BRIDGING THE GAPS:

A Comparative Analysis on Orthopedic

Accessibility of Universities Around Metro
Manila
Misha Angela P. Chua The concept of accessibility in education has become a
[email protected] central issue in promoting inclusive learning
environments for all students, particularly those with
Hannah Elisha A. Francisco disabilities. Schools are expected to provide equal
[email protected] opportunities for every learner, yet many educational
J-Duval C. Pagalilauan institutions, especially in urban settings, struggle with
[email protected] adequate infrastructure to support students with diverse
Franz Shane M. Rañola physical needs. In the area of Metro Manila, a district
[email protected] known for its concentration of universities and
educational institutions, accessibility remains a significant
Yvonne Gwen D.Rosco challenge. While Metro Manila serves as a hub for higher
[email protected] education, with numerous schools catering to a diverse
student population, there are notable gaps in the physical
Clarence Jasper C. Aguila (Adviser) infrastructure that prevent equal access for students with
[email protected] disabilities.

This study seeks to explore and analyze these accessibility

Abstract gaps in schools, specifically those who are claiming to be
inclusive to their students, with a focus on physical
The study presents a case analysis on the accessibility of infrastructure. Despite the importance of providing an
schools located around Metro Manila, Philippines, inclusive environment, many schools still face barriers
focusing on the physical and systemic barriers that affect such as narrow doorways, lack of ramps, absence of
students with orthopedic disabilities. Through a mixed- elevators, and poorly designed classroom spaces. These
methods approach, including site assessments, interviews physical limitations severely affect students with mobility
with school administrators, and surveys of PWD students, impairments, limiting their ability to fully engage in
this research explores the challenges these schools face in academic and extracurricular activities. In addition to
providing equitable access to education for all learners. physical barriers, a lack of awareness and resources
The analysis identifies key issues such as inadequate among school staff, and insufficient policy enforcement,
infrastructure, lack of assistive technologies, and exacerbate these issues.
insufficient training for educators in supporting students
with diverse needs.
By conducting a case analysis of various schools in Metro
Manila, this research aims to highlight the challenges
Furthermore, the study investigates how local regulations, faced by students with disabilities in accessing education.
school policies, and financial constraints impact the It will also evaluate the existing policies, infrastructure,
implementation of accessibility measures. By examining and the degree to which schools are compliant with
these factors in depth, the research highlights significant national accessibility standards. The findings from this
gaps in meeting accessibility standards and the negative study will provide a deeper understanding of the ongoing
effects on the educational experience of students with issues in these schools and suggest practical solutions for
disabilities. The findings are intended to inform overcoming these barriers. Ultimately, this research aims
policymakers, educational leaders, and advocacy groups to contribute to the broader conversation on inclusive
on the need for improved infrastructure, policy reform, education by proposing strategies for improving
and more inclusive practices in schools in Metro Manila. accessibility in schools around Metro Manila and ensuring
The study concludes with practical recommendations to that all students, regardless of physical ability, can benefit
enhance accessibility and foster a genuinely inclusive and from a fair and equitable educational experience.
barrier-free learning environment for all students. Through this exploration, the study will examine not only
the technical aspects of accessibility but also the social and
educational implications of failing to address these critical
infrastructure gaps. By addressing these issues, it is hoped
Keywords: orthopedic, inclusive, accessibility that this study will inspire meaningful change and

advocate for an environment where genuine inclusivity is

prioritized in educational settings across Metro Manila.
I. Introduction
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Technological Institute of the Philippines - Manila Research Paper
BRIDGING THE GAPS:
A Comparative Analysis on Orthopedic Accessibility of Universities Around Metro Manila
Misha Angela Chua, Hannah Francisco, J-Duval Pagalilauan, Shane Rañola, Yvonne Rosco
II. Problem Setting the importance of inclusive and accessible educational
environments in Metro Manila.
A. Statement of the Problem
C. Objectives of the Study
Metro Manila is a densely populated area known for its
various educational institutions, and is a fundamental To assess the physical infrastructure of selected
place for education and academic growth. However, the universities in terms of orthopedic accessibility, including
accessibility of schools in the area remains a significant ramps, elevators, walkways, accessible restrooms, and
challenge. Despite government regulations and urban classroom entry points.
planning efforts, lack of pedestrian-friendly infrastructure,
and insufficient provisions for persons with disabilities To determine the extent to which selected universities
(PWDs) still remains. These accessibility issues may hinder comply with national laws and standards (e.g., BP 344 or
students, faculty, and visitors to make their way to schools the Accessibility Law of the Philippines) regarding
in a safe and convenient manner. Furthermore, there may accessibility for persons with orthopedic disabilities.
be disparities between access across various institutions
that can lead to unequal educational opportunities.
Limited research has been conducted to identify and To compare public and private universities in Metro
evaluate these accessibility gaps, making it difficult for Manila in terms of their provisions and accommodations
policymakers and school administrators to establish for students with orthopedic disabilities.
effective improvements. This research aims to bridge the
knowledge gap by conducting a case analysis to identify, To identify the challenges faced by students with
categorize, and assess the factors affecting the accessibility orthopedic disabilities in navigating university campuses
of schools in Metro Manila. Through a comparative and utilizing academic and non-academic facilities.
analysis, the study aims to offer practical suggestions for
improving mobility and inclusivity within Metro Manila.
To recommend improvements or best practices that can
help universities create more inclusive and orthopedic-
accessible learning environments.
B. Goals of the Study

Identify Accessibility Issues

Document and categorize the key accessibility challenges
D. Significance of the Study
faced by students, faculty, staff, and visitors in schools
within schools in Metro Manila, focusing on This research is significant as it addresses a critical gap in
transportation, infrastructure, and mobility concerns. the educational landscape of Metro Manila: the physical
and systemic barriers that hinder accessibility for students
with orthopedic disabilities. By focusing on the challenges
Assess Existing Infrastructure within schools that claim to be inclusive, the study brings
Evaluate the current infrastructure and facilities in and attention to the disconnect between policy and practice in
around schools in Metro Manila for compliance with educational institutions. It provides valuable insights into
accessibility standards and regulations, particularly the the lived experiences of persons with disabilities (PWDs)
Accessibility Law (BP 344) and the National Building Code in their schools, particularly in navigating campuses that
(PD 1096). lack adequate infrastructure and support systems.

