Table 1: EC8 rules for detailing and dimensioning of primary beams (secondary beams: as in DCL)

DC H DCM DCL
“critical region” length 1.5hw hw
Longitudinal bars (L):
ρmin, tension side 0.5fctm/fyk 0.26fctm/fyk, 0.13%(0)
ρmax, critical regions(1) ρ’+0.0018fcd/(µφεsy,dfyd)(1) 0.04
As,min, top & bottom 2Φ14 (328mm2) -
As,min, top-span As,top-supports/4 -
As,min, critical regions bottom 0.5As,top(2) -
As,min, supports bottom As,bottom-span/4(0)
6.25(1 + 0.8ν d ) f ctm 7.5(1 + 0.8ν d ) f ctm
dbL/hc - bar crossing interior ≤ ≤
ρ' ρ' f -
joint(3) (1 + 0.75 ) f yd (1 + 0.5 ) yd
ρ max ρ max
dbL/hc - bar anchored at exterior f f
≤ 6.25(1 + 0.8ν d ) ctm ≤ 7.5(1 + 0.8νd ) ctm -
joint(3) f yd f yd
Transverse bars (w):
(i) outside critical regions
spacing sw≤ 0.75d
ρ w≥ 0.08√(fck(MPa)/fyk(MPa)(0)
(ii) in critical regions:
dbw≥ 6mm
spacing sw≤ 6dbL, hw , 24dbw, 175mm 8dbL, hw , 24dbw, 225mm -
4 4
Shear design:
∑ M Rb ∑ M Rb From the analysis
(4)
VEd, seismic(4) 1.2 ± Vo, g +ψ 2q (4) ± Vo, g +ψ 2 q
for the “seismic
l cl l cl
design situation”
VRd,max seismic (5) As in EC2: VRd,max=0.3(1-fck(MPa)/250)bwozfcdsin2δ (5), with 1≤cotδ≤2.5
VRd,s, outside critical regions(5) As in EC2: VRd,s=bwzρwfywdcotδ (5), with 1≤cotδ≤2.5
As in EC2: VRd,s=bwzρwfywdcotδ,
VRd,s, critical regions(5) VRd,s=bwzρwfywd (δ=45o)
with 1≤cotδ≤2.5
If ζ≡VEmin/VEmax(6) <-0.5: inclined If VEmax/(2+ζ)fctdbwd>1:
bars at angle ±α to beam axis, As=0.5VEmax/fydsinα -
with cross-section As/direction & stirrups for 0.5VEmax
(0) NDP (Nationally Determined Parameter) according to Eurocode 2. The Table gives the value
recommended in Eurocode 2.
(1) µφ is the value of the curvature ductility factor that corresponds to the basic value, qo, of the behaviour
factor used in the design.
(2) The minimum area of bottom steel, As,min, is in addition to any compression steel that may be needed for
the verification of the end section for the ULS in bending under the (absolutely) maximum negative
(hogging) moment from the analysis for the “seismic design situation”, MEd.
(3) hc is the column depth in the direction of the bar, νd = NEd/Acfcd is the column axial load ratio, for the
algebraically minimum value of the axial load in the “seismic design situation”, with compression taken
as positive.
(4) At a member end where the moment capacities around the joint satisfy: ∑MRb>∑MRc, MRb is replaced in
the calculation of the design shear force, VEd, by MRb(∑MRc/∑MRb)
(5) z is the internal lever arm, taken equal to 0.9d or to the distance between the tension and the
compression reinforcement, d-d1.
(6) VEmax, VE,minare the algebraically maximum and minimum values of VEd resulting from the ± sign;
VEmaxis the absolutely largest of the two values, and is taken positive in the calculation of ζ; the sign of
VEmin is determined according to whether it is the same as that of VEmax or not.

