THE INTEGRATION MOVEMENT

(1) WEST INDIAN FEDERATION

West Indies Federation (1958-1962):

1.Background:
 The idea of a political union among the

British Caribbean colonies gained traction

in the 1940s and 1950s as a response to
growing nationalist movements and
demands for self-governance in the
region. Proponents of federation believed
that a united political entity would
provide greater strength and autonomy
for the Caribbean nations.
2.Formation:
 The West Indies Federation was formally

established on January 3, 1958 following

the Montego Bay Conference in 1947,
with the signing of the Federation of the
West Indies Act by several British
Caribbean colonies, including Jamaica,
Trinidad and Tobago, Barbados, and
others. The capital of the federation was
located in Trinidad.
3.Objectives:
 The primary goals of the federation were

to:
 promote economic development

 enhance regional security

 strengthen the political voice of the

Caribbean within the British Empire.

  Strengthen the movement for self
governance
 It aimed to create a single federal

government for the member states, with

shared institutions and decision-making
processes.
4.Structure:
 There would be a senate of 19 nominated

members and a house of representatives

of 45 elected members. There would be a
governor general, prime minister and 10
ministers.
 West Indian Federal Labour Party

supported by N.W Manley, Eric Williams

and Grantly Adams defeating the
Democratic Labour Party supported by
Bustamante and Gomes (26-19)
5.Challenges and Dissolution:
 Despite initial optimism, the West Indies

Federation faced numerous challenges

that ultimately led to its dissolution in
1962. Internal disagreements over issues
such as:
 Taxation
 Representation
 the distribution of power between the

federal and state governments

undermined the unity of the federation.
 member states, such as Jamaica,

expressed dissatisfaction with the

perceived dominance of larger territories
like Trinidad and Tobago within the
federation.
(2) CARIBBEAN FREE TRADE ASSOCIATION
(CARIFTA)

1.Formation:
 CARIFTA was established in 1965 as a

response to the need for greater

economic cooperation and development
among Caribbean countries. It aimed to
promote regional integration through the
expansion of intra-regional trade and the
removal of barriers to commerce.
2.Objectives:
 The primary objective of CARIFTA was to

create a free trade area among its

member states. This involved reducing or
eliminating tariffs, quotas, and other
trade barriers on goods originating from
CARIFTA member countries.
3.Membership:
 Initially, CARIFTA consisted of several

English-speaking Caribbean countries,

including Jamaica, Trinidad and Tobago,
Barbados, Guyana, and others. Over
time, membership expanded to include
additional Caribbean nations seeking to
benefit from increased trade
opportunities within the region.
4.Trade Liberalization:
  One of CARIFTA's key achievements was
the gradual reduction of tariffs and other
trade barriers among member states.
This helped to stimulate intra-regional
trade and fostered economic growth and
development in the Caribbean.
5.Institutional Framework:
 CARIFTA established institutional

mechanisms to facilitate cooperation and

coordination among member states. This
included the establishment of a
secretariat to oversee the
implementation of trade agreements,
resolve disputes, and promote trade-
related initiatives.
6.Transition to CARICOM:
 In 1973, CARIFTA evolved into the

Caribbean Community and Common

Market (CARICOM), expanding its focus
beyond trade to encompass a wider
range of economic, social, and political
objectives. CARICOM retained and built
upon the achievements of CARIFTA while
deepening integration efforts in other
areas.

(3) CARIBBEAN COMMUNITY AND COMMON

MARKET (CARICOM)-1973
CARIFTA evolved into CARICOM as a way to
deepen economic ties and also political and social.
CARICOM was established by the Treaty of
Chaguaramas and was originally signed by Jamaica,
T&T, Barbados and Guyana.CARICOM was
established to replace CARIFTA which had failed in
its mission to develop policies in the region pertaining
to labour and capital.

CARICOM is a grouping of 20 member states which

consist of 15 member states and 5 associate members.

T&T
BARBADOS
GUYANA
JAMAICA
HAITI
ST. LUCIA
ST.VINCENT AND THE GRENADINES
GRENADA
BARBUDA
ANTIGUA
ST. KITTS AND NEVIS

The main organs of CARICOM are the Heads of

Government Conference and the Council of Ministers,
and the CARICOM Secretariat.

