Dr1.

Review of Related Literature (RRL)

The RRL summarizes previous research related to the study.

Parts of RRL:

✅ Introduction – Explains why literature review is important.​

✅ Thematic Review – Groups studies based on themes (e.g., Social Media & FoMO).​
✅ Synthesis – Compares findings from different studies.​
✅ Research Gaps – Identifies missing information that the study will address.

2. Plagiarism
Plagiarism is using someone else's work without proper credit.

Types of Plagiarism:

✔ Direct Plagiarism – Copying word-for-word.​

✔ Self-Plagiarism – Reusing your own work without permission.​
✔ Mosaic Plagiarism – Changing words but keeping the same structure.​
✔ Accidental Plagiarism – Forgetting to cite sources correctly.

3. Citation Styles
Citation is giving credit to sources.

A. APA (7th Edition) - Used in Social Sciences

📌 In-text citation: (Smith, 2020) or Smith (2020) states...​

📌 Reference List:
●​ Book: Smith, J. (2020). Research Methods. Oxford University Press.​

●​ Journal: Smith, J. (2020). Research and education. Journal of Education, 10(2),

23-34.​

B. MLA (9th Edition) - Used in Humanities

📌 In-text citation: (Smith 45)​

📌 Works Cited:
 ●​ Book: Smith, John. Research Methods. Oxford University Press, 2020.​

●​ Journal: Smith, John. “Research and Education.” Journal of Education, vol. 10, no.
2, 2020, pp. 23-34.​

C. Chicago Style - Used in History & Business

📌 Notes & Bibliography (Footnotes):

●​ Smith states that “research is essential.”¹​

●​ Footnote: ¹John Smith, Research Methods (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2020),

📌
45.​
Bibliography:​

●​ Smith, John. Research Methods. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2020.​

D. Vancouver - Used in Medicine & Sciences

📌 In-text citation: [1] or (1)​

📌 Reference List:
●​ Book: Smith J. Research Methods. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2020.​

●​ Journal: Smith J. Research and education. J Educ. 2020;10(2):23-34.​

E. Harvard - Used in Social Sciences

📌 In-text citation: (Smith 2020, p. 45)​

📌 Reference List:
●​ Book: Smith, J. (2020) Research Methods. Oxford University Press.​

●​ Journal: Smith, J. (2020) ‘Research and education’, Journal of Education, 10(2), pp.
23-34.​

4. Statistical Analysis
Used to analyze and interpret data.

A. Descriptive Statistics (Summarizes Data)

✔ Mean – Average value.​
✔ Median – Middle value in an ordered dataset.​
✔ Mode – Most frequently occurring value.​
✔ Range – Difference between highest and lowest values.​
✔ Standard Deviation – Measures how spread out the data is.

B. Inferential Statistics (Draws Conclusions)

✔ Correlation Analysis – Measures relationships between two variables.​

✔ Regression Analysis – Predicts outcomes.​
✔ T-test – Compares two groups (e.g., students with/without social media).​
✔ ANOVA – Compares three or more groups.​
✔ Chi-square Test – Tests relationships between categorical data.

5. Research Methodology
Describes how the research is conducted.

Parts of Research Methodology:

✅ Research Design – Type of study (Descriptive, Experimental, Correlational, etc.).​

✅ Participants/Respondents – Who is involved in the study.​
✅ Data Gathering Method – How data is collected (Survey, Interview, Experiment).​
✅ Statistical Analysis – How data is processed (Mean, T-test, Correlation).

6. Types of Quantitative Research

✔ Descriptive Research – Describes a situation without manipulating variables.​
✔ Correlational Research – Examines relationships between variables.​
✔ Experimental Research – Tests cause and effect under controlled conditions.​
✔ Quasi-experimental Research – Similar to experimental, but lacks full control over
variables.