Examine Socioeconomic Disparities The findings of this study are especially important for
Investigate disparities in accessibility across different schools, policymakers and urban planners, as they
schools and socioeconomic groups, analyzing how these underscore the need for stricter enforcement of
differences impact students and staff. accessibility laws such as BP 344 and the National
Building Code. For school administrators and educators,
the study highlights the importance of inclusive practices,
Provide Recommendations the integration of assistive technologies, and the necessity
Propose evidence-based recommendations for improving for professional development focused on the needs of
school accessibility, including infrastructure upgrades, students with disabilities. It also offers advocacy groups
policy changes, and transportation enhancements tailored and disability rights organizations concrete data to
to the unique needs of the University Belt. support their campaigns for safer, more inclusive
educational environments.
Enhance Inclusivity Awareness
This study contributes to the broader discourse on
inclusive education by providing evidence-based
Raise awareness among stakeholders, including school
administrators, local authorities, and policymakers, about

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Technological Institute of the Philippines - Manila Research Paper
BRIDGING THE GAPS:
A Comparative Analysis on Orthopedic Accessibility of Universities Around Metro Manila
Misha Angela Chua, Hannah Francisco, J-Duval Pagalilauan, Shane Rañola, Yvonne Rosco
recommendations to enhance accessibility within Metro
Manila’s university belt. These recommendations include
infrastructural improvements, policy reforms, and
increased stakeholder engagement key components in
building a barrier-free educational system that ensures
equal opportunities for all learners. The findings aim to
support orthopedically disabled individuals, including
students and staff, by encouraging innovative ideas and
proper guidance to improve their school experience.
Furthermore, the research raises awareness about
inclusivity by addressing the accessibility standards
outlined in BP 344 and assessing both physical and
systemic challenges faced by persons with disabilities Figure 1. Conceptual Framework
(PWDs).to encourage meaningful change and promote an
educational environment where accessibility is not a
privilege, but a right. The framework supports the objective of comparing how
well different universities in Metro Manila accommodate
orthopedic disabilities, guiding data collection (e.g.,
observation checklists, and online surveys) and analysis.
E. Scope and Limitations
B. Research Methodology
This research focuses on evaluating and implementing
strategies to investigate inclusive and safe pathways for
persons with disabilities (PWDs) specifically, those who
face challenges with their physical mobility around Metro
Manila. It aims to identify existing barriers, assess the
accessibility of current pedestrian infrastructure, and
propose solutions aligned with universal design principles
and government regulations such as the Accessibility Law
(BP 344).
The study will involve site observations, surveys, and
interviews with PWDs, urban planners, and local
authorities to gather insights on current accessibility
challenges and potential improvements. It will also
explore best practices from other urban centers to develop
actionable recommendations tailored to the chosen
University. The research will contribute by enhancing
mobility, safety, and overall inclusivity for PWDs in urban
spaces.
Figure 2. Research Methodology

(Constraints; The study is geographically limited to This study utilizes a comparative case study design to
Universities in Metro Manila, which includes a defined set evaluate orthopedic accessibility in selected inclusive
of schools and educational institutions located within a universities within Metro Manila. By examining multiple
specific radius of the university. This area will be clearly institutions, the research aims to identify best practices
delineated to ensure consistency in data collection and and areas needing improvement concerning orthopedic
analysis. The research is also limited by time constraints, accessibility.
relying on data collected within a specific period, which
may not capture long-term trends or seasonal variations.
Additionally, while the study considers feedback from The research focuses on five universities known for their
PWDs and stakeholders, it does not guarantee immediate inclusivity and diverse student populations:
implementation of the proposed strategies, as these
depend on government policies, funding availability, and University of the Philippines Diliman (UPD): A premier
urban planning priorities.) state university with a vast campus and a commitment to
inclusivity.
III. Methodology
Far Eastern University (FEU): A private institution
A. Conceptual Framework recognized for its inclusive policies, such as allowing
students to dress according to their gender identity and
providing all-gender restrooms.

3
Technological Institute of the Philippines - Manila Research Paper
BRIDGING THE GAPS:
A Comparative Analysis on Orthopedic Accessibility of Universities Around Metro Manila
Misha Angela Chua, Hannah Francisco, J-Duval Pagalilauan, Shane Rañola, Yvonne Rosco
Eulogio "Amang" Rodriguez Institute of Science and Crutches - Mobility aids used by individuals who require
Technology (EARIST): A state college in Manila known for additional support due to temporary or permanent leg
its technical and vocational programs, with ongoing injuries or disabilities.
efforts to improve campus accessibility for students with
disabilities.
Disabled Persons - Individuals with physical impairments
that limit their ability to perform activities considered
Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maynila (PLM): A public typical for humans.
university located within the historic Intramuros district of
Manila, known for its strong commitment to accessible
Elevator Access - The provision and availability of
and affordable education for city residents.
elevators within multi-level buildings to ensure vertical
mobility for individuals with orthopedic conditions.
De La Salle University (DLSU): A private Catholic
research university in Manila known for its commitment
Ergonomics - The study and application of designing
to academic excellence and efforts toward inclusive
products, systems, or environments to fit the needs and
education through accessible campus facilities and
abilities of users, including those with disabilities.
support services.

Grab Bars - Handrails installed in restrooms or stairways

C. Definition of Terms to assist individuals with mobility impairments.

Accessibility - Defined by the availability of utilities that

Handrails - Supportive bars along stairs and ramps to aid
are easily accessible and utilized by the students
in stability, especially important for orthopedic
impairments.
Accessibility Features - Structural and design elements
such as ramps, elevators, tactile indicators, and wide
Inclusive Design - A design philosophy that aims to make
doorways that support ease of access for individuals with
environments usable by all people, regardless of age,
disabilities.
ability, or status.

Accessibility Law (BP 344) - Also known as Batas

Inclusivity - Providing utilities that cater to every student
Pambansa Blg. 344, a Philippine law requiring public and
to help them in their daily lives and improve their quality
private buildings to be designed with facilities accessible
of life.
to persons with disabilities.

