Population_FORM_2-3._All
Population_FORM_2-3._All
At present, the world's population is growing fast - though this has not always been the case.
Until the 1800s the world's population grew steadily but slowly for thousands of years. In 1820
the world's population reached one billion. 150 years later, in the early 1970s, the world's
population reached three billion. In 1999, less than 30 years later, the population doubled to six
billion. The global rate of population growth is now very fast (rising by about one billion every
15 years).
Describe the world population growth shown. [5]
Expected to generally increase from 1750 to 2100 by 10.1 billion.
Highest increase between 1950 and 2050
It has a slow increase between 1750 and 1950
Population growth to slow down from 2050 to 2100.
Population change
It refers to an increase or decrease of population over time.
Birth Rate
• Birth Rate[BR] – number of live births per 1000 of the population
Factors leading to High birth rate in LICs e.g Zimbabwe, Sudan, DRC, Gabon due to:
children required for labour especially in subsistence farming.
children needed to support their parents in old age.
desire to have a son, so the family name is carried forward.
religious beliefs that prohibit use of contraceptives.eg Catholics and Muslim/encourage large
families
traditions that promote polygamy.
Lack of education about family planning/sex education/ contraception females;
Lack of access to contraception/family planning/unprotected sex/no contraception for religious
reasons;
Economic reasons for large families/children needed to work/earn money;
High infant mortality;
Traditional/in their culture/part of their religion to have large families/status of having a large
family;
Get married young/start having children at a young age;
Lack of availability/high cost of abortions;
Low birth rate: HICs e.g Ireland, France, Germany, UK are due to:
Increased desire for wealth ( cars, luxury holidays, bigger homes)
availability / affordability of contraception; education on contraception/family planning
modern attitudes to family size / people now having smaller families / high cost of having
children;
women have careers/Women follow careers rather than being child bearers.
education of women;
emancipation of women/women are free to make choices on family size.
impact of secular society;
low infant mortality rates;
government support for old age;
abortion made legal / available;
later marriages;
same gender partners/homosexuality
Death Rate
Death Rate [DR] – is the number of deaths per 1000 of the population in a year.
Factors leading to high death rates (in LICs such as Malawi, Somalia and most African countries)
Poor health care / clinics / hospitals / remote from healthcare;
Lack of doctors / nurses;
Poor food supply / malnutrition / starvation / crops don’t grow;
Water in not clean / water in short supply / drought;
Sanitation / hygiene poor;
Lack of vaccinations;
War / conflict;
Waterborne disease e.g. malaria / typhoid / cholera
AIDS / HIV;
Poor education about diet / healthcare / sanitation;
Lack of medicines / cures for diseases / high cost of medicines;
Factors leading to low death rates (in HICs such as Britain, Japan, USA, France etc
Investment in health care/hospitals/clinics;
Vaccination/cures for disease/medicines;
Lots of doctors/nurses;
Good water supply;
Good sanitation/more hygienic;
Improved food supplies/nutrition/better diet;
Provision of pensions/pension houses/social grants
Care provision for elderly/old peoples’ homes
Education about diet/healthy lifestyle;
Early retirement;
Healthy lifestyle/exercise;
Better working conditions
Migration
It is the movement of people from one place to another.
Immigration/in-migration
It is the movement of people into an area/country
Emigration/out-migration
It is the movement of people away from an area/country.
Net migration
It is the difference between immigration and emigration.
Net migration = immigration - emigration.
Overall population growth/population change
Natural increase + net international migration
Life Expectancy
is the number of years a person is expected to live up to at birth
Life Expectancy of Japan- 84.2 years
Life Expectancy of Zimbabwe- 61,2 Years
Why is the life expectancy of Zimbabwe lower than that of Japan? (5)
Better medical care in Japan than in Zimbabwe
Better food supply in Japan than in Zimbabwe
Better inoculation against diseases in Japan than in Zimbabwe
Good sanitation in Japan than in Zimbabwe etc.