CARICOM is a trading bloc linking many of the

countries of the Caribbean. The Common External
Tariff (when a group of countries agree to charge the
same import tax on goods coming from countries
outside of their group. It helps them have a unified
 approach to trade and protect their own industries)
helps regional industries by setting low rates of duty
for imports of goods which cannot be produced in the
region, and higher rates of duty to protect regional
producers from competition

OBJECTIVES
- TRADE LIBERALIZATION
- COMMON POLICIES IN DEALING WITH
NON MEMBER STATES

Secretariat (headquarters where matters are

taken):helps countries make decisions together and
solve problems
Heads of government conference:leaders around the
caribbean
Deepening Integration (1990s-Present):
 In the 1990s and beyond, CARICOM has

focused on deepening integration through

initiatives such as the Caribbean Single
Market and Economy (CSME). The CSME aims
to create a single market for goods, services,
labor, and capital within the Caribbean
region. In addition to CARICOM, there are
other regional integration initiatives in the
Caribbean, such as the Organization of
Eastern Caribbean States (OECS) and the
Association of Caribbean States (ACS), which
focus on specific sub-regions or thematic
areas.
CHALLENGES:
-DISPUTES AMONG MEMBER STATES
CONCERNING DISTRIBUTION OF POWER
- ABSENCE OF A COMMON CURRENCY
- DIFFERENT PRIORITIES (conflict of interests)
-DIFFERENCES IN DEVELOPMENT
-CARIBBEAN PEOPLE DIDN’T SEE THE
IMPORTANCE OF CARICOM (IMPROVE CARIBBEAN
PEOPLE’S UNDERSTANDING OF CARICOM)
-UNEQUAL DISTRIBUTION OF RESOURCES
-COMPETITION AMONG MEMBER STATES

(4) ORGANIZATION OF EASTERN CARIBBEAN

STATES (OECS)
Formation:
a.The OECS was established on June 18,
1981, with the signing of the Treaty of
Basseterre by seven Eastern Caribbean
countries: Antigua and Barbuda,
Dominica, Grenada, Montserrat, St. Kitts
and Nevis, St. Lucia, and St. Vincent and
the Grenadines. The treaty aimed to
promote cooperation and integration
among these smaller Eastern Caribbean
nations.
Objectives:
b.The primary objectives of the OECS
include promoting economic integration,
fostering cooperation in areas such as
education and health, enhancing regional
security, and representing the interests
 of its member states on the international
stage.
Institutions and Mechanisms:
c. The OECS has established several
institutions and mechanisms to facilitate
cooperation among member states.
These include the Eastern Caribbean
Supreme Court, the Eastern Caribbean
Central Bank, the OECS Assembly, and
various specialized technical committees.
Achievements:
d.The OECS has made significant progress
in areas such as economic integration,
harmonization of laws and policies, and
regional cooperation in sectors such as
health, education, and tourism. The
Eastern Caribbean Currency Union
(ECCU), which uses a common currency
(the Eastern Caribbean dollar), is one
notable achievement of the OECS.
Challenges and Future Directions:
e.Despite its successes, the OECS faces
challenges such as limited resources,
vulnerability to natural disasters, and
economic disparities among member
states. Efforts to deepen integration and
address these challenges continue, with
a focus on areas such as climate
resilience, sustainable development, and
strengthening regional institutions.

2021:
(5) ASSOCIATION OF CARIBBEAN STATES (ACS)
Formation:
a.The ACS was established on July 24,
1994, with the signing of the Agreement
Establishing the Association of Caribbean
States in Cartagena, Colombia. It brought
together countries from across the
Caribbean basin, including the Caribbean
Community (CARICOM) member states,
as well as non-CARICOM countries such
as Mexico, Colombia, and Venezuela.
Objectives:
b.The ACS aims to promote cooperation
and integration among countries in the
wider Caribbean region. Its objectives
include fostering sustainable
development, protecting the
environment, addressing common
challenges such as climate change and
natural disasters, promoting trade and
investment, and strengthening cultural
ties.
Membership:
c. The ACS has a diverse membership,
including 25 member states and several
associate members and observers.
Member states span the Caribbean basin,
encompassing CARICOM countries,
Central American nations, and countries
bordering the Caribbean Sea.
Institutional Structure:
 d.The ACS operates through various organs
and mechanisms, including ministerial
councils, specialized committees, and a
Secretariat based in Port of Spain,
Trinidad and Tobago. It provides a forum
for dialogue and cooperation among
member states and serves as a platform
for joint action on regional issues.
Cooperation Areas:
e.The ACS focuses on a wide range of
cooperation areas, including trade and
economic integration, transportation and
connectivity, sustainable tourism,
disaster risk management, marine and
coastal conservation, cultural exchange,
and technical cooperation.
Challenges and Opportunities:
f. The ACS faces challenges such as limited
institutional capacity, resource
constraints, and differing priorities
among member states. However, it also
presents opportunities for countries in
the Caribbean basin to collaborate on
common goals, address shared
challenges, and leverage collective
strengths for the benefit of the region.