7. Data Gathering Methods

✔ Survey – Uses questionnaires to collect responses from many participants.​
✔ Interview – Collects detailed responses from individuals.​
✔ Observation – Records behaviors without direct questioning.​
✔ Experiment – Tests cause-and-effect relationships.
Detailed Explanation of Statistical Analysis and Sampling in Research

I. Statistical Analysis in Research

Statistical analysis is used in research to summarize data, identify patterns, test hypotheses,
and make inferences about a population based on sample data. It is broadly divided into
Descriptive Statistics and Inferential Statistics.

1. Descriptive Statistics (Summarizing Data)

Descriptive statistics help researchers organize and summarize data without making
conclusions beyond the dataset. These methods include:

a. Measures of Central Tendency (Finding the "Center" of Data)

●​ Mean (Average): The sum of all values divided by the total number of values. Used
when data is normally distributed.​

○​ Example: The average time HUMSS students spend on social media per day.​

●​ Median: The middle value when data is arranged in order. Used when data has
extreme values (outliers).​

○​ Example: The median score of students in a math test.​

●​ Mode: The most frequently occurring value in the dataset. Useful for categorical
data.​

○​ Example: The most common social media platform used by students.​

b. Measures of Dispersion (Understanding Variability)

●​ Range: Difference between the highest and lowest values.​

○​ Example: The difference between the maximum and minimum social media
usage hours among students.​

●​ Variance: The average squared deviation from the mean. A higher variance means
data points are more spread out.​

●​ Standard Deviation (SD): The square root of variance, showing how much data
deviates from the mean.​
 ○​ Example: If the standard deviation of social media usage is high, it means
students' usage times vary significantly.​

c. Frequency Distribution and Data Visualization

●​ Frequency Tables: Show how often values appear.​

●​ Histograms & Bar Charts: Graphically represent frequency data.​

●​ Pie Charts: Used for categorical data, showing proportions.​

2. Inferential Statistics (Making Predictions or Testing Hypotheses)

Inferential statistics allow researchers to make generalizations about a population based on

a sample.

a. Hypothesis Testing (Checking If an Assumption is True)

Hypothesis testing determines if there is a significant effect or relationship in the data. The
process includes:

●​ Null Hypothesis (H₀): No effect or relationship exists.​

●​ Alternative Hypothesis (H₁): An effect or relationship exists.​

●​ P-value: If p < 0.05, the result is statistically significant (reject H₀).​

Common hypothesis tests:

●​ T-Test: Compares the means of two groups.​

○​ Example: Comparing average social media usage between male and female
students.​

●​ ANOVA (Analysis of Variance): Compares means of three or more groups.​

○​ Example: Comparing FoMO levels across different grade levels.​

●​ Chi-Square Test: Determines if two categorical variables are related.​

○​ Example: Checking if social media platform preference is related to gender.​

b. Correlation Analysis (Finding Relationships Between Two Variables)

 ●​ Pearson’s Correlation (r): Measures the strength and direction of a relationship
between two variables (-1 to +1).​

○​ Example: Checking if social media usage hours and FoMO levels are
positively correlated.​

c. Regression Analysis (Predicting Outcomes)

●​ Simple Regression: Examines the effect of one independent variable on a

dependent variable.​

○​ Example: Predicting FoMO levels based on social media usage hours.​

●​ Multiple Regression: Examines the effect of multiple independent variables on a

dependent variable.​

○​ Example: Predicting FoMO levels based on social media usage, age, and
gender.​

d. Probability Distributions (Predicting Data Behavior)

●​ Normal Distribution: A symmetric, bell-shaped curve where most values cluster

around the mean.​

●​ Binomial Distribution: Used for categorical data (success/failure outcomes).​

●​ Poisson Distribution: Used for counting events over a fixed interval (e.g., number of
social media notifications per hour).​

II. Sampling in Research

Sampling is the process of selecting individuals from a population to represent the whole. A
good sample should be representative, unbiased, and adequate in size.