Mortality
It refers to all forms of deaths in a given population
STAGE 1
BIRTH RATE
Stage 1: Here both birth rates and death rates fluctuate at a high level (about 35 per 1000) giving
a small population growth.
Most LICs/LEDCs are at stage 2 or 3 (with a growing population and a high natural
increase).
Stage 2:
Total population will start to rise because the death rates will start to fall
STAGE 3
The fall in birth rates may be due to:
family planning: contraceptives, sterilisation, abortion and government incentives
a lower infant mortality rate leading to less pressure to have so many children
increased industrialisation and mechanisation meaning fewer labourers are needed
increased desire for material possessions (cars,holidays, bigger homes) and less desire for large
families
an increased incentive for smaller families
emancipation of women, enabling them to follow their own careers rather than being solely
child-bearers.
STAGE 4
There is low birth rate and a low death rate.
Birth control is widely available and there is a desire for smaller families.
• Most HICs/MEDCs are now at stage 4 of the model and some such as Germany have
entered stage 5.
Stage 5
• Total population is still high but starting to decline due to the birth rate falling (to 7 per
1,000) below the death rate (9 per 1,000).
The population will start to fall as it is no longer replacing itself.
The population is ageing and will gradually be dominated by older people
POPULATION POLICIES
these are rules and strategies done by governments in order to influence population growth.
Policies that are used to address population change will affect Birth Rates
Pro-natal policy
A policy which aims to encourage more births through the use of incentives.
e.g. French policy ‘ Code de la famille’
China’s One Child Policy
In 1979 the Chinese government introduced an anti-natal policy called ‘one child policy’ (i.e. to
achieve a TFR of 1.0). All couples were only allowed to have one child. They also increased the
marriageable age of men to 22. To get married and to have a child, citizens had to apply to the
government. If you followed the rules you were entitled to free education,
healthcare, housing and given a job. If you did not follow the rules, then benefits would be
removed and females who were found to be pregnant were charged heavy fines and given forced
abortions and even sterilized. The state began to give education on family planning and in a
relatively short time over 80 per cent of married women had access to contraception
To enforce the policy, the government relied on community enforcement. Often elderly residents
who were trusted within the community were asked to inform, elderly female informants were
nicknamed 'granny police'. There were a number of exceptions to the rules, if you had twins or
triplets this was fine, if your first child had a physical or mental disability you could have a
second. Families in rural areas (farming areas) were often allowed a second, ethnic minorities
were allowed a second and often couples who bribed officials could have a
second.
Under-population
This is when there are too few people (population) for the available resources /when the number
of resources is greater than the number of people.
Optimum population
This is when there is a balance between the number of people and the resources available.
Overpopulation
This is when there are too many people (population) than the available resources/This is when
there are more people than the resources available.
Under-populated countries
Bolivia / Suriname / Canada / Australia / Argentina / Libya / Russia / Botswana / Namibia /
Mongolia
Over-populated countries
Nigeria / Niger / Singapore / China / India / Israel / Kuwait / Pakistan / Bangladesh / Indonesia
There is poor access to education as shown by its literacy rate is only 28.7%
There is poor access to health care since it has had less than a doctor to 10 000 citizens since
2004. there are only a few hospitals
High levels of disease and high death rates prevails, for example, in 2012, an estimated 46000
people were living with HIV/AIDS
Housing are overcrowded and not enough space for housing
shortage of housing leading to squatter camps, for example, along Niger river in Niamey. ;
There is traffic congestion eg in Niamey especially in RN1 and RN24 roads.
There is atmospheric and water pollution causing health problems.
More than half of the country’s rural population remains without access to drinking water and
only four percent of Nigeriens in non-urban zones have access to decent sanitation facilities.
It is losing up to 100 tons of topsoil from erosion per hectare per year. The amount of
firewood used for cooking (two million tons annually) is twice the amount of natural
replacement growth.
There is overgrazing and disputes over agricultural land or places to live.
Nearly 30 percent of the population is undernourished.
Australia is a similar size to the USA, but they differ dramatically in their populations. The USA
has a population of over 300 million, whereas Australia's is only 20 million. This means that
Australia can be classified as being underpopulated.