Mobility Assistance - Tools, services, or initiatives that

Architectural Barriers - Physical features in buildings or
facilitate movement for individuals with mobility
environments that obstruct the movement or access of
challenges.
individuals with disabilities.

Orthopedic Disability - Refers to a condition caused by

Assistive Devices - Tools or equipment that improve the
damage or disorder in the musculoskeletal system that
functional capabilities of persons with disabilities (e.g.,
significantly limits a person’s ability to perform motor
wheelchairs, crutches, prosthetics).
activities such as walking, standing, lifting, or using limbs
effectively.
Barrier-Free Design - The concept of designing spaces that
are free of obstacles, ensuring unimpeded access for
Pedestrian - An individual traveling on foot or using
individuals with disabilities.
assistive devices such as wheelchairs or crutches.

Campus Navigation - The ability to move through a

Persons with Disabilities (PWDs) - Individuals with short
school or university campus efficiently and safely,
and long-term physical impairments that hinder their full
especially for those with mobility limitations.
participation in society.

Canes (White or Mobility Canes) - Tools used by

Physical Barriers - Environmental elements that obstruct
individuals who are blind or visually impaired to detect
the free movement of persons with disabilities.
obstacles in their path.

Private Institution - An educational entity operated and

Circulation Path - The physical route that individuals use
funded by a private organization or individuals, not the
to travel within buildings or public spaces, including
government.
hallways, ramps, stairways, and elevators.

4
Technological Institute of the Philippines - Manila Research Paper
BRIDGING THE GAPS:
A Comparative Analysis on Orthopedic Accessibility of Universities Around Metro Manila
Misha Angela Chua, Hannah Francisco, J-Duval Pagalilauan, Shane Rañola, Yvonne Rosco

Prosthetics - Artificial limbs that replace missing body Statistical Investigation into Inclusivity Challenges
parts and restore functionality. https://www.google.com/url?
sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=&ved=2ahUKE
Public Institution - A school or university operated and wiu8bnPmIKMAxXdcPUHHQ7sIBs4PBAWegQIDBAB&u
funded by government authorities, often subject to public rl=https%3A%2F%2Fptop.only.wip.la%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fjournal.iistr.org%2Findex.php
policy mandates. %2FJPHS%2Farticle%2Fdownload
%2F579%2F486%2F3782&usg=AOvVaw0vMcQuXfTkYVN
Public Infrastructure - Facilities and structures owned _KowKXmRa&opi=89978449
and operated by the government for public use, including
schools, roads, and public transport systems. This study investigated the types and frequency
of employment barriers faced by individuals with
Ramps - Inclined planes used in place of stairs to allow disabilities in Daet, Camarines Norte. Researchers
wheelchair or mobility device access between different collected data using a survey questionnaire with a 4-point
levels. Likert scale and a mixed-method approach. The study
analyzed responses from fifty employed and unemployed
Restroom Accessibility - The availability of toilets and individuals with disabilities through purposive sampling.
washrooms that are designed for use by persons with Findings showed several significant barriers, such as lack
disabilities, including features like wide doors, grab bars, of technology support, social exclusion due to physical
and adequate turning space. limitations, insufficient facility modifications for
accessibility, relegation to low-skilled jobs, lack of
Safety Features - Characteristics of a product or employer awareness about disability employment laws,
environment designed to ensure the safety of users and inadequate motivation for managers to promote equal
specifically in everyday life opportunities. The Convention on the Rights of Persons
with Disabilities, adopted in 2006, recognized the
Universal Design - The creation of spaces, products, and principles in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights,
systems that are usable by all people, to the greatest extent emphasizing that all individuals deserve rights and
possible, without the need for adaptation. freedoms without discrimination. It stresses the
importance of creating equal opportunities for Persons
Urban Planner - A professional who develops plans for with Disabilities (PWDs) and including disability issues in
the growth and development of urban areas, focusing on sustainable development.
community needs and sustainability.
The study revealed that many respondents
struggled with accessing technological support, especially
Wayfinding - The tools, signage, and systems that help those who were unemployed or less educated. Social
individuals navigate an environment effectively, exclusion led to discrimination, impacting self-esteem and
especially useful for persons with disabilities.
job prospects. The findings also pointed to inadequate
modifications in workplaces, limiting accessibility. Many
Wheelchair - A mobility device with wheels, manually or individuals with disabilities were offered menial jobs, and
electrically powered, used by individuals who cannot there was a significant lack of employer awareness about
walk or have difficulty walking.
disability-related employment laws. The survey indicated
that managers acknowledged equal opportunity concepts
but lacked motivation to implement these in their
workplaces, as many believed accommodating individuals
IV. Review of Related Literature with disabilities would require too much effort.

This section presents a comprehensive review of relevant Employment barriers encountered by people with
local and international studies pertaining to the
disabilities.
improvement of orthopedic accessibility in universities
within Metro Manila. Through the examination of existing 1. Accessibility
literature, the review seeks to identify prevailing This study revealed that a majority of the
challenges, effective strategies, and existing gaps in respondents faced challenges in accessing
accessibility practices. technological support, particularly those who
were unemployed and had lower levels of
LOCAL LITERATURE education. These individuals lacked knowledge
Jessica M. Dela Cruz, Glaize Yvette A. Encinares, Faye in utilizing appropriate technologies to assist
Anne D. Garces, Crisanto S. Ramirez (2024). Quantifying them with their disabilities.
Employment Barriers for People with Disabilities: A

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Technological Institute of the Philippines - Manila Research Paper
BRIDGING THE GAPS:
A Comparative Analysis on Orthopedic Accessibility of Universities Around Metro Manila
Misha Angela Chua, Hannah Francisco, J-Duval Pagalilauan, Shane Rañola, Yvonne Rosco