1. Probability Sampling (Random Selection – Equal Chance for

Everyone)

Probability sampling ensures that each member of the population has an equal chance of
being selected.

a. Simple Random Sampling

 ●​ Every individual has an equal probability of selection (like drawing names from a hat).​

●​ Example: Randomly selecting 50 HUMSS students from a list.​

b. Stratified Sampling

●​ Population is divided into subgroups (strata), and samples are drawn from each.​

●​ Example: Dividing HUMSS students into grade levels (Grade 11 and 12) and
selecting a proportional number from each.​

c. Systematic Sampling

●​ Every nth individual is selected from a list.​

●​ Example: Selecting every 5th student from the school’s enrollment list.​

d. Cluster Sampling

●​ Population is divided into clusters (groups), and whole clusters are randomly chosen.​

●​ Example: Selecting entire sections of HUMSS students rather than individual

students.​

2. Non-Probability Sampling (Non-Random Selection – Biased but

Practical)

Non-probability sampling is used when random selection is not feasible.

a. Convenience Sampling

●​ Selecting participants who are easily accessible.​

●​ Example: Surveying HUMSS students who are available in the library at the time of
research.​

b. Purposive Sampling

●​ Selecting participants based on specific criteria (e.g., expertise, characteristics).​

 ●​ Example: Selecting students who actively use social media to study the effects of
FoMO.​

c. Quota Sampling

●​ Setting a target number for different subgroups and selecting participants

accordingly.​

●​ Example: Choosing 30 males and 30 females to balance gender representation.​

d. Snowball Sampling

●​ Existing participants recruit new participants (useful for hard-to-reach groups).​

●​ Example: Asking students with high FoMO to refer their friends who also experience
it.​

C.I.P.A.Q.S.U.M. is an acronym that stands for the different components typically found in a
research paper. Here's what each letter represents:

1.​ C - Title: The title should clearly reflect the research topic and the focus of the study.​

2.​ I - Introduction: Introduces the topic, sets the context, and outlines the research
problem or hypothesis.​

3.​ P - Problem Statement: Identifies the specific problem or issue the research aims to
address.​

4.​ A - Analysis: A section where the data is analyzed, interpreted, and discussed.​

5.​ Q - Questions: The research questions that guide the investigation.​

6.​ S - Significance: Describes the importance of the research and its potential impact.​

7.​ U - Underlying Theory: The theoretical framework or conceptual lens through which
the research is conducted.​

8.​ M - Methodology: The research design and methods used for data collection and
analysis.​

This structure is a helpful guide for organizing a research paper effectively. Let me know if
you need more specific details on any section!
Summary

Aspect Descriptive Statistics Inferential Statistics

Purpose Summarizes data Makes predictions or tests

hypotheses

Examples Mean, median, mode, T-test, ANOVA, correlation,

standard deviation regression

Application Understanding general Drawing conclusions about

trends in data a population from a sample

Aspect Probability Sampling Non-Probability Sampling

Selection Method Random Non-random

Bias Risk Low High

Examples Simple random, stratified, Convenience, purposive,

systematic, cluster quota, snowball
I. Review of Related Literature (RRL) (5 items)
1.​ What is the purpose of the Review of Related Literature (RRL)?​

✅
a) To summarize the research methodology​
b) To provide background and identify research gaps ​
c) To list all research references​
d) To explain the research findings​

2.​ Which of the following is NOT a part of RRL?​

a) Synthesis​

✅
b) Research Gaps​
c) Data Gathering Methods ​
d) Thematic Review​

3.​ What should be included in the synthesis section of an RRL?​

✅
a) A summary of the entire research study​
b) A comparison of different studies' findings ​
c) The exact copy of previous studies​
d) A list of citations without discussion​

4.​ What is a common mistake in writing RRL?​

a) Citing credible sources​

✅​
b) Organizing literature thematically​
c) Copy-pasting from sources without citation
 d) Identifying research gaps​

5.​ How can a researcher identify gaps in the literature?​

✅​
a) By summarizing previous studies without analysis​
b) By looking for unexplored areas in previous studies
c) By avoiding reviewing recent research​
d) By rewriting existing studies​