Many areas of Australia are empty and their resources are not being used fully. As the map
shows the majority of Australia's population is found on along the SE coast. The climate of most
of Australia makes it very difficult to live in, so people chose to the live on the coasts where
fewer droughts occur.
The Australian government has tried to increase its population, to develop the country
economically and to protect it from foreign influence. From only 3.7 million in 1901, the
population has increased to its current 20 million.
· Under population occurs when there are far more resources in an area eg. food, energy, and
minerals than the people
· Australia's landmass of 7,6 million km2 and has a population of 22 million people. Australia is
about the same size as the USA (300 million people) but much of its land is not used.
· Australia can export their surplus food, energy and mineral resources
· They have high incomes (in 2017 it had a GDP per capita of $49000, good living conditions,
and high levels of technology and immigration. Unemployment rate is very low in Australia
· Australia is the world's thirteenth largest economy and has the world's fifth-highest
per capita income
Health care provision is very good which lead to low infant mortality rates.
Adult literacy is high at 99%.
· It is probable that standards of living would rise, through increased production and exploitation
of resources, if population were to increase.
MIGRATION
-is the movement of people from one place to another.
Immigrant
-is a person who arrives in a country from another country
Emigrant
-is a person who leaves a country to settle in another one
Commuting
-is a daily movement of people to and from work,school etc
Brain drain
-is the out migration of educated or skilled people for other regions or countries where there are
perceived greener pastures
Types of migration
Voluntary migration
-is the movement of people from place to another by choice
Forced migration/Involuntary migration
-is the movement of people against their desires eg slaves and refugees /wen people are
compelled to move unwillingly to another area/country
INTERNATIONAL /EXTERNAL MIGRATION
-occurs when people move from one country to another e.g from Zimbabwe to South Africa
-international migration has an effect on the total population of a country
INTERNAL MIGRATION
-occurs when people move from one place to another within the same country
-it does not affect the total population of the country
(d)Urban-urban (Inter-urban)
-occurs when people move from one urban area to another due to :
better job opportunities in other urban areas
transfer of employment
decentralization and relocation of industries
promotion at work
CAUSES OF MIGRATION
Pull factors
-favourable climatic conditions
- presence of fertile soils
-presence of peace, religious and political toleration e.g U.K
-better communication and transport systems
• employment;
• high wages;
• good quality/sufficient education/schools/universities/children`s literacy
improved/better qualifications, etc.;
• good quality health care/doctors/medicines;
• good quality housing with amenities such as electricity/piped water;
• bright lights/entertainments;
• adequate supplies of food;
• good water supply/sanitation;
• family/friends live there;
• no wars/peace/political stability, etc
Push factors
-natural disasters e.g volcanic eruptions,floods,droughts
-religious and political persecution
-poor communication and transport systems
-outbreak of deadly diseases eg Covid 19
• Lack of employment
• Poverty
• Poor food supply
• Poor provision of health care
• Lack of water supply
• Wars/conflict
• Persecution
• Poor provision of education
• Crime
Intervening factors
These are difficulties which international migrants may experience when travelling and settling
in a new country. These are:
• lack of qualifications/skills/education/no experience;
• some cannot speak the language;
• some are doing low paid jobs;
• some are unable to obtain employment/not enough jobs;
• difficulty affording housing/have to live in squatter settlements/cannot find a place to live;
• some may have to live away from their families;
• discrimination may occur;
• exploitation by employers/long hours;
• hard to fit in with culture/differences in culture/laws (or example – food, etc.)
• religious persecution/nowhere to worship;
• lack of documentation, etc
IMPACTS/EFFECTS OF MIGRATION
Benefits on the source area
-reduced pressure on natural resources e.g land
-reduced pressure on social services such as schools
-more employment opportunities
-new skills and ideas are brought back to the country of origin thus leading to economic
development
-foreign currency inflows into the country of origin
- goods are sent back to the country of origin
-cultural enrichment e.g new food,dance
o Over 1 million Mexicans migrate to the USA every year. As a result, the US Border Patrol guards the
border and tries to stop illegal immigrants. In 2006, 850,000 were caught and deported back to Mexico.