2. Discrimination Job D. Paguio, Lourdes S. Santos (2024). Status of

Based on the survey findings, a significant Compliance of Higher Education Institutions in Bataan to
number of individuals with disabilities a Barrier-Free School Environment for Persons with
reported experiencing social exclusion due to Disability
their physical impairments, leading to https://www.researchgate.net/publication/
instances of discrimination. Moreover, 380214011_Status_of_Compliance_of_Higher_Education_
respondents indicated that this social exclusion Institutions_in_Bataan_to_a_Barrier-
negatively impacts their self-esteem, particularly Free_School_Environment_for_Persons_with_Disability
in their pursuit of securing decent employment
opportunities.
The accessibility of schools around the University Belt
remains a critical issue, especially for students with
3. Necessary Accommodations.
disabilities who rely on barrier-free environments for their
The survey findings highlight a prevalent issue of
inadequate modifications to existing education. While policies exist to promote inclusivity, gaps
facilities, hindering accessibility and usability for in implementation continue to hinder full accessibility.
employees with disabilities. The study reveals
that many workplaces in the area lack the The study “Status of Compliance of Higher Education
necessary adjustments to provide a spacious and Institutions in Bataan to a Barrier-Free School Environment for
comfortable working environment for Persons with Disability” provides a useful reference in
individuals with disabilities. analyzing the accessibility of the PWDs in Manila.
Findings from that study indicate that while some HEIs
4. Job Opportunities have made progress in implementing accessibility
According to the survey, individuals with measures such as ramps, elevators, and accessible
disabilities were often offered menial work. restrooms, others still lack adequate facilities. Similarly,
Many unemployed individuals with impairments schools in Manila may face comparable challenges in
undertook jobs requiring minimal effort, such as ensuring a fully inclusive environment.
dishwashing, cleaning, tailoring, and other tasks,
solely to generate income.Respondents expressed A case analysis of schools in this area will help identify
that such work was necessary for survival, with specific gaps in infrastructure and policy enforcement.
limited options available due to their disabilities. Factors such as the availability of wheelchair-friendly
pathways, signages for visually impaired individuals, and
5. Support from Employers other assistive facilities need to be evaluated. Furthermore,
According to the survey, managers were aware of institutional commitment and government enforcement
the concept of equal opportunity for PWDs but
play crucial roles in addressing these gaps. By drawing
were not motivated to take action.
insights from the compliance levels of HEIs in Bataan, this
study can provide a comparative perspective on how
The research highlights social exclusion faced by
urban-based schools in the University Belt manage
students with physical impairments, emphasizing the
accessibility.
need for inclusive education practices that create a
supportive atmosphere. This will highly support our
Ultimately, ensuring a barrier-free learning environment is
research as it points to a lack of employer awareness about
not only a legal requirement but also a moral obligation to
disability rights and stresses the necessity for training
programs for teachers and staff on disability laws and provide equal educational opportunities. Addressing the
inclusive strategies. While employers know about equal gaps in school accessibility will contribute to a more
opportunity laws, many do not act on them, reflecting inclusive and accommodating academic landscape,
similar issues in schools. Increased enforcement, regular benefiting not only PWD students but also the entire
audits, and active school administration can improve school community.
accessibility and equal educational opportunities for
students with disabilities.

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Technological Institute of the Philippines - Manila Research Paper
BRIDGING THE GAPS:
A Comparative Analysis on Orthopedic Accessibility of Universities Around Metro Manila
Misha Angela Chua, Hannah Francisco, J-Duval Pagalilauan, Shane Rañola, Yvonne Rosco

In the context of education, the study reveals that although

Justine Brylle Pajarin, Conrad Matthew Soriano, Jose Regin several legal frameworks such as the Magna Carta for
Regidor (2017) Assessment of Mobility of Persons with Persons with Disabilities and the Accessibility Law (BP
Disabilities (PWDs) in Cainta, Rizal 344) are in place, the implementation remains inconsistent
https://www.google.com/url? and often inadequate. Physical access to school buildings,
sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=&cad=rja&uact= classrooms, and restrooms continues to be a barrier for
8&ved=2ahUKEwiy0Oy9l4KMAxW6gVYBHat1Pa04ChA learners with orthopedic disabilities. Furthermore, the
WegQIMxAB&url=https%3A%2F%2Fptop.only.wip.la%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fncts. study points out that many educational institutions lack
trained personnel and accessible materials, which further
impedes full participation.
This study focuses on the mobility challenges faced by
persons with disabilities (PWDs) in Cainta. It uses both For university students in particular, the study highlights
qualitative and quantitative methods, including surveys the underrepresentation of PWDs in higher education due
for PWDs and non-PWDs, along with assessments of to both systemic discrimination and logistical barriers,
pedestrian facilities and public transportation. The such as inaccessible transportation, lack of assistive
findings indicate that safety is prioritized by respondents technologies, and poor campus design. It also touches on
over other mobility factors. Common transportation issues the need for inter-agency cooperation and data-driven
for PWDs include poorly designed vehicles and facilities, planning, noting that the limited availability of
limited transportation options, and difficulties in boarding disaggregated disability data makes it difficult to tailor
and exiting vehicles. Sidewalk obstructions significantly services effectively.
hinder smooth travel.
Importantly, the research also recommends institutional
Legislation like Republic Act 7277 emphasizes the reforms that include strengthening the implementation of
importance of a barrier-free environment for PWDs. inclusive education policies, training faculty and staff on
Recent efforts, such as PWD-friendly tricycles in Marikina disability sensitivity, and investing in infrastructure that
and accessible Point-to-Point buses, show that steps are prioritizes universal design principles. The findings and
being taken to improve accessibility. The study highlights policy suggestions are critical for institutions, especially
the need for better mobility solutions in Cainta, a wealthy universities, seeking to create truly inclusive environments
municipality with a population of 332,128, where PWD for students with orthopedic and other forms of disability.
accessibility should be a priority.
Alba, V. H. T. (2020). A proposed inclusive learning and
Sol Cruz, K. L., Estor, R., Malabanan, I. M., Tamayo, A., resource center specializing in learning and intellectual
Veril, P. J., Grimes, P., Stevens, M., Vu Huyen, T., & disabilities for children with special needs in Quezon City
Celebrado, J. E. (2021). Philippine disability sector (Undergraduate thesis, Technological University of the
research: An initial analysis of access to social and public Philippines). Scribd.
services, education, work and employment, and civic https://www.scribd.com/document/692083479/CH-01
participation and governance. The Asia Foundation.
https://asiafoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/0 This undergraduate thesis by Alba (2020) examines the
8/Philippines-Disability-Sector-Research-An-Initial- design of an inclusive learning and resource center aimed
Analysis-of-Access-to-Social-and-Public-Services.pdf at addressing the needs of children with learning and
intellectual disabilities in Quezon City, Philippines. The
The study by Sol Cruz et al. (2021), published by The Asia research focuses on providing a detailed architectural
Foundation, presents a comprehensive national analysis of proposal for a space that is adaptable, functional, and
the challenges experienced by persons with disabilities inclusive, supporting children with special needs in an
(PWDs) in the Philippines in four key areas: access to environment that promotes both learning and social
social and public services, education, work and integration. It discusses essential elements of universal
employment, and civic participation and governance. design, the importance of accessibility within educational
Drawing on multiple sources, including field interviews, facilities, and how the built environment can contribute to
surveys, and a review of existing policies, the research or hinder the academic and social development of children
critically evaluates how inclusive current systems and with disabilities.
institutions are for PWDs.
Key findings of the thesis include:

7
Technological Institute of the Philippines - Manila Research Paper
BRIDGING THE GAPS:
A Comparative Analysis on Orthopedic Accessibility of Universities Around Metro Manila
Misha Angela Chua, Hannah Francisco, J-Duval Pagalilauan, Shane Rañola, Yvonne Rosco
Physical Accessibility – The thesis emphasizes the need for Poverty Reduction of the Disabled: Livelihood of Persons
barrier-free designs (ramps, elevators, and wide doors) to with Disabilities in the Philippines by Soya Mori, Celia M.

ensure all students, regardless of physical or intellectual Reyes, and Tatsufumi Yamagata (2014) provides an in-
challenges, can independently navigate the space. depth analysis of the socio-economic conditions of PWDs
and the various challenges they encounter in achieving
Supportive Learning Environments – It also highlights the sustainable livelihoods.
importance of sensory-friendly spaces, flexible classroom
setups, and the use of assistive technologies to cater to the Reyes (2014) highlights that access to education remains a
cognitive and sensory needs of children with intellectual critical factor in improving the livelihood of PWDs.
disabilities. Despite government initiatives to provide inclusive
education, barriers such as financial constraints,
Legal and Policy Framework – The thesis refers to the inadequate infrastructure, and a lack of specialized
Republic Act 9442 and RA 10524, which mandate learning materials persist. Yamagata (2014) explores the
accessible education and employment for persons with employment status of PWDs, noting that a significant
portion remains underemployed or engaged in informal
disabilities (PWDs) in the Philippines, providing an sector jobs. He stresses the need for targeted vocational
essential policy basis for the proposed design. training programs and employer incentives to encourage
the hiring of PWDs. The findings also underscore the role
In its proposal, the study integrates best practices in of microfinance and entrepreneurial support in enabling
designing educational spaces for special needs children self-employment as a viable means of economic
while also addressing the contextual realities and budget empowerment.
constraints of schools in the Philippines. By focusing on
the local context, this study shows how inclusive design Tabuga (2014) discusses the effectiveness of government
can be implemented within Philippine communities, while programs and policies in supporting PWDs. While
also setting a precedent for expanding access to education legislative measures such as the Magna Carta for Disabled
for all children. Persons in the Philippines aim to provide equal
opportunities, implementation gaps remain. The study
Both studies converge on the importance of inclusive highlights the importance of strengthening institutional
design principles to make spaces more accessible and support and increasing awareness among PWDs
equitable. Alba's proposal provides valuable insight into regarding available social protection programs.
design solutions that could be applied to higher education Architecture plays a crucial role in Poverty reduction for
settings for students with intellectual and developmental persons with disabilities (PWDs) by creating inclusive and
disabilities. Additionally, it stresses the importance of accessible environments that enable economic
integrating universal design principles, which could be participation, education, and social mobility. The lack of
useful in addressing not only orthopedic accessibility but barrier-free infrastructures in schools hinders PWDs from
also the broader spectrum of disability-related challenges securing employment and engaging in economic activities.
in higher education institutions. Furthermore, Alba’s
exploration of assistive technologies and sensory-friendly Dolmage, Jay T. (2017) Academic ableism: Disability and
spaces could provide supplementary strategies to improve higher education by
the overall accessibility in university settings, especially https://library.oapen.org/handle/20.500.12657/47415
for students with disabilities beyond physical
impairments. The book "Academic Ableism: Disability and
Higher Education" by Jay T. Dolmage (2017) closely relates
to our research on accessibility gaps in the University Belt
FOREIGN LITERATURE by exploring how educational institutions often
unintentionally exclude students with disabilities.
Mori, Reyes, and Yamagata (2014). Poverty Reduction of
Dolmage examines systemic barriers in higher education,
the Disabled: Livelihood of Persons with Disabilities in
such as inaccessibility in its architecture, discriminatory
the Philippines.
teaching practices, and a lack of support services that
-https://www.google.com.ph/books/edition/
disadvantage students with disabilities. His work
Poverty_Reduction_of_the_Disabled/JmoiEQAAQBAJ?
emphasizes the need for inclusive learning spaces,
hl=en&gbpv=1
accessible resources, and institutional reforms that
Persons with disabilities (PWDs) face multiple barriers to
prioritize equity. By drawing from Dolmage's insights, our
economic participation, contributing to their higher risk of
poverty compared to the general population. The book
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Technological Institute of the Philippines - Manila Research Paper
BRIDGING THE GAPS:
A Comparative Analysis on Orthopedic Accessibility of Universities Around Metro Manila
Misha Angela Chua, Hannah Francisco, J-Duval Pagalilauan, Shane Rañola, Yvonne Rosco
research can analyze whether similar exclusionary technological support. The study calls for universities to
practices exist in the University Belt and identify ways to increase efforts in providing equal access to education
through inclusive designs, which include both physical