ACHIEVEMENT AND CHALLENGES:

CARICOM:
By 1973 there had been substantial changes on the
international front,
which prompted Caribbean leaders to seek deeper forms of
integration.
CARICOM was intended to give Caribbean countries more
diplomatic and
bargaining weight in their relations with other countries, as
well as to provide
a specific path to development. Further aims included the
improvement of
trade relationships among member states, enhancement of
international
competitiveness and improvements to the standard of living of
member states.

Achievements
With the liberalisation of world economies and more
specifically, the establishment of regional trade blocs,
CARICOM became more relevant in the latter part of the
1990s and at the start of the 21st century. Members of
CARICOM derive many benefits. Individually, member states
are too small to withstand economic competition from larger
countries and trading blocs. A unified Caribbean is able to
negotiate better terms in economic agreements. CARICOM is
also committed to trade within the region, with integration
providing a larger market for individual member states.
CARICOM has a stronger, more influential voice in global
matters than individual states. Size means power, and an
integrated Caribbean is increasingly able to influence the
direction of world affairs. Integration should create an
awareness of Caribbean identity. It should allow CARICOM
people to explore and better appreciate the culture of other
member states.
Challenges to the success of CARICOM
Member countries have tended to pursue different strategies
for political and economic development. For example, in the
1970s Grenada, Guyana and Jamaica attempted modified
forms of socialism. These differences have sometimes caused
disharmony among member states.
Some CARICOM member states have fewer natural resources
than others and these states may not have advanced as fast as
others from an economic perspective. People from different
parts of the region know little about each other's territories
and regional tourism is not well developed.
The absence of a common currency is another problem. Some
states do not accept the currency of another, thus making trade
difficult.
Freedom of movement is still a challenge as many nationals
are refused entry into other countries even though they might
have met the qualifying standards. The famous Shanique
Myrie case is a clear example of problems with freedom of
movement.

2015
CARICOM, in its current state, can respond to various
globalization issues in the following ways:
1. Addressing Competition: CARICOM can promote regional
cooperation and integration to enhance competitiveness. By
harmonizing trade policies, reducing trade barriers, and
fostering regional value chains, member states can
collectively strengthen their position in the global market.

2. Mitigating Vulnerability to Economic Shocks: CARICOM

can enhance economic resilience by diversifying their
economies and reducing dependence on a single industry or
market. This can help cushion the impact of external shocks
and provide alternative sources of income and employment.

3. Managing Outsourcing: CARICOM can develop strategies

to attract and retain investment, while also safeguarding local
industries and jobs. This can involve offering incentives for
domestic businesses, promoting innovation and technological
advancements, and ensuring fair labor practices.

4. Addressing Brain Drain: CARICOM can implement

policies to encourage the retention of skilled individuals
within the region. This can include creating opportunities for
career advancement, improving working conditions, and
providing incentives for professionals to contribute to their
home countries.

5. Tackling Inflationary Pressures: CARICOM can adopt

sound monetary and fiscal policies to manage inflation. By
maintaining price stability, implementing effective regulatory
frameworks, and promoting responsible fiscal management,
member states can mitigate inflationary pressures.
6. Managing Exchange Rate Fluctuations: CARICOM can
establish mechanisms for managing exchange rate
fluctuations, such as regional currency arrangements or
coordination of monetary policies. This can help stabilize
exchange rates and facilitate smoother trade and investment
flows.

