HumanFocusedDesign_GeneralAssembly
HumanFocusedDesign_GeneralAssembly
User Interviews
Problem-Solving Through Empathy 05
Affinity Mapping
Visualize Your Research 07
Usability
Creating for Users’ Needs and Requirements 10
Usability Testing
Learn What’s Working — and What’s Not 12
02
Introduction
The field of user experience (UX) design is revolutionizing how
people interact with the world around them. UX design is why
Google is so simple to use and how Amazon knows what product
to recommend next. It’s also why the best websites make it
seemingly effortless to find what you’re looking for, and why some
products are so intuitive that they don’t require an instruction
manual. UX even comes into play in everyday experiences — think
about the check-in process at a doctor’s office or the way you
choose to organize your kitchen wares. UX design is everywhere.
A smart UX strategy has the power to make or break a business, and that’s
why demand for UX talent is on the rise. All too often, business leaders focus
on their own point of view and miss the mark on what their customers actually
want and how to best deliver it. As a result, companies roll out ineffective
products and/or processes that audiences don’t enjoy or can’t use, losing
market share to competitors.
03
The heart of this process lies in engaging with, and developing empathy for,
the people who ultimately will use the product or service. Rather than making
decisions in a vacuum, UX designers deploy several strategies — often repeating
them as they refine and optimize — to tailor their product to actual user behavior
and needs.
Developing a UX design mindset helps individuals and teams more easily and
efficiently achieve their goals — and it’s important to note that these approaches
aren’t exclusive to the field. Business leaders, product teams, creatives, and more
can get see great impact by incorporating them strategically, too.
In this paper, you’ll learn how to leverage UX design to gain crucial insights into
customers and create products they’ll love through these powerful approaches:
• User interviews: Gain valuable insights into your target audience’s
motivations, behaviors, and emotions.
• Affinity mapping: Discover trends, themes, and areas of opportunity in
your research through strategic organization.
• Customer journey mapping: Form a deeper understanding of customers’
processes, needs, and perceptions by utilizing this tool.
• Usability and usability testing: Ensure your product is not only functional
and user-friendly, but also provides value.
Ready to discover how to connect with, and solve for, users and their needs?
Let’s get started.
Human-Focused Design: Introduction
04
Problem-Solving Through Empathy
User Interviews
We all know about widely successful products. They’re the ones that
seemingly come out of nowhere and change the way we live, like the
smartphone, ridesharing, or turn-by-turn navigation. But, there are a
lot of products that don’t make it because consumers don’t see their
value — or enough value to pay for them.
During user interviews, design teams go out into the world, find people who fit
their target personas, observe their behavior, and ask them questions. A persona
is a representation of users who have the same problem or goal. And, although
personas are not real people, they are created based on real user data, often
generated or validated by user interviews.
User interviews were introduced in 1990 when a report called Contextual Design:
An Emergent View of System Design included “contextual inquiry” as part of the
product development process.
The goal of a user interview is to discover problems that product and design
teams could potentially solve. Anyone on a product development team —
including product managers and user experience designers — can benefit from
taking part in user interviews. By observing real people in context while they are
experiencing a problem, you can build empathy, avoid making assumptions about
user wants and needs, and strengthen your desire to personally offer a solution.
Interviewing can result in not only more successful products, but also more
inspired teams that find greater meaning in their work.
Oftentimes, user interviews are misunderstood as “just asking users what they
want.” However, this fails to represent their true objective. As researchers, our goal
is always to observe current behavior to prove that a problem is real, identify the
Human-Focused Design: User Interviews
context in and frequency with which it occurs, understand how a user currently
solves the problem, and gauge their level of frustration when it’s occurring.
Critics will often add that they understand problems sufficiently by looking at
analytics, or quantitative data. Unfortunately, quantitative data can only tell you
that there is a problem — it’s qualitative data that tells you what that problem is
and why it exists. By interviewing users and truly understanding and empathizing
with a problem, you can learn about their behaviors and motivations and the
scenarios in which they’d use your product. This information, which can’t be
distilled from quantitative data — allows you to think more broadly about
solutions and build the next set of truly innovative and successful products.
05
How to Find Users to Interview
Sometimes, this may be as simple as doing intercept interviews, in which you
approach people on the street, in a place of business, or digitally while they are
using your product, and ask them for a few moments of their time. (It’s OK if they
say no! Move on to the next person — someone will say yes soon.) You can also
tap into your current user base via an email blast or by connecting with those
who have submitted a support issue.
current behavior to If you have a large budget and are looking to speak with highly targeted users, you
prove that a problem can also hire a company to recruit participants for your test. This can get expensive
and also inject a bit of bias because these users tend to be compensated at a
is real, identify the higher rate than willing participants from other methods. However, in some cases,
context in and frequency this is the only efficient way to access a specific group of people.
with which it occurs, Depending on where your users are located, you might conduct an interview
understand how a user in person, on the phone, or via video conference. It’s best to have two people
from your team present so that one person can ask the questions, converse, and
currently solves the practice active listening while the other takes notes. If you record the interview,
problem, and gauge make sure to ask the user for permission beforehand.
you ever paid for a service like this?” or “Why have you stopped using this
product or similar products?” Focusing on past behavior targets actual
problems, rather than those that are projected or theoretical.