promote a more inclusive educational environment for accommodations (e.g., ramps, elevators, accessible toilets)
students with disabilities. and support services (e.g., note-takers, accessible learning
materials).
Stan. L. Rev. (2022) Education Equity during COVID-19:
Analyzing In-Person Priority Policies for Students with This study is relevant as it examines accessibility on a
Disabilities https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage? global scale, which is essential when considering how
handle=hein.journals/stflr74&div=7&id=&page= different universities approach accessibility for students
with disabilities. The research connects directly to our
study on orthopedic accessibility by focusing on
The study "Education Equity during COVID-19: accessibility barriers, both physical and systemic, this
Analyzing In-Person Priority Policies for Students with source reinforces the need for universities to improve
Disabilities" focuses on ensuring equitable access to infrastructure to create inclusive learning spaces. It
education for students with disabilities by examining provides an international perspective that can help you
policies that prioritize in-person learning. It highlights the contextualize your findings in the Philippines with global
need for tailored accommodations, such as specialized trends and best practices.
instruction and assistive technologies that support
disabled students effectively. This relates closely with
UNICEF India. (2014). Making schools accessible to children
"Analyzing the Gaps: A Case Analysis on the Accessibility
with disabilities. UNICEF India.
of Schools around the University Belt," which plans to https://www.unicef.org/india/media/1191/file/Making
investigate physical and systemic barriers—like -Schools-Accessible.pdf
inadequate infrastructure, lack of ramps, and insufficient
educator training—that hinder access for students with The UNICEF publication "Making Schools Accessible to
disabilities in the University Belt. Both studies emphasize Children with Disabilities" is a valuable resource that
the importance of addressing accessibility challenges emphasizes the importance of creating inclusive and
through policy and infrastructure improvements to create physically accessible school environments. It highlights
the need to address infrastructural barriers that often
inclusive educational environments. Together, they show
prevent children with disabilities from receiving equitable
the necessity of removing barriers and providing targeted education.
support to ensure students with disabilities can fully
participate in and benefit from education. A key feature of the guide is its focus on universal design
principles, which aim to ensure that educational facilities
are usable by all students, regardless of their physical
Michaels, L., & Frey, M. (2016). Examining accessibility to
abilities. The document includes a practical School
higher education for students with disabilities: A global
Accessibility Checklist that can be used by school staff,
perspective. Journal of Postsecondary Education and
parents, and construction professionals to evaluate and
Disability, 29(1), 19-31.
improve the accessibility of school buildings. It covers
https://www.ahead.org/professional-resources/publicati
critical areas such as entrances and exits, ramps, hallways,
ons/jped
signage, classrooms, restrooms, and playgrounds each
adapted to support students with various types of
This study by Michaels and Frey (2016) examines how disabilities.
higher education institutions around the world are
addressing the needs of students with disabilities, with a This guide also supports India’s broader commitment to
particular focus on accessibility issues in both the physical inclusive education, in line with the United Nations
and virtual environments. The study highlights global Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities
disparities in providing accommodations for students with (CRPD). Additionally, it complements national initiatives
disabilities, particularly in developing countries, where such as the Accessible India Campaign (Sugamya Bharat
there may be fewer resources allocated for accessibility Abhiyan), which was launched in 2015 to promote
improvements. The authors examine the legal frameworks accessibility in public infrastructure, including schools, so
and policies of various countries, comparing them to how that children with disabilities can fully participate in the
well universities are implementing them on the ground. learning process.

The study reveals that while many institutions in

developed countries have made significant strides in
creating accessible learning environments, those in
developing countries often face challenges like insufficient
training for staff, lack of proper facilities, and inadequate

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Technological Institute of the Philippines - Manila Research Paper
BRIDGING THE GAPS:
A Comparative Analysis on Orthopedic Accessibility of Universities Around Metro Manila
Misha Angela Chua, Hannah Francisco, J-Duval Pagalilauan, Shane Rañola, Yvonne Rosco
fully equipped with ramps, forcing students with
orthopedic

V. Data Synthesis & Analysis disabilities to rely on limited elevator access. However,
some older buildings lack modern accessibility features,
A. Data Collection from PWD and Non-PWD posing challenges for students with orthopedic disabilities
Users in schools around Metro Manila
Pros: Significant improvements in accessibility in recent
years, with well-established policies for PWD students.
Cons: Some older buildings may have limited accessibility
(e.g., no elevators in certain older structures), but recent
renovations have begun to address this.

FEU: Far Eastern University’s campus is relatively

compact, which aids in accessibility. The university has
implemented some accessibility measures, including
ramps and elevators in newer buildings, but older facilities
show room for improvement. FEU has made significant
progress in providing gender-neutral restrooms, as part of
Figure 4. Summary of Respondents its broader inclusivity efforts, though orthopedic features
like wide doorways and accessible parking are still being
In this study, data was collected from both PWD (Persons developed. The campus layout, though manageable,
with Disabilities) and non-PWD students to assess the requires more strategic integration of accessible pathways
accessibility of school facilities and services around Metro for easier navigation for students with mobility
Manila. A survey questionnaire was administered online impairments. While the university’s policies are strong in
to gather insights into the challenges faced by PWD theory, the physical infrastructure is still catching up to
students and the perceptions of non-PWD students ensure full accessibility for students with orthopedic
regarding accessibility and inclusivity. By comparing the disabilities. Overall, FEU’s infrastructure is a work in
experiences of both groups, this study aims to identify progress, with gaps in accessibility that need to be
gaps in accessibility, evaluate its impact on academic addressed.
performance and social inclusion, and provide policy
recommendations for a more inclusive educational Pros: Investment in modern infrastructure, with many
environment. new buildings designed to accommodate PWDs.
Cons: Older buildings may still have accessibility
challenges, though efforts to upgrade have been noted.
B. Physical Infrastructure Assessment

EARIST: Eulogio "Amang" Rodriguez Institute of Science

and Technology, a state-run institution, has limited
resources for infrastructure development. While the
campus is not particularly large, accessibility features such
as ramps and elevators are either absent or poorly
maintained in many of the older buildings. The lack of
dedicated mobility-friendly pathways and adequate
signage makes it challenging for students with orthopedic
disabilities to navigate the campus independently.

