Impacts of disaster in the socio-economic aspect include the

state of the social well-being and the financial resources of the community. Government
agencies are responsible for reducing the socio-economic impacts of the community
through proper mitigation procedures.

Ex. low economic status, poor infrastructure, fail to implement a proper

disaster risk reduction plan, budget allocation, price increase on basic
necessities

 Educational Aspect - Access to information is important in reducing the hazardous

effects of disasters. Observation and data analysis is not just essential for identifying risk
 in disasters but also to educate and train people on how to reduce disaster risk.
Students in elementary and high school are greater in population. This large percentage
in a community is crucial in literacy when it comes to disaster management.

Ex. hinder the education

 Psychological Aspect - A natural or man-made disaster is a traumatic event that can

cause stress, depression, and anxiety. People with underlying mental illnesses is
considered a vulnerable group. Shock and denial stages after disastrous events are
normal for victims that is why they need psycho-social intervention to be able to cope
and live a normal life.

 Biological Aspect- Disasters can cause health problems to individuals. In a larger

scale, these diseases can cause an epidemic or an outbreak especially if emergency
care is not available.
In terms of biological diversity, animals, and plants that live in a community where
disaster strikes can drastically decrease in number. This would result to imbalance in the
ecosystem and potentially limited access to food resources, agriculture, and livestock.

 Political Aspect - A disaster may also change the way citizens feel about other people
in general, like after giving donations to assist affected individuals. In the Philippines, a
disaster have brought donations from local and international agencies. Survivors and
their families expected to rebuild their properties from those donations but government
rebuilding efforts seem too slow. This scenario made a huge political impact to the
country regarding the trust rating of government officials.

VOLCANO HAZARDS

VOLCANIC ERUPTION-
is the process in which volcanic materials such as molten or hot fragmented rocks or gaseous
substances are ejected from a volcano.

Philippines is exposed to the hazards of volcanic eruption because the country is located along
the Pacific Ring of Fire. There are 23 active volcanoes in the country being monitored by the
Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS).
Pyroclastic flow-high speed of avalancheof hot ash, it topples down trees and burns everything
in its path.
bAllistic Projectile-volcanic debris thrown away by the eruption. It consists of
fragmented blocks of molten rocks

Lava Flow- A stream of molten rocks that oozes onto Earths surface destroy plants, trees and
infrastractures that are in their path. Burning molten rock ignite forest fires.

Lahar- a mudflow of water, ash, rocks, boulders and other volcanic debris.

TYPES OF VOLCANO

Cinder cone

Shield volcanoes

Composite volcanoes/stratovolcano