II. Plagiarism (5 items)

✅​
6.​ What is plagiarism?​
a) Using another person's work without proper credit
b) Citing sources correctly​
c) Paraphrasing with citation​
d) Writing an original paper​

7.​ Which of the following is an example of self-plagiarism?​

✅​
a) Copying from another author's work​
b) Reusing your own paper in another class without permission
c) Quoting a source and citing it properly​
d) Paraphrasing and citing the source​

8.​ Which is the best way to avoid plagiarism?​

✅
a) Copying from sources directly​
b) Citing all sources properly ​
c) Submitting someone else’s work as your own​
d) Avoiding the use of sources​

9.​ What is mosaic plagiarism?​

✅​
a) Submitting an entirely copied document​
b) Using a mix of copied phrases and original words without citation
c) Properly citing sources​
d) Rewriting another author’s idea with proper credit​

✅
10.​Accidental plagiarism happens when:​
a) A student forgets to cite sources correctly ​
b) A researcher copies directly from a source on purpose​
c) Someone submits another person's work as their own​
d) A student paraphrases with a citation​

III. Citation Styles (10 items)

 11.​Which citation style is commonly used in Social Sciences?​

✅
a) MLA​
b) APA ​
c) Vancouver​
d) Chicago​

12.​In APA (7th edition), what is the correct in-text citation for a book written by John
Smith published in 2020?​

✅
a) (Smith 2020)​
b) (Smith, 2020) ​
c) (Smith, J., 2020)​
d) (2020, Smith)​

✅
13.​In MLA format, which is the correct in-text citation?​
a) (Smith 45) ​
b) (Smith, 2020, p. 45)​
c) (Smith, J. 2020)​
d) (Smith, p. 45)​

14.​Which citation style uses footnotes and a bibliography?​

a) APA​

✅
b) MLA​
c) Chicago ​
d) Vancouver​

15.​In Vancouver style, how are sources cited in-text?​

✅
a) (Smith, 2020)​
b) [1] ​
c) (Smith 45)​
d) (Smith, 2020, p. 45)​

IV. Statistical Analysis (5 items)

16.​What is mean in statistics?​
a) The most frequently occurring value​

✅
b) The middle value in a dataset​
c) The average of all values ​
d) The highest value​

17.​Median refers to:​

a) The average of all values​

✅​
b) The most frequently occurring value​
c) The middle value in an ordered dataset
 d) The sum of all values​

✅
18.​Which measure of central tendency is most affected by outliers?​
a) Mean ​
b) Median​
c) Mode​
d) Range​

19.​Which test is used to compare two groups?​

✅
a) ANOVA​
b) T-test ​
c) Correlation​
d) Chi-square​

20.​ANOVA is used to compare:​

✅
a) Two groups​
b) Three or more groups ​
c) The relationship between two variables​
d) A single group’s mean​

V. Research Methodology (5 items)

21.​Which section of the research paper describes how data is collected?​
a) Introduction​

✅
b) Literature Review​
c) Research Methodology ​
d) Conclusion​

✅​
22.​What is a descriptive research design?​
a) It describes characteristics without manipulating variables
b) It finds relationships between two variables​
c) It tests cause-and-effect relationships​
d) It predicts future outcomes​

23.​A correlational study is used to:​

a) Determine cause-and-effect​

✅​
b) Describe characteristics​
c) Measure relationships between variables
d) Test multiple groups​

24.​What is an example of a qualitative research method?​

✅
a) Experiment​
b) Interview ​
c) Survey​
 d) Statistical Analysis​

25.​What is the best data gathering method for personal experiences?​

a) Experiment​

✅
b) Survey​
c) Interview ​
d) Observation​

VI. Data Gathering Methods (5 items)

26.​What is the primary purpose of surveys?​

✅​
a) To test cause-and-effect​
b) To collect responses from a large group
c) To observe behavior​
d) To analyze past research​