Figure 5. Summary of Responses (Physical

Pros: Government-mandated improvements, but may
Infrastructures
have limited resources for renovations.
Cons: The campus is relatively old, and some areas may
UP Diliman: The campus features a jeepney transportation
not comply fully with modern accessibility standards.
system, including "Ikot" routes, facilitating movement
across the expansive campus.The university has made
significant strides in implementing accessible pathways, PLM: Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maynila, housed in
ramps, and elevators, especially in newer facilities, but heritage buildings within the historical district of
many older buildings still lack these features. Some areas, Intramuros, faces unique challenges due to the
such as the engineering and science buildings, are not
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Technological Institute of the Philippines - Manila Research Paper
BRIDGING THE GAPS:
A Comparative Analysis on Orthopedic Accessibility of Universities Around Metro Manila
Misha Angela Chua, Hannah Francisco, J-Duval Pagalilauan, Shane Rañola, Yvonne Rosco
preservation of its structures. While recent renovations implementation remains uneven and often depends on
have introduced some accessibility features, many of the specific building renovations or external funding. Overall,
older buildings still lack ramps or elevators, limiting while both sectors show a commitment to inclusion,

access for students with orthopedic disabilities. The private universities are currently more capable of
campus layout can be difficult to navigate for those with translating policy into comprehensive and functional
mobility impairments, and physical barriers remain an accessibility for orthopedic users.
issue in areas with cobblestone walkways or narrow
corridors. Despite ongoing efforts, such as the installation
C. Student Experiences
of more ramps and the widening of doorways in some
buildings, the overall accessibility is still hindered by the
limitations of its aged infrastructure. PLM's accessibility Interviews reveal that students with orthopedic disabilities
efforts are commendable but often constrained by the need face challenges, including navigating stairs in buildings
to preserve historical architecture. As with other public without elevators and limited access to certain facilities.
universities, the gap between policy and infrastructure is Positive experiences are noted in areas where institutions
evident. have proactively addressed accessibility concerns,
emphasizing the importance of continuous improvement
and student feedback. Student experiences across the
Pros: Government support for inclusivity programs. universities vary significantly, reflecting the extent of each
Cons: Limited budget, which may result in insufficient institution's commitment to orthopedic accessibility.
accessibility features in older buildings.
At UP Diliman, students with orthopedic disabilities often
DLSU: De La Salle University stands out among the express frustration due to the uneven implementation of
universities assessed, largely due to its modern campus accessibility features. While some newer buildings have
and strong commitment to accessibility. The campus is adequate ramps and elevators, older buildings pose
designed with wider walkways, accessible parking spaces, significant challenges. The sprawling campus also makes it
ramps, and elevators strategically placed in all major difficult for students to navigate independently, especially
buildings. DLSU also incorporates accessible signage and for those who require mobility aids. Although the
clear pathways, making it easier for students with university provides shuttle services, these are not always
orthopedic disabilities to navigate. Newer facilities on reliable or sufficient to meet the needs of all students.
campus, such as the School of Business and the College of
Engineering, are equipped with state-of-the-art
At FEU, students generally report a more positive
accessibility features. The university has also committed to
experience due to the university's emphasis on inclusivity
regular infrastructure audits to ensure that all areas meet
in its policies. The newer buildings with ramps and
the latest accessibility standards. Overall, DLSU provides
elevators are well-received, though some students
one of the most comprehensive and effective physical
mention that the older structures still lack sufficient
environments for students with mobility challenges
accessibility features. Students appreciate the all-gender
among the universities studied.
restrooms and the inclusive environment, but some note
that there could be more investment in ensuring complete
Pros: Known for their commitment to inclusivity, with accessibility across the campus.
extensive facilities and infrastructure designed for PWDs.
At EARIST, students with orthopedic disabilities face
more daily challenges. Many complain about the lack of
Cons: As a private institution, the cost of maintaining such ramps and the absence of elevators in older buildings,
infrastructure may be high, but generally, DLSU is ahead making it difficult to attend classes in certain areas of the
of most institutions in terms of accessibility. campus. Students express frustration about the lack of
adequate accommodations, especially in the absence of a
campus-wide accessibility plan. There is a strong desire
C. Policy Implementation and Compliance for more infrastructure that supports mobility aids and
makes navigating the campus less cumbersome.
Policy implementation and compliance with orthopedic
accessibility standards vary significantly between public
In PLM, students experience a mix of accessibility
and private universities in Metro Manila. Private
depending on the location of their classes. Some newer
institutions like FEU and DLSU generally demonstrate
facilities offer decent accessibility, but students with
more consistent adherence to accessibility laws, often due
orthopedic disabilities still encounter significant barriers
to better funding and newer infrastructure. These schools
due to the older, heritage buildings. These buildings often
tend to incorporate inclusive design features into campus
lack ramps or other mobility-friendly features, making it
planning and enforce policies more effectively. In contrast,
difficult for students to fully participate in campus life.
public institutions such as UP, EARIST, and PLM face
While there are ongoing efforts to improve accessibility,
challenges stemming from older facilities, limited budgets,
students with disabilities often feel that the changes come
and bureaucratic constraints. Although efforts are being
too slowly.
made especially in flagship campuses like UP Diliman, the
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Technological Institute of the Philippines - Manila Research Paper
BRIDGING THE GAPS:
A Comparative Analysis on Orthopedic Accessibility of Universities Around Metro Manila
Misha Angela Chua, Hannah Francisco, J-Duval Pagalilauan, Shane Rañola, Yvonne Rosco
At DLSU, students with orthopedic disabilities tend to
have the most positive experiences, as the university has
invested significantly in modern infrastructure. The

campus is designed with ramps, elevators, and wide 2. Mobility and Transportation Support
corridors that make it easier for students to move around
independently. However, some students do mention that,
Accessible Campus Shuttle Services:
in rare cases, older parts of the campus still present
obstacles. Overall, DLSU’s consistent efforts to improve Universities with large campuses (e.g., UP Los Baños,
accessibility have resulted in a campus that is generally MSU-Marawi) should operate wheelchair-accessible
more navigable for students with orthopedic needs, shuttle systems with fold-out ramps, low-floor entry, and
making their overall experience more inclusive and designated PWD seating to facilitate mobility between
supportive. buildings.