Push Factors:
o The adult literacy rates are only 55% - poor education prospects.
o Shortage of food
o Bright lights
o US economic development eg expansion of service labour market (for example, Meta, google,
Apple, Amazon, good entertainment facilities like Hollywood, low costs of financial transactions
on remittances
o Porous borders
o US refugee policy
Impacts/Effects on USA
Illegal migration costs the USA millions of dollars for border patrols and prisons
Mexican culture has enriched the US border states with food, language and music
The incidents of tuberculosis (TB) has been increasing greatly due to the increased migration
Brain drain is occurring out of Mexico. e.g. An estimated 14,000 of the 19,000 Mexicans with
doctorates live in the USA (International Organization for Migration)
The Mexican countryside has a shortage of economically active people as many men emigrate
leaving a majority of women
Young people tend to migrate leaving the old and the very young
Legal and illegal immigrants together send some $6 billion a year back to Mexico
Certain villages such as Santa Ines have lost 2/3 of its inhabitants
WORKSHEETS
(c) Explain the causes of an example of international migration you have studied.
Migration from ......................................... to .........................................
Explanation ...............................................................................................................................
Answers are likely to refer to:
• better/lack of employment
• better/lack of health care
• better/lack of education
• political issues
• natural disasters
• lack of food
• war
• better/lack of water supply
• better/lack of electricity [7]
(ii) Describe the difficulties which international migrants may face when moving to, and
settling in, another country.
Difficulty of obtaining VISA / official documents / Green Card;
Expense of relocation;
Finding housing;
Difficulty of obtaining work;
Low paid employment;
exploitation;
language difficulties;
discrimination;
difficult to practise their religion;
away from friends and family [5]
(c) Describe the positive and negative impacts of large numbers of immigrants on a country you
have studied.
Name of country .........................................
Answers are likely to refer to:
Dependency Ratio
It is the proportion of dependents aged zero to 14 and over the age of 65, compared with the total
population aged 15 to 64.
Dependent population - It is the young dependents (0-14 years) and elderly dependents (65+
years) that rely on others in order to satisfy their needs.
Economically active group -these are people aged 15-64 years/People in the working age group
Dependency Ratio =young dependents(0-14 years) + aged dependents(65 years and above) x 100
Economically active group (15-64 years)
Population pyramids
These are graphs used to show the age-sex distribution of a country.
Problems of increasing numbers of people aged 65 and over for MEDCs, such as Australia.
Reduction in size of workforce/not enough workers/skills lost;
Many people are not contributing to economy/producing;
Less innovative workforce;
need for immigration;
immigration could cause tension;
increased dependency ratio;
people cannot work due to having to care for elderly;
less taxpayers;
workforce needs to pay higher taxes;
spending on pensions/government payments for elderly;
more pressure/higher spending on health care/care homes/hospitals;
more difficult to defend country/recruit forces;
closure of/problems for specified services for young/or, e.g. schools
Population Distribution
Population Distribution
Is the spread of people on the earth’s surface. World population distribution is uneven. Densely
populated areas are areas with many/lot of people who live in a small area/per square kilometre. Places
which are densely populated are habitable environments e.g. Europe, South East Asiasparsely populated
areas are places with few people who live in a large area/less people per square kilometre. Sparsely
populated places tend to be difficult places to live. These are usually places with hostile environments
e.g. Antarctica, deserts
Population density
is a measurement of the number of people in an a unit area. [people per square kilometer] Population
density is calculated by dividing the number of people by area. A choropleth map is used to show
population density. The darker the colour the greater the population density. The map above shows that
world population distribution is uneven. Some areas have a high population density while others have a
low population density.
Describe the population densities shown When describing, tables and graphs use: (a) superlatives such
as-highest, lowest/least/smallest, higher/ second highest, more, most etc eg Manilla [Philipines] has
highest/largest population density.(b) Include figures/statistics eg 2.7 people per square kilometer