27.​Which is the most time-consuming data collection method?​

a) Surveys​

✅
b) Experiments​
c) Interviews ​
d) Observation​

28.​Experiments are best used for:​

a) Collecting large-scale data​

✅
b) Understanding relationships between variables​
c) Testing cause-and-effect ​
d) Summarizing existing research​

VII. Data Analysis and Interpretation (5 items)

29.​What does descriptive statistics focus on?​

a) Making predictions based on data​
b) Summarizing and describing data​
c) Testing relationships between variables​
d) Drawing conclusions from experiments​

Answer: b) Summarizing and describing data ✅

30.​Which of the following is NOT part of descriptive statistics?​
a) Mean​
b) Median​
c) Hypothesis testing​
 d) Mode​

Answer: c) Hypothesis testing ✅

31.​Inferential statistics is used to:​
a) Summarize data​
b) Make predictions or generalizations based on a sample​
c) Describe the characteristics of a dataset​
d) Only calculate the mean​

Answer: b) Make predictions or generalizations based on a sample ✅

32.​The p-value in hypothesis testing indicates:​
a) The correlation between variables​
b) The probability of obtaining results at least as extreme as the observed results,
assuming the null hypothesis is true​
c) The sample size used in the study​
d) The mean of the sample​

✅
Answer: b) The probability of obtaining results at least as extreme as the observed results,
assuming the null hypothesis is true

33.​A confidence interval is used to:​

a) Make predictions about future values​
b) Estimate the range in which the population parameter lies​
c) Identify outliers in the data​
d) Compare two sample means​

Answer: b) Estimate the range in which the population parameter lies ✅

VIII. Research Paper Structure (5 items)

34.​Which section of a research paper provides a summary of the entire study?​

a) Introduction​
b) Literature Review​
c) Abstract​
d) Conclusion​

Answer: c) Abstract ✅
35.​What should the introduction of a research paper include?​
a) A detailed explanation of the research methods​
 b) Theoretical background and research objectives​
c) Results of the research​
d) A comprehensive list of references​

Answer: b) Theoretical background and research objectives ✅

36.​Which section of the research paper outlines the steps taken to conduct the
study?​
a) Results​
b) Research Methodology​
c) Discussion​
d) Conclusion​

Answer: b) Research Methodology ✅

37.​What is the purpose of the discussion section?​
a) To present findings in detail​
b) To analyze and interpret the results​
c) To review the research methodology​
d) To state the research question​

Answer: b) To analyze and interpret the results ✅

38.​The conclusion section of a research paper:​
a) Presents the raw data​
b) Summarizes the entire study and provides implications​
c) Lists all the references used in the study​
d) Discusses the theoretical background​

Answer: b) Summarizes the entire study and provides implications ✅

IX. Sampling Methods (5 items)

39.​Which of the following is an example of probability sampling?​

a) Convenience sampling​
b) Snowball sampling​
c) Random sampling​
d) Judgment sampling​

Answer: c) Random sampling ✅

 40.​Stratified sampling is used to:​
a) Divide the population into groups based on a characteristic and then randomly
sample from each group​
b) Choose a few individuals based on their judgment​
c) Select the first individuals that are easy to access​
d) Collect data from only a specific part of the population​

✅
Answer: a) Divide the population into groups based on a characteristic and then randomly
sample from each group

41.​What is the main disadvantage of convenience sampling?​

a) It may not represent the whole population accurately​
b) It is more time-consuming than other methods​
c) It is costly to implement​
d) It requires complex analysis​

Answer: a) It may not represent the whole population accurately ✅

42.​Systematic sampling involves:​
a) Selecting participants based on specific criteria​
b) Choosing every nth individual from a list​
c) Using random selection for all individuals​
d) Sampling individuals from one group only​

Answer: b) Choosing every nth individual from a list ✅

43.​The snowball sampling method is most useful when:​
a) The population is easy to access​
b) The researcher wants to gather data from a very large group​
c) Studying hard-to-reach or hidden populations​
d) Only random sampling is allowed​