2012:CHALLENGES OF CARICOM
1.Differences in priorities
2.differences in development
3.absense of a common currency
4.freedom of movement (Shanique Myrie story explaination)
5. People from different parts of the region know little about
each other's territories and regional tourism is not well
developed
Certainly, let's delve into each of these challenges facing
CARICOM:

1. **Differences in Priorities**: CARICOM consists of 15

member states with diverse political, social, and economic
priorities. These differences can create challenges in decision-
making and coordination within the organization. Member
states may prioritize issues differently based on their specific
national interests, historical contexts, and immediate
concerns. As a result, consensus-building on regional
initiatives, policies, and programs may be challenging, leading
to delays or limited progress in addressing common issues
such as trade agreements, climate change mitigation, and
regional security cooperation.

2. **Differences in Development**: CARICOM member

states vary significantly in terms of their levels of economic
development, GDP per capita, infrastructure, and social
indicators such as education and healthcare. These differences
can create disparities in wealth, access to resources, and
opportunities for economic growth and social advancement
among member states. Less developed countries may face
greater challenges in meeting the requirements of regional
integration agreements, implementing common policies, and
benefiting from regional initiatives, exacerbating inequalities
within the Caribbean community.

3. **Absence of a Common Currency**: Unlike some

regional integration blocs such as the European Union,
CARICOM does not have a common currency. Member states
retain their national currencies, which can create challenges
for trade, investment, and monetary policy coordination
within the region. Exchange rate fluctuations, currency
devaluations, and transaction costs associated with currency
conversion can hinder intra-regional trade and economic
integration, making it more difficult for businesses to operate
across borders and for consumers to engage in cross-border
transactions.
4. **Freedom of Movement (Shanique Myrie Story
Explanation)**: The case of Shanique Myrie, a Jamaican
national who brought a landmark legal case against Barbados
for alleged discrimination and mistreatment at its border,
highlights challenges related to freedom of movement within
CARICOM. Despite the establishment of the CARICOM
Single Market and Economy (CSME) and the right of
CARICOM nationals to enter member states without
restrictions, some countries have faced criticism for
implementing stringent immigration policies, border controls,
and discriminatory practices against citizens of other
CARICOM states. Such incidents undermine efforts to
promote regional integration, social cohesion, and the free
movement of people within the Caribbean community.

5. **Limited Regional Awareness and Tourism

Development**: Many people from different parts of the
Caribbean region know little about each other's territories,
cultures, and histories. This lack of regional awareness can
hinder efforts to foster a sense of Caribbean identity, unity,
and solidarity among member states. Additionally, regional
tourism is not well developed compared to other global
destinations, despite the region's natural beauty, cultural
heritage, and diverse attractions. Limited investment in
tourism infrastructure, marketing, and promotion, as well as
challenges such as high travel costs and transportation
barriers, can inhibit the growth of regional tourism and limit
its potential as a driver of economic development and regional
integration.
6.Disputes Between Member States: Disputes between
member states can pose significant challenges to the cohesion
and effectiveness of CARICOM. These disputes may arise
from territorial disputes, historical grievances, economic
competition, or political disagreements. Disputes can hinder
cooperation, consensus-building, and progress on regional
initiatives, undermining the principles of unity and solidarity
within the Caribbean community.

2011:FREEDOM OF MOVEMENT (INCLUDE SHANIQUE

MYRIE)

**The Shanique Myrie Case and Its Impact**

The case of Jamaican national Shanique Myrie brought the

issue of freedom of movement in the Caribbean to global
attention. In 2011, Myrie was detained and deported from
Barbados after being denied entry despite presenting valid
travel documents. She claimed to have been subjected to
degrading and humiliating treatment, including a cavity
search.

The Myrie case sparked outrage across the region and led to a
landmark ruling by the Caribbean Court of Justice (CCJ). The
CCJ found that Barbados had violated Myrie's rights under the
Revised Treaty of Chaguaramas, which establishes the
Caribbean Community (CARICOM) and guarantees freedom
of movement among member states.

**Arguments against Freedom of Movement**

Some countries in the Caribbean have argued that complete
freedom of movement could pose security risks, strain public
resources, and lead to overcrowding. Concerns have been
raised about the potential for undocumented migration, human
trafficking, and drug smuggling. Additionally, some countries
have argued that they cannot afford to provide the same level
of social services to non-nationals as they do to their own
citizens.

**Arguments in Favor of Freedom of Movement**

Proponents of freedom of movement argue that it is essential

for fostering economic growth, cultural exchange, and
regional cooperation. They point out that unrestricted
movement of goods and people within the Caribbean could
boost trade and investment, create new job opportunities, and
improve living standards for all. Moreover, they argue that
freedom of movement would strengthen the bonds between
Caribbean nations and promote a sense of regional identity.