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Table 2: EC8 rules for detailing and dimensioning of primary columns (secondary columns as in DCL)
DCH DCM DCL
0.25m;
Cross-section sides, hc, bc ≥ -
hv/10 if θ=Pδ/Vh>0.1(1)
(1)
“critical region” length ≥ 1.5hc, 1.5bc, 0.6m, lc/5 hc, bc, 0.45m, lc/5 h c, b c
Longitudinal bars (L):
ρmin 1% 0.1Nd/Acfyd, 0.2%(0)
ρmax 4% 4%(0)
dbL≥ 8mm
bars per side ≥ 3 2
Spacing between restrained bars ≤150mm ≤200mm -
distance of unrestrained bar from
≤150mm
nearest restrained bar
Transverse bars (w):
Outside critical regions:
dbw≥ 6mm, dbL/4
12dbL, 0.6hc, 0.6bc,
spacing sw ≤ 20dbL, hc, bc, 400mmm
240mm
at lap splices, if dbL>14mm: sw ≤ 12dbL, 0.6hc, 0.6bc, 240mm
Within critical regions:(2)
dbw≥ (3) 6mm, 0.4(fyd/fywd)1/2dbL 6mm, dbL/4
(3),(4)
sw≤ 6dbL, bo/3, 125mm 8dbL, bo/2, 175mm -
(5)
ωwd≥ 0.08 -
αωwd≥ (4),(5),(6),(7) 30µφ*νdεsy,dbc/bo-0.035 -
In critical region at column base:
ωwd≥ 0.12 0.08 -
αωwd≥ (4),(5),(6),(8),(9) 30µφνdεsy,dbc/bo-0.035 -
Capacity design check at beam-column 1.3∑MRb≤∑MRc
-
joints: (10) No moment in transverse direction of column
Verification for Mx-My-N: Truly biaxial, or uniaxial with (Mz/0.7, N), (My/0.7, N)
Axial load ratio νd=NEd/Acfcd ≤ 0.55 ≤ 0.65 -
Shear design:
∑ M Rc (11) From the analysis
ends ends
∑ M Rc (11)
VEd seismic(11) 1.3 1.1 for the “seismic
lcl lcl design situation”
As in EC2:
VRd,max seismic (12), (13)
VRd,max=0.3(1-fck(MPa)/250)bwozfcdsin2δ, with 1≤cotδ≤2.5
VRd,s seismic (12), (13), (14) As in EC2: VRd,s=bwzρwfywdcotδ+NEd(h-x)/lcl(13) with 1≤cotδ≤2.5
(0) Note (0) of Table 1 applies.
(1) hv is the distance of the inflection point to the column end further away, for bending within a plane
parallel to the side of interest; lc is the column clear length.
(2) For DCM: Ιf a value of q not greater than 2 is used for the design, the transverse reinforcement in
critical regions of columns with axial load ratio νd not greater than 0.2 may just follow the rules
applying to DCL columns.
(3) For DCH: In the two lower storeys of the building, the requirements on dbw, sw apply over a distance
from the end section not less than 1.5 times the critical region length.
(4) Index c denotes the full concrete section and index o the confined core to the centreline of the hoops;
bois the smaller side of this core.
(5) ωwd is the ratio of the volume of confining hoops to that of the confined core to the centreline of the
hoops, times fyd/fcd.
(6) α is the “confinement effectiveness” factor, computed as α = αsαn; where: αs = (1-s/2bo)(1-s/2ho) for
hoops and αs = (1-s/2bo) for spirals; αn = 1 for circular hoops and αn=1-{bo/((nh-1)ho)+ho/((nb-1)bo)}/3
for rectangular hoops with nb legs parallel to the side of the core with length bo and nh legs parallel to
the one with length ho.
(7) For DCH: at column ends protected from plastic hinging through the capacity design check at beam-
column joints, µφ*is the value of the curvature ductility factor that corresponds to 2/3 of the basic value,

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 qo, of the behaviour factor used in the design; at the ends of columns where plastic hinging is not
prevented because of the exemptions listed in Note (10) below, µφ* is taken equal to µφ defined in Note
(1) of Table 1 (see also Note (9) below); εsy,d= fyd/Εs.
(8) Note (1) of Table 1 applies.
(9) For DCH: The requirement applies also in the critical regions at the ends of columns where plastic
hinging is not prevented, because of the waivers listed in Note (10) below.
(10) The capacity design check does not need to be fulfilled at beam-column joints: (a) of the top floor, (b)
of the ground storey in two-storey buildings with axial load ratio νd not greater than 0.3 in all columns,
(c) if shear walls resist at least 50% of the base shear parallel to the plane of the frame (wall buildings
or wall-equivalent dual buildings), and (d) in one-out-of-four columns of plane frames with columns of
similar size.