Answer: c) Studying hard-to-reach or hidden populations ✅

X. Ethical Considerations in Research (5 items)

44.​What is informed consent in research?​

a) Obtaining permission from participants to use their data​
b) Ensuring that the research findings are true​
c) Giving participants a reward for their participation​
d) Keeping research data confidential​
Answer: a) Obtaining permission from participants to use their data ✅
45.​Confidentiality in research refers to:​
a) Giving the participants access to the research findings​
b) Keeping the identities and data of participants private​
c) Ensuring that the research is published​
d) Allowing participants to withdraw without consequences​

Answer: b) Keeping the identities and data of participants private ✅

46.​Deception in research is:​
a) Always allowed as long as the research is valuable​
b) A method to manipulate results​
c) A situation where participants are not fully informed about the study’s details​
d) Necessary for obtaining consent​

Answer: c) A situation where participants are not fully informed about the study’s details ✅
47.​Which of the following is a primary ethical concern in research involving human
participants?​
a) Accuracy of results​
b) Payment for participation​
c) Safety and well-being of participants​
d) Correct citation of sources​

Answer: c) Safety and well-being of participants ✅

48.​Research integrity involves:​
a) Maintaining transparency and honesty throughout the research process​
b) Avoiding the use of controversial methods​
c) Making sure the research is interesting​
d) Publishing only positive results​

Answer: a) Maintaining transparency and honesty throughout the research process ✅

49.​Which of the following is considered research misconduct?​
a) Peer review​
b) Fabricating data​
c) Proper citation​
d) Sharing data with others​

Answer: b) Fabricating data ✅

50.​The ethical principle of respect for persons means:​
a) Ensuring participants' right to make decisions about their participation​
 b) Making research decisions based on convenience​
c) Focusing on obtaining as many responses as possible​
d) Avoiding any form of compensation for participants

Answer: a) Ensuring participants' right to make decisions about their participation ✅

30-Item Quiz on Statistical Analysis and Sampling

I. Multiple Choice Questions

1. What is the main purpose of descriptive statistics?​

A) To summarize and describe data​
B) To test hypotheses​
C) To make predictions about a population​
D) To manipulate data​
Answer: A) To summarize and describe data

2. Which measure of central tendency is most affected by outliers?​

A) Mean​
B) Median​
C) Mode​
D) Range​
Answer: A) Mean

3. Which of the following measures the spread of data?​

A) Mean​
B) Mode​
C) Standard deviation​
D) Median​
Answer: C) Standard deviation

4. If the p-value in a hypothesis test is less than 0.05, what should you do?​
A) Accept the null hypothesis​
B) Reject the null hypothesis​
C) Collect more data​
D) Use a different statistical test​
Answer: B) Reject the null hypothesis

5. What type of sampling gives every individual an equal chance of being selected?​
A) Convenience sampling​
B) Snowball sampling​
C) Simple random sampling​
D) Purposive sampling​
Answer: C) Simple random sampling

6. What is the purpose of inferential statistics?​

A) To organize data​
B) To make conclusions about a population from a sample​
C) To create graphs​
D) To find the mode​
Answer: B) To make conclusions about a population from a sample

7. What does a correlation coefficient of -0.8 indicate?​

A) A strong positive relationship​
B) A weak positive relationship​
C) A strong negative relationship​
D) No relationship​
Answer: C) A strong negative relationship

8. Which of the following is a type of probability sampling?​

A) Quota sampling​
B) Snowball sampling​
C) Stratified sampling​
D) Purposive sampling​
Answer: C) Stratified sampling

9. What is the measure that shows the most frequently occurring value in a dataset?​
A) Mean​
B) Median​
C) Mode​
D) Standard deviation​
Answer: C) Mode

10. Which statistical test is used to compare the means of two independent groups?​
A) T-test​
B) ANOVA​
C) Chi-square test​
D) Regression analysis​
Answer: A) T-test

11. A study measures the number of hours students spend on social media and their
grades. Which statistical method is best?​
A) Correlation analysis​
B) T-test​
C) ANOVA​
D) Chi-square test​
Answer: A) Correlation analysis