Conducting user interviews will leave you with a whole lot of material to sort
through. In the next section, we’ll dive into an essential research-organization
tool that uncovers key insights and drives the design process.
06
Affinity Mapping
Visualize Your Research
Every great design begins with thorough research. By leveraging
techniques like user interviews, usability testing, contextual inquiry,
and competitive analysis, UX designers have the opportunity to learn
about user pain points, motivations, and preferences in a personal
way. But, tracking all of that data and finding patterns can be difficult,
especially in a long text document or pages of handwritten notes.
That’s why UX designers practice affinity mapping.
The first step is to write out all your research findings on your trusty sticky notes.
Being able to separate data out into moveable blocks will allow you to get a better
scope of the qualitative and quantitative information you’ve collected. You can
group together like information later, but for now, you just need to get it out of
Human-Focused Design: Affinity Mapping
your head (or your notebook) and into this new working space.
Affinity maps are essential for synthesizing research from your interviews, and
designers conduct multiple rounds of mapping sessions throughout the course
of a project. The insights you uncover in creating your affinity map will help you
better understand your users, which is key in creating effective personas and
making decisions about new product features.
Now that you’ve explored and organized your users’ needs, habits, and behaviors,
it’s time to map out how people will actually use your product. In the next section,
we’ll explore a technique called customer journey mapping, which is used to
illustrate this process.
Human-Focused Design: Affinity Mapping
08
Customer Journey Mapping
Documenting Users’ Interactions
The Ralph Waldo Emerson quote, “Life’s a journey, not a destination,”
may be a cliché, but it perfectly reflects customer journey mapping,
a valuable tool for determining how a customer may use a product
or service.
For example, when designing for Starbucks’ mobile ordering app, a journey
mapping exercise would likely include a customer’s actions:
• Before they use the app.
• During their ordering experience.
• After they’ve picked up their order.
09
“By understanding the Let’s pretend you own a hotel in Las Vegas and want to market your business as
a honeymoon destination. Your customer journey map might start out looking
nuances of the consumer something like this:
journey, a brand can
01 Customer searches for “Honeymoon in Las Vegas” on Google.
identify moments to
surprise and delight 02 C
ustomer sees a Google ad that says, “Romantic Honeymoon Packages,
Las Vegas.”
their customers on- and
03 C
ustomer clicks the ad and lands on your website’s “The Honeymoon
offline, as well as forge Package” product page.
a more meaningful and
04 Honeymoon Package details are listed clearly: a romantic gondola ride,
memorable connection.” champagne, a dozen roses upon arrival, and fine chocolates delivered nightly.
05 C
ustomer puts the Honeymoon Package in their cart but does not check out;
they are prompted to enter their email address before leaving the website
and they do so.
06 O
ne hour later, customer receives an email about the Honeymoon Package in
their cart and is offered a free upgrade if they book within the next two days.
07 E
xcited about this personalized offer, customer shares the details in the email
with their fiancé.
08 Two days later, after considering other options, the couple logs onto your
website to complete the purchase.
09 Months later, the couple arrives at your hotel, where they are escorted to
their luxury suite to begin their “Honeymoon in Las Vegas.”
This customer journey involves many steps and many decision-making factors
on the part of the customer. By understanding its nuances, a brand can identify
moments to surprise and delight their customers on- and offline, as well as forge
a more meaningful and memorable connection.
Customer journey mapping is just one way to get to know the people using
your product. Coming up, you’ll discover how to get feedback from current
and potential users.
Human-Focused Design: Customer Journey Mapping
10
Creating for Users’ Needs and Requirements
Usability
User experience design isn’t only about creating new products, but
also improving ones that already exist. Before making any changes,
though, it’s essential to consider usability. What exactly do we mean
when we talk about a product’s “usability”?
01 Learnability
Make sure people can begin to perform basic tasks with minimal effort during
the time they initially use a product or service.
• What a user’s required knowledge level coming into the site, app, product,
or service?
• With what information have they been primed?
• Are there too many features?
• Have conventions been used from other sites, apps, or systems with which
your audience is familiar?
• Did you provide a way to learn about the less obvious, secondary features?
Human-Focused Design: Usability
02 Efficiency
Ensure people can achieve their goals quickly with the system after they learn
how to use it.