(11) At a member end where the moment capacities around the joint satisfy: ∑MRb<∑MRc, MRc is replaced
by MRc(∑MRb/∑MRc).
(12) z is the internal lever arm, taken equal to 0.9d or to the distance between the tension and the
compression reinforcement, d-d1.
(13) The axial load, NEd, and its normalized value, νd, are taken with their most unfavourable value in the
seismic design situation for the shear verification (considering both the demand, VEd, and the capacity,
VRd).
(14) x is the compression zone depth at the end section in the ULS of bending with axial load.

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 Table 3: EC8 rules for the detailing and dimensioning of ductile walls
DCH DCM DCL
Web thickness, bwo≥ max(150mm, hstorey/20) -
(1)
≥ max(lw, Hw/6)
critical region length, hcr≥
≤ min(2lw, hstorey) if wall ≤6 storeys -
≤ min(2lw, 2hstorey) if wall > 6 storeys
Boundary elements:
a) in critical region:
- length lc from edge ≥ 0.15lw, 1.5bw, length over which εc> 0.0035 -
- thickness bw over lc ≥ 200mm; hst/15 if lc≤max(2bw, lw/5), hst/10 if lc>max(2bw, lw/5) -
- vertical reinforcement:
ρmin over Ac=lcbw 0.5% 0.2% (0)
(0)
ρmax over Ac 4%
(2)
- confining hoops (w) :
dbw≥ 8mm in the part of the section where
(3) ρL>2%: as over the rest of the wall
spacing sw≤ min(25dbh, 250mm)
(case c, below)
(2)
ωwd≥ 0.12 0.08 -
αωwd≥(3),(4) 30µφ(νd+ων)εsy,dbw/bo-0.035 -
As in critical region, but αωwd & ωwd: as over the rest of the wall (case c,
b) storey above critical region
50% of those required in critical region below)
In parts of the section where ρL>2%:
- distance of unrestrained bar in compression zone from nearest restrained
c) over the rest of the wall bar ≤150mm;
height: - hoops with dbw≥ max(6mm, dbL/4) & spacing sw≤ min(12dbL, 0.6bwo,
240mm)(0) up to a distance of 4bw above or below floor beams or slabs, or
sw≤ min(20dbL, bwo, 400mm)(0) beyond that distance
Web:
- vertical bars (v):
ρv,min wherever εc>0.2%: 0.5%; elsewhere 0.2% 0.2%(0)
ρv,max 4%
dbν≥ 8mm -
dbv≤ bwo/8 -
spacing sv≤ min(25dbv, 250mm) min(3bwo, 400mm)
- horizontal bars:
ρhmin 0.2% max(0.1%, 0.25ρv)(0)
dbh≥ 8mm -
dbh≤ bwo/8 -
spacing sh≤ min(25dbh, 250mm) 400mm
axial load ratio νd= NEd/Acfcd ≤0.35 ≤0.4 -
From analysis
If Hw/lw≥2, design moments from linear envelope of maximum
for “seismic
Design moments MEd: moments MEd from analysis for the “seismic design situation”,
design
shifted up by the “tension shift” al
situation”
Shear design:
if Hw/lw≤2(5): ε=1.2MRdo/MEdo≤q
Design shear force V’Ed = if Hw/lw>2(5), (6):
shear force V’Ed from the
2 2 ε=1.5 ε=1.0
analysis for “seismic design ⎛ M Rdo ⎞ ⎛ Se (TC ) ⎞
⎜
ε = ⎜1.2 ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
situation”, times factor ε: ⎟ + 0.1⎜ q S (T ) ⎟ ≤ q
⎝ M Edo ⎠ ⎝ e 1 ⎠
From analysis
Design shear force in walls of ⎛ 0.75z 1 ⎞ ⎛ 1.5z ⎞ ⎛ Hw ⎞
VEd (z) = ⎜⎜ − ⎟⎟εVEd (0) + ⎜⎜1.5 − ⎟εVEd⎜ for “seismic
dual systems with Hw/lw>2, for ⎟ ⎟
(7) ⎝ wH 4 ⎠ ⎝ Hw⎠ ⎝ 3 ⎠ design
z between Hw/3 and Hw:
situation”
VRd,max outside critical region As in EC2: VRd,max=0.3(1-fck(MPa)/250)bwo(0.8lw)fcdsin2δ, with 1≤cotδ≤2.5

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VRd,max in critical region 40% of EC2 value As in EC2
VRd,s outside critical region As in EC2: VRd,s=bwo(0.8lw)ρh fywdcotδ with 1≤cotδ≤2.5