2009: ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF A

SINGLE GOVERNMENT.
Absolutely, those are excellent points highlighting the
potential benefits of establishing a single government for
CARICOM:

1. **Enhanced Economic Integration**: Harmonizing

economic policies across CARICOM member states would
create a more cohesive and competitive economic bloc. This
could lead to synergies in trade, investment, and production,
fostering economic growth and development across the
region. By aligning regulatory frameworks, eliminating trade
barriers, and promoting regional cooperation, a single
government could unlock the full potential of the Caribbean
market and attract greater investment from both domestic and
foreign sources. This integration could also facilitate the
movement of goods, services, and capital within the region,
creating opportunities for businesses to expand and thrive in a
unified economic space.

2. **Improved Security Cooperation**: Pooling the resources

and capabilities of CARICOM member states under a single
government would enhance security cooperation and
coordination in addressing common security challenges. By
leveraging collective intelligence, sharing information, and
coordinating law enforcement efforts, the region could more
effectively combat transnational crime, drug trafficking, arms
smuggling, and other security threats. This enhanced security
cooperation would contribute to greater stability and
resilience in the Caribbean, making the region a safer place
for residents, businesses, and visitors alike.

3. **Greater Political Unity**: A single government

representing all CARICOM member states would provide the
region with a unified voice and greater influence in
international affairs. By speaking with one voice on global
issues such as climate change, sustainable development, and
human rights, the Caribbean could amplify its impact and
advocate for common interests on the world stage. This
greater political unity would strengthen the region's position
in international negotiations, enhance its diplomatic leverage,
and promote solidarity among Caribbean nations in
addressing shared challenges and opportunities.

DISADVANTAGES
Sovereignty Concerns: The establishment of a single
government may raise concerns about sovereignty among
CARICOM member states. Some countries may be reluctant
to cede authority to a centralized government, fearing a loss of
autonomy and control over national decision-making
processes. Sovereignty concerns could lead to resistance and
opposition from member states, undermining efforts to
achieve consensus and cooperation within CARICOM
Ethnic, Cultural, and Political Differences: CARICOM
member states are diverse in terms of ethnicity, culture,
language, and political ideology. A single government would
need to accommodate these differences and ensure
representation and participation from all member states.
However, ethnic, cultural, and political divisions could
complicate efforts to establish a unified government structure,
leading to tensions and conflicts within CARICOM.
Freedom of movement can create social and economic
pressures in receiving countries, particularly those with
limited resources and infrastructure to accommodate migrants.
Increased migration flows may strain public services such as
healthcare, education, and housing, leading to competition for
scarce resources and potential social tensions between
migrants and host communities. Additionally, concerns about
job displacement, wage suppression, and strains on local
economies may arise, especially in sectors where migrants are
perceived to compete with local workers for employment
opportunities.

UWI: The University of the West Indies (UWI)

Since the 1940s the University of the West Indies has been a
flagship
institute, fostering Caribbean unity and integration. Its
locations throughout
the region (Mona in Jamaica, Cave Hill in Barbados and St
Augustine in
Trinidad) has further strengthened its role.
Achievements of the UWI
UWI has allowed many students to travel throughout the
region in order to study at different campuses, and they have
become acquainted with the diverse Caribbean culture. The
courses offered by the university are relevant to the needs of
the region. UWI gives the region a sense of identity by
providing a Caribbean university that provides education that
reflects local needs. The university has found new and
creative ways to provide education, such as via distance
learning or off-campus learning, and this has increased the
percentage of Caribbean nationals who have achieved
qualifications in tertiary education. It is the region's leading
organisation in medical, scientific, social, economic,
environmental, tourism and political research.

CXC: Caribbean Examinations Council (CXC)

The Caribbean Examinations Council (CXC) was established
in 1972 to develop a system of regional examinations at
Ordinary and Advanced Levels, to replace the Cambridge and
London General Certificate of Education (GCE) examinations
then taken by candidates in the region.
The syllabi are set by Caribbean nationals and are geared
towards the development needs of the Caribbean, hence
fostering integration and facilitating development through
education.
Challenges
A present challenge facing CXC is that there is the constant
threat of international examinations and the demand for
foreign examinations and qualifications rather than local ones.
For example, sitting SATs has became increasingly popular as
an alternative path to post-secondary education in the US.
Many people think that anything foreign, especially if it
comes from North America or Europe, is far superior to
Caribbean versions.