Mobility Equipment Lending Centers:

VI. Recommendations Establish assistive device stations on campus where
orthopedic PWDs can borrow wheelchairs, crutches, or
walking aids. These should be strategically placed near
entrances, dormitories, and main academic hubs.

Priority Parking and Drop-Off Zones:

Designate clearly marked PWD-only parking slots and
accessible drop-off points near key buildings such as
libraries, lecture halls, and medical clinics. These areas
should have covered pathways and tactile ground surface
indicators.

3. Policy Implementation and Institutional Support

Figure 6. Summary of Responses (Overall
Recommendation) Creation of PWD Support Units:
Universities should establish a dedicated Office for PWD
1. Infrastructure Development and Upgrades Affairs (e.g., similar to DLSU’s Center for Inclusive
Education) to oversee compliance, facilitate
Retrofitting of Older Buildings: accommodations, and serve as a support hub for
State universities and colleges with aging infrastructure orthopedic students.
(e.g., EARIST, PLM, and buildings in UP Diliman) should
prioritize structural retrofitting to comply with BP 344. Mandatory Accessibility Budget Allocation:
This includes installing ramps with handrails, elevators Institutional policies must earmark at least 2% of the
with Braille buttons, tactile flooring, and widened annual infrastructure budget for accessibility projects—
doorways to accommodate wheelchairs. covering maintenance of elevators, acquisition of mobility
aids, and expansion of accessible facilities.
Universal Design Implementation:
All educational institutions, particularly during Disaster Preparedness and Evacuation Plans:
renovations or new construction, should adopt universal Integrate orthopedic-friendly protocols in university
design principles. These ensure that built environments emergency response systems. This includes evacuation
are accessible not only to orthopedic PWDs but also to the chairs, clearly marked accessible routes, and trained
broader population, including the elderly and temporarily personnel to assist PWDs during disasters.
injured individuals.
4. Sensitivity Training and Awareness Programs
Restroom Accessibility Enhancements:
Upgrade all academic and administrative buildings to Mandatory Faculty and Staff Training:
include at least one fully accessible restroom per floor. Key Implement bi-annual disability sensitivity training
features should include handrails, wider cubicles, non-slip focused on orthopedic limitations, communication
flooring, lower sinks, and automated doors for ease of protocols, and appropriate support strategies, especially
mobility. for professors and security personnel.

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Technological Institute of the Philippines - Manila Research Paper
BRIDGING THE GAPS:
A Comparative Analysis on Orthopedic Accessibility of Universities Around Metro Manila
Misha Angela Chua, Hannah Francisco, J-Duval Pagalilauan, Shane Rañola, Yvonne Rosco
Student Awareness Campaigns:
Run orientation sessions and simulation activities for

Utilizing visual documentation—such as photos,

students to foster empathy and understanding toward diagrams, and site maps—could further strengthen the
orthopedic challenges. Schools like Ateneo and UP have clarity of findings. Lastly, refining our research tools and
successfully piloted these through their student affairs allowing for a longer data collection period with possible
offices. follow-up visits would ensure greater reliability and
provide insights into the sustainability of accessibility
Inclusion in Curriculum and Research: interventions. These steps can guide future researchers in
Incorporate PWD-related topics into allied health, building a more inclusive and impactful assessment of
architecture, and education programs. Encourage student orthopedic accessibility in higher education institutions.
research and thesis work focused on mobility issues and
solutions for orthopedic PWDs in academic environments. VII. Conclusion
5. Academic and Health Support Services

Classroom and Exam Accommodations:

Ensure academic flexibility by offering orthopedic PWDs
preferential seating, accessible desks, and assistance in
moving between rooms, especially in multi-building
schedules.

On-Campus Orthopedic Health Services:

Collaborate with local health institutions or set up regular
medical check-ups and physical therapy sessions through
the university health service, targeting long-term
Figure 7. Analyzation and results of the
orthopedic conditions.
conducted survey

Hotline and Escort Services: Many universities in Metro Manila still face serious
Launch campus-wide PWD support hotlines that can problems when it comes to providing easy access for
dispatch staff or trained volunteers for mobility assistance. students with orthopedic disabilities. From narrow
Escort services should be available during peak hours and hallways to a lack of ramps and elevators, these issues
emergencies. make it hard for students to move freely and participate in
school activities. Even though there are laws like the
For Improvements Accessibility Law (BP 344) that require schools to be
disability-friendly, not all schools follow them well.
In conducting this research, we recognized several areas
for improvement that could enhance the depth and impact The research shows that public and private schools have
of future studies. First, expanding our sample to include a different levels of accessibility, and those with more
wider range of universities—both public and private, resources tend to have better facilities. Aside from
across different regions—would allow for more physical barriers, students with orthopedic disabilities also
generalizable and comprehensive findings. Incorporating
mixed methods, such as combining quantitative scoring
tools with qualitative interviews from students with
orthopedic conditions, would provide richer insights into face challenges because of limited awareness and support
real-life accessibility experiences. Future research should from school staff and administrators.
also prioritize the direct involvement of persons with
disabilities (PWDs), particularly by partnering with Fixing these problems requires more than just building
advocacy groups or university-based PWD organizations ramps or wider doorways. Schools need proper planning,
to center their voices in the analysis. Moreover, integrating regular updates to facilities, training for staff, and stronger
a stronger theoretical foundation, such as universal design enforcement of laws. By making changes in both
principles or the social model of disability, along with a infrastructure and school policies, learning environments
review of current legal frameworks like BP 344 or the can become safer, more inclusive, and more respectful for
UNCRPD, would deepen the academic rigor of the study. everyone—especially for students with disabilities.
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Technological Institute of the Philippines - Manila Research Paper
BRIDGING THE GAPS:
A Comparative Analysis on Orthopedic Accessibility of Universities Around Metro Manila
Misha Angela Chua, Hannah Francisco, J-Duval Pagalilauan, Shane Rañola, Yvonne Rosco

Creating a barrier-free school isn’t just about meeting legal

rules. It’s about showing care, respect, and equality.
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Commission on Higher Education. (n.d.). CHED

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Primdahl, J. and Swaffield, S. (no date), Globalisation and

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Technological Institute of the Philippines - Manila Research Paper