VRd,s in critical region; web
reinforcement ratios. ρh, ρν
(i) if αs=MEd/VEdlw≥2 :
As in EC2: VRd,s=bwo(0.8lw)ρh fywdcotδ with 1≤cotδ≤2.5
ρν=ρv,min, ρh from VRd,s:
(ii) if αs<2: ρh from VRd,s: (8) VRd,s=VRd,c+bwoαs(0.75lw)ρhfyhd As in EC2: VRd,s=bwo(0.8lw)ρh fywdcotδ
ρv from: (9) ρνfyvd ≥ ρhfyhd-NEd/(0.8lwbwo) with 1≤cotδ≤2.5
Resistance to sliding shear: via VRd,s =Asifydcosφ+
bars with total area Asi at angle Asvmin(0.25fyd, 1.3√(fydfcd))+
±φ to the horizontal (10) 0.3(1-fck(MPa)/250)bwoxfcd
N
1.3 f ctd − Ed
ρv,min Ac
0.0025, -
at construction joints (9),(11)
f yd + 1.5 f cd f yd
(0) Note (0) of Tables 1 and 2 applies.
(1) lw is the long side of the rectangular wall section or rectangular part thereof; Hwis the total height of the
wall; hstorey is the storey height.
(2) For DC M: If for the maximum value of axial force in the wall from the analysis for the “seismic design
situation” the wall axial load ratio νd= NEd/Acfcd satisfies νd ≤ 0.15, the DCL rules may be applied for
the confining reinforcement of boundary elements; these DCL rules apply also if this value of the wall
axial load ratio is νd≤0.2 but the value of q used in the design of the building is not greater than 85% of
the q-value allowed when the DC M confining reinforcement is used in boundary elements.
(3) Notes (4), (5), (6) of Table 2 apply for the confined core of boundary elements.
(4) µφ is the value of the curvature ductility factor that corresponds to the product of the basic value qo of
the behaviour factor times the value of the ratio MEdo/MRdo at the base of the wall (see Note (5)); εsy,d=
fyd/Εs, ωνd is the mechanical ratio of the vertical web reinforcement.
(5) MEdois the moment at the wall base from the analysis for the “seismic design situation”; MRdo is the
design value of the flexural capacity at the wall base for the axial force NEd from the analysis for the
same “seismic design situation”.
(6) Se(T1) is the value of the elastic spectral acceleration at the period of the fundamental mode in the
horizontal direction (closest to that) of the wall shear force multiplied by ε; Se(Tc) is the spectral
acceleration at the corner period TC of the elastic spectrum.
(7) A dual structural system is one in which walls resist between 35 and 65% of the seismic base shear in
the direction of the wall shear force considered; z is distance from the base of the wall.
(8) For bw and d in m, fck in MPa, ρL denoting the tensile reinforcement ratio, NΕd in kN, VRd,c (in kN) is
given by:
⎧ ⎡ 0 .2 1 / 6 ⎤ ⎛ 0 .2 ⎞ 1 / 3 N ⎫⎪
⎪
V R , c = ⎨ max ⎢180 (100 ρ 1 ) , 35 1 + f c ⎥ ⎜⎜ 1 + ⎟ f c + 0 .15
1/ 3
⎬b w d
⎢⎣ d ⎥⎦ ⎝ d ⎟⎠ Ac ⎪
⎩⎪ ⎭
NEd is positive for compression and its minimum value from the analysis for the “seismic design
situation” is used; if the minimum value is negative (tension), VRd,c=0.
(9) The minimum value of the axial force from the analysis for the “seismic design situation” is used as NEd
(positive for compression).
(10) Asv is the total area of web vertical bars and of any additional vertical bars placed in boundary elements
against shear sliding; x is the depth of the compression zone.
(11) fctd=fctκ,0.05/γc is the design value of the (5%-fractile) tensile strength of concrete.

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