WICB: West Indies Cricket Board (WICB)

The West Indies Cricket Board, established in 1925, is the
longest surviving integrated institution in the Caribbean. It has
been a full member of the International Cricket Council since
1926. Its function is to develop, promote and market cricket
tor the region. Caribbean identity has been promoted due
successes in Test Cricket between 1980 and 1995 during
which the team did not lose a single test series. In addition the
team has won world titles and nurtured several world record
holders. Cricket is very important for Caribbean development
because it generates income for players, as well as the
regional and local economy. It provides employment not only
for cricketers but for support services such as ground
maintenance, transportation and administration services.
The board also helps to promote regional integration through
various competitions for male, female and youth teams,
Cricketers also travel throughout the region and learn more
about our diverse cultures, and this helps to enhance the
integration process. International and regional games also
promote tourism as well as increase foreign exchange
earnings.
CARIMAC: Caribbean Institute of Media and
Communication

CARIMAC was founded in 1974 and is housed at UWI Mona

Campus in Jamaica. The institution offers a number of courses
in communication at both undergraduate and graduate levels.
Achievements
 Being able to offer a number of degrees in areas such as
journalism, media, communications.
 Producing workers who can meet the unique needs of
modern society.
 Provides an alternative for students unable to pay high
fees to study

Challenges
 The infrastructure of the institution needs to be upgraded,
which is expensive.
 Inadequate administration facilities.
 Incapable of providing enough places for students who
want to study media.

CSME: Caribbean Single Market and Economy (CSME)

CSME stands for the Caribbean Single Market and Economy.
It's basically an agreement among Caribbean countries to
create a unified market and economic system. This means that
goods, services, and labor can move more freely between
these countries, promoting trade and economic cooperation.
The goal is to strengthen the Caribbean region as a whole and
enhance its collective bargaining power on the global stage. In
1989, at their 10th conference in Grand Anse, Grenada, heads
of government of CARICOM declared their intention to move
towards a single market. This decision was in part a reaction
to the threats and opportunities posed by an increasingly
globalised economy.
Benefits of the CSME
Benefits of the CSME include the following:
 Increasing trade and exchange of goods in an assured
market of over 5 million people, creating more
opportunities for employment, investment and trade.
 Improved services provided by enterprises and
individuals, including transportation and communication.
 Greater opportunity for travel.
 More scope for artists to showcase their products and
talents.
 Opportunities for nationals to study or work in
CARICOM countries of their choice.

Challenges for CSME

A major challenge is that the smaller member states are
uncertain about whether their existing businesses and
workforce can survive the increased competition when those
that are more successful enter the local market. "The CSME
requires deep levels of cooperation and commitment on the
part of many stakeholders in all of the participant countries,
and that is sometimes at insurmountable barrier. In cases
where there are major disagreements about procedures and
policies, there is often a breakdown in talks that sabotages
integration.
Some countries do not play by the rules in this area, for
example in May 2016 newspapers reported an impasse
between Jamaica and Trinidad and Tobago. The Jamaican
government complained of difficulties selling goods on the
Trinidad and Tobago market with Trinidad providing fuel
subsidies for its manufacturing sector, going against CSME
rules.

-increased competition among regional businesses

-lack of cooperation and commitment among member states
-conflict among member states
-differences in development

2019
1. Economic Disparities: Some member states within
CARICOM have stronger economies and higher levels of
development compared to others. This creates an imbalance in
terms of resources, infrastructure, and investment
opportunities. It can be challenging for less developed
countries to compete and catch up with their more developed
counterparts. Member states of CARICOM vary significantly
in terms of economic development, GDP per capita,
infrastructure, and industrial capacity. More developed
countries such as Trinidad and Tobago have robust economies
with diversified industries, strong infrastructure, and higher
levels of investment and human capital. In contrast, less
developed countries such as Haiti and Guyana face significant
economic challenges, including high levels of poverty,
unemployment, and limited access to basic services. These
disparities create imbalances within the CSME, affecting trade
relations, investment flows, and economic integration efforts.
Less developed countries may struggle to compete with more
developed counterparts, leading to unequal distribution of
benefits and opportunities within the single market.