• Does the system reduce hesitation with clear language and feedback?
• Are there special shortcuts for power users?
• Is technology leveraged to reduce user effort?
• Lastly, in the case of digital interfaces, how many clicks does it take to use,
and are there opportunities to reduce steps to the end goal?
11
03 Memorability
Strive to design systems that people can not only learn to use initially, but don’t
have to relearn with every use.
• Does the system call out changes since the user’s last interaction?
• Are the interface elements placed in conventional positions?
• Would customers be able to re-establish proficiency after a lapse in use?
04 Error Management
Reduce the number, magnitude, and impact of any user errors.
• Have the designers anticipated errors that users may make and tried to
prevent them?
“When products or • Have designers considered preemptive error management?
services are overloaded • Is the system forgiving of user mistakes?
• Are error messages clear?
with too many features,
or when features are 05 Satisfaction
provided in ways Determine whether people continue using the product/service.
• Does the product/service do what it says it will?
that don’t match • Is it different from others in its category?
• Is it visually appealing?
expectations or needs, • Is it well executed from a technical perspective?
it’s difficult for customers • Are there pleasant surprises? Does it delight?
to find and use what
Usability Is Not Only a Digital Concern
they’re looking for.” Usability depends just as much on hardware design as it does software
design. Usability is also critical to products with no digital interface, such as
the houseware company OXO’s kitchen utensils. The company prides itself
on giving people easy, ergonomically sound ways to open jars, peel fruit and
veggies, and perform other cooking and food-preparation tasks. Finally, consider
services in addition to physical and digital products. For instance, is the process
for renewing your driver’s license a usable one? Think about opportunities for
improvement there.
Now that we’ve established what usability is, how do we test for it? In the next
section, dive into how to determine what’s working and what’s not throughout
your design process.
Human-Focused Design: Usability
12
Usability Testing
Learn What’s Working — and What’s Not
Usability testing is an integral part of UX design that allows us to
get feedback directly from users, thereby creating a product that’s
not only functional and user-friendly, but also provides value.
Usability testing is often conducted later in the design process when working on a
new feature or product, or at the beginning of a redesign project. The exercise is
intended to check:
• The design structure’s efficiency.
• The organization of content.
• Whether the design direction is in line with the users’ “mental model,”
motivations, and satisfaction.
When incorporated toward the end of the design process, usability testing helps
validate and evaluate whether the product’s design goals have been met.
One of usability testing’s most obvious benefits is its impact on user friendly
design, but there are additional reasons to implement the practice. Usability
testing can lead to great results when it comes to comparing design alternatives,
checking to see whether design goals have been met, getting stakeholder buy-in,
and more. It can also help align team members and stakeholders. When everyone
can see how a product is actually performing, it’s easier to get on the same page
about the next steps in developing and improving that product.
Two of the key challenges when conducting a successful usability test are
recruiting the right participants and having a skilled moderator. A good moderator
must be empathetic, open-minded, a good listener, and able to multitask!
Human-Focused Design: Usability Testing
13
“Usability testing allows us
The typical steps involved in conducting a usability test are:
to empathize with users lan.
01 P
by learning how they think. a. Decide what you’re going to test, e.g., a specific area of your site or app.
b. Write scenarios and tasks for the users you’re going to test.
This provides valuable c. Prepare a script to introduce the test to the participant.
insights that translate d. Make sure your prototype is working as expected before testing.
14
Where Do We Go From Here?
As we mentioned at the start of this paper, the strategies above aren’t
just for UX designers. They can enhance and improve workflows
across a broad range of functions, and boost collaboration and
communication across individuals and teams. People who excel in
user experience design tend to be curious, empathetic, and unafraid
of a good challenge — and these qualities help elicit better insights
and push innovation in any role.
Get yourself and your team on the road to impactful inquiry, research, and
iteration. The following tips will help you cultivate a culture of human-focused
strategy and exploration.
04 Build empathy with your user. Engaging products begin and end with
strong emotional connections. Always consider the touchpoints your product has
with your user, and focus on where you can draw this out in your product to bring
both utility and delight.
15
General Assembly
About
Since 2011, General Assembly has transformed careers and teams
— including more than one-third of the Fortune 100 — through
pioneering, experiential education in today’s most in-demand
tech skills. The leading source for training, staffing, and career
transitions, GA fosters a flourishing community of professionals
pursuing careers they love.
Teams and individuals can become more efficient and cross-functional through
our leading-edge training in design, product management, web development,
digital marketing, and data science. Learn at our global campuses, online, or on
site at your company.
Contributors
Tricia Cervenan
Katharine Hargreaves
Tyler Hartrich
Jared Rogers
Shebani Saxena
Sharon Lee Thony
Rachel Wendte
Susan Wolfe
16