12. What type of sampling is best for studying a rare population?​

A) Cluster sampling​
B) Convenience sampling​
C) Snowball sampling​
D) Systematic sampling​
Answer: C) Snowball sampling

13. What is the best way to ensure a sample represents a population?​

A) Use convenience sampling​
B) Use a small sample size​
C) Use probability sampling​
D) Select only volunteers​
Answer: C) Use probability sampling

14. What does an ANOVA test compare?​

A) The means of two groups​
B) The means of more than two groups​
C) The relationship between two variables​
D) The frequency of categorical variables​
Answer: B) The means of more than two groups

15. Which of the following is NOT a probability sampling method?​

A) Simple random sampling​
B) Systematic sampling​
C) Convenience sampling​
D) Cluster sampling​
Answer: C) Convenience sampling

16. A researcher divides students into grade levels and selects students from each
grade. What sampling method is this?​
A) Simple random sampling​
B) Stratified sampling​
C) Cluster sampling​
D) Snowball sampling​
Answer: B) Stratified sampling

17. The standard deviation is a measure of ____.​

A) The center of data​
B) The spread of data​
C) The most frequent value​
D) The difference between highest and lowest values​
Answer: B) The spread of data

18. In which situation would you use a chi-square test?​

A) Comparing the average test scores of two schools​
B) Examining the relationship between gender and favorite social media platform​
C) Predicting students' grades based on study hours​
D) Finding the correlation between age and height​
Answer: B) Examining the relationship between gender and favorite social media platform

19. Which is a type of non-probability sampling?​

A) Systematic sampling​
B) Stratified sampling​
C) Purposive sampling​
D) Cluster sampling​
Answer: C) Purposive sampling

20. What is the purpose of regression analysis?​

A) To test for significant differences between groups​
B) To measure relationships between two variables​
C) To predict one variable based on another​
D) To display data graphically​
Answer: C) To predict one variable based on another

21. Which measure is most resistant to outliers?​

A) Mean​
B) Median​
C) Mode​
D) Standard deviation​
Answer: B) Median

22. What is the purpose of using systematic sampling?​

A) To randomly assign participants into groups​
B) To ensure each subgroup is represented​
C) To select every nth individual from a list​
D) To target a specific type of participant​
Answer: C) To select every nth individual from a list

23. Which distribution is used for analyzing the number of occurrences in a fixed
interval?​
A) Normal distribution​
B) Binomial distribution​
C) Poisson distribution​
D) T-distribution​
Answer: C) Poisson distribution

24. What is the difference between a population and a sample?​

A) A sample is larger than a population​
B) A population is a subset of a sample​
C) A sample is a subset of a population​
D) There is no difference​
Answer: C) A sample is a subset of a population

25. If data follows a normal distribution, what percentage falls within one standard
deviation of the mean?​
A) 50%​
B) 68%​
C) 95%​
D) 99.7%​
Answer: B) 68%

26. Which statistical measure describes how much scores deviate from the mean?​
A) Range​
B) Median​
C) Standard deviation​
D) Mode​
Answer: C) Standard deviation
27. What does a regression equation predict?​
A) The mean of a dataset​
B) The frequency of categorical variables​
C) The value of a dependent variable based on an independent variable​
D) The correlation between two variables​
Answer: C) The value of a dependent variable based on an independent variable

28. What type of sampling selects participants based on easy accessibility?​

A) Cluster sampling​
B) Convenience sampling​
C) Stratified sampling​
D) Systematic sampling​
Answer: B) Convenience sampling

29. Which of the following best describes quota sampling?​

A) Selecting entire groups randomly​
B) Selecting a fixed number from different subgroups​
C) Using volunteers to participate​
D) Choosing participants based on recommendations​
Answer: B) Selecting a fixed number from different subgroups

30. Which of the following is a categorical variable?​

A) Age​
B) Height​
C) Favorite social media platform​
D) Test score​
Answer: C) Favorite social media platform