2. Capacity and Competitiveness: Less developed member

states often lack the institutional capacity, regulatory
frameworks, and administrative infrastructure needed to fully
participate in the CSME and leverage its benefits. This
includes challenges related to customs administration, trade
facilitation, intellectual property rights enforcement, and
compliance with regional standards and regulations. Capacity
constraints hinder the ability of less developed countries to
effectively engage in intra-regional trade, attract investment,
and integrate into regional value chains. As a result,
disparities in development levels limit the potential of the
CSME to promote inclusive and sustainable economic growth
across the Caribbean region.

3. Policy Alignment: Achieving policy alignment among

member states with different levels of development can be
complex. Different countries may have different priorities,
economic structures, and regulatory frameworks.
Harmonizing policies and regulations to create a level playing
field can be a lengthy and challenging process, hindering the
full realization of the CSME's goals.
4.Social and Human Development Disparities: In addition
to economic disparities, member states of CARICOM also
differ in terms of social indicators such as education,
healthcare, and human development. More developed
countries typically have higher literacy rates, better healthcare
systems, and greater access to education and training
opportunities. In contrast, less developed countries may
struggle to provide basic social services and meet the needs of
their populations, leading to disparities in human capital
development and productivity. These social and human
development disparities exacerbate economic inequalities
within the CSME, hindering efforts to achieve social
cohesion, poverty reduction, and sustainable development
across the region.

RSS: The Regional Security Services (RSS)

The RSS is an international agreement to defend member
states of the Eastern Caribbean (EC) union. Its roles may be to
assist nations in times of natural disasters, or when crime is
out of control. Member states are offered protection and
assistance in times of need such as:
 in 1989, after Hurricane Hugo, the RSS stepped in to
assist Antigua and Montserrat
  in 1998 the RSS assisted Saint Vincent and the
Grenadines in its fight against the marijuana trade;
 in 1990, there was the coup de tat in Trinidad and
Tobago, and here the RSS sent in troops and lent support.
CHALLENGES: 2016
Limited Resources: One of the primary challenges for the
RSS is limited financial and human resources. Many member
states of the Caribbean face budget constraints and competing
priorities, which can hinder their ability to contribute adequate
funding and personnel to support the operations and activities
of the RSS. As a result, the RSS may struggle to maintain its
operational capabilities, invest in training and capacity-
building initiatives, and respond effectively to emerging
security threats in the region
Capacity Constraints: The RSS member states vary in terms
of their capacity to address security challenges, including law
enforcement capabilities, border security, and emergency
response infrastructure. Some smaller and less developed
countries may lack the necessary resources, expertise, and
equipment to effectively combat transnational crime,
terrorism, and other security threats. Capacity constraints can
hinder coordination and collaboration among member states,
limiting the effectiveness of joint security initiatives and
operations conducted by the RSS.
Complexity of Security Threats: The Caribbean region faces
a diverse and evolving range of security threats, including
drug trafficking, organized crime, cybercrime, human
trafficking, and natural disasters. These threats are often
interconnected and require multi-dimensional responses that
involve coordination among various government agencies,
international partners, and civil society organizations. The
complexity of security threats can strain the capabilities of the
RSS and its member states to effectively address emerging
challenges and adapt to changing dynamics in the security
landscape.
Legal and Jurisdictional Issues:The RSS operates in a
complex legal and jurisdictional environment, as member
states have different legal systems, laws, and procedures
governing security-related activities. Harmonizing legal
frameworks and facilitating cross-border cooperation can be
challenging, particularly in areas such as extradition, mutual
legal assistance, and information sharing. Legal and
jurisdictional issues can impede the timely exchange of
information, coordination of law enforcement efforts, and
prosecution of criminals, undermining the effectiveness of
regional security initiatives led by the RSS.
Coordination and Cooperation: Collaboration among
member states is crucial for the effectiveness of the RSS.
However, coordinating efforts and fostering cooperation can
be challenging due to differences in priorities, political
dynamics, and varying levels of commitment among member
countries.

CDB: Caribbean Development Bank (CDB)

The Caribbean Development Bank (CDB), which is a regional
financial institution, was established on 18 October 1969 in
Kingston, Jamaica, and then came into full effect on 26
January 1970. Its current headquarters are in Bridgetown,
Barbados.

The bank’s purpose is to contribute to the economic growth

and development of the region and further facilitate regional
integration. It also aims to assist less developed countries. To
these ends, the bank:
 assists member states in boosting their production levels
through the provision of loans
 facilitates the expansion of businesses
 provides technical assistance and advice to member
states
 stimulates the financial sector in the Caribbean.

CTO

Describe THREE factors that encourage Caribbean

integration, and assess the impact this integration is likely to
have on social, political and economic development of the
region. (STATE THE HINDRANCES ASWELL)
**Drivers of Caribbean Integration and its Impact on
Regional Development**

Caribbean integration has emerged as a pivotal strategy to

address common challenges and harness the region's vast
potential. Several factors have fueled the drive towards
integration, shaping the social, political, and economic
landscape of the region.

**Factors Encouraging Caribbean Integration:**

**1. Common Challenges and Opportunities:**

The Caribbean region faces numerous shared challenges,

including natural disasters, climate change, economic
instability, and high levels of poverty. Integration provides an
avenue for collective action and resource pooling to mitigate
these challenges. It also creates opportunities for cooperation
in trade, investment, and tourism, fostering economic growth
and resilience.

**2. Cultural and Historical Ties:**

The Caribbean islands share a rich cultural and historical

heritage, stemming from their colonial past and
interconnected diaspora communities. These shared
experiences foster a sense of unity and a desire for
collaboration. Integration allows for the preservation and
celebration of this cultural heritage while promoting
cooperation in education, arts, and cultural exchange.

**3. Geographic Proximity:**

The close geographic proximity of the Caribbean nations

facilitated transportation, communication, and trade.
Improved connectivity through air, sea, and road networks has
eased the movement of people, goods, and services, fostering
regional integration and interdependence.

**Impact of Integration on Regional Development:**

**Social Development:**

* **Improved Education and Healthcare:** Integration

enables the sharing of educational resources, expertise, and
medical facilities, leading to enhanced access to quality
education and healthcare for all citizens.
* **Cultural Preservation and Exchange:** Integration fosters
cultural exchange and preservation, promoting understanding
among different islands and promoting a sense of regional
identity.

**Political Development:**

* **Increased Regional Cooperation:** Integration facilitates

dialogue, consensus-building, and joint decision-making
among regional leaders, strengthening political cooperation
and regional governance.
* **Enhanced Stability and Security:** Cooperation in areas
such as law enforcement, crime prevention, and disaster
response contributes to regional stability and security,
fostering an environment conducive to economic and social
development.

**Economic Development:**

* **Expanded Markets and Trade:** Integration creates a

larger market for goods and services, facilitating trade and
economic growth. The Caribbean Community (CARICOM)
Common Market, for example, allows for the free movement
of goods between member states.
* **Attraction of Investment:** Integration enhances the
region's attractiveness to foreign investors, as it offers a larger
and more stable investment environment.
* **Shared Infrastructure and Resources:** Joint investment
in infrastructure projects, such as transportation, energy, and
technology, improves efficiency and reduces costs for all
member states.

HINDRANCES:
National Interests: Each Caribbean country has its own unique
set of priorities, interests, and concerns. Sometimes, these
national interests can create conflicts or divergent approaches
that make it challenging to reach consensus and move forward
with integration efforts.

2. Economic Disparities: The Caribbean region consists of

countries with varying levels of economic development.
Economic disparities can create imbalances and inequalities,
making it difficult to establish a level playing field for
economic integration. Disparities in income, infrastructure,
and resources can hinder the implementation of common
policies and hinder the progress of integration..
3. Language and culture can act as barriers to integration in
the Caribbean due to the region's multitude of languages,
which can impede effective communication and collaboration
across nations, hindering opportunities for dialogue and
cooperation in various sectors. While cultural diversity
enriches the Caribbean, it can also lead to misunderstandings
and tensions, as differences in norms and values may hinder
the development of shared cultural policies and programs.
Additionally, language and culture play central roles in
shaping individual and collective identities, potentially
reinforcing divisions and prioritizing loyalty to specific
linguistic or cultural groups over broader regional identities.
Differences in language of instruction and media
representations can perpetuate stereotypes and biases, limiting
opportunities for cross-cultural exchange and understanding.
Overcoming these barriers requires promoting linguistic
diversity, fostering cultural pluralism, and cultivating a sense
of shared Caribbean identity that transcends linguistic and
cultural differences. By recognizing and addressing these
challenges, the region can build a more cohesive and inclusive
community.