Water Resources Engineering (Vol.

Ii)

IRRIGUATIONI
ENGINIEERINIG
AND
iYDRAULIC
STRUCTURES
SANTOSH KUMAR GARG

KHANNA PUBLISHERS
Published by :
Romesh Chander Khanna & Vineet Khanna
KHANNA PUBLISHERS
2-B, Nath Market,Nai Sarak
Delhi-110006. MOITADIAS
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© 1976 and onwards

[This book or part thereof cannot be translated or reproduced in any form
(including electronic form) without the written permission
of the Author and the Publishers.]

ISBN No. : 81-7409-047-9

First Edition :August, 1976

32nd Revised Edition :January, 2016

Price : 515.00

Typesetted at : Goswami Printers, Delhi-110053.

Printed at :Taj Press, Noida (U.P.).

 CONSTRUCTION OF GRAVITY DAMS 727
AND
DESIGN
estimation
and description of these forces
Anbelow:
W.ML.
given
is Water.Pressure. Water pressure (P) is the
(1) external force acting on such a dam.
major exerted by the H P=
horizontal water pressure,
DmOst
The ofthe water stored on the upstream side
weight estimatedbe from rule of hydros-
dam can
onthe
pressure distribution ; which is triangular in -HI3
tatic
shape, as
shown in Fig. 19.2(a) and (b). When the
upstream face is
vertical, the intensity is zero at
water surface and equal to YrH at the base ; Where yw= unit weight of water
the
LaRa . is the unit weight of water and H is the 9.81 kN/m = 1000 kgf/m
Fig. 19.2. (a)
ionth of water : as shown in Fig. 19.2 (a), The
resultant force due to this external water
IyH",acting at H/3 from base.
When the upstream face is partly vertical and partly inclined [Fig. 19.2 (6)],
the resulting water force can be resolved into horizontal component (P;) and
vertical component (P,). The horizontal component P =1 y H acts at H from the
3
base ; and the vertical component (P,)is equal to the weight of the water stored
in column ABCA and acts at the c.g. of the area.
Similarly, if there is tail water on thedownstream side, it will have horizontal
and vertical components, as shown in Fig. 19.2. (b).

water
H/3

the (2)
Fig. 19.2 (b)
Uplift Pressure, Water seeping through the pores, cracks andthen fissures of
tofmoundation thematerial, and water seeping through dam body and to the
th ro
exertughan joints
uplifc Pressure
betweenon the
the base
body ofofthe
the and
dam.
dam It its
is foundation
the second at the
major
Vixtteuranlaly force andthemust be accounted for in all calculations. damSuchandan hence,
againsThet thereducesdam downward weight of the body of the
uplift force
acts

Wkthe icheelh areandamount stability.

of uplift is amatter of research and the present recommendations

tndSBR). A
folAccor
lowed,dingaretothese
those recommendations, the uplift pressure intensities at
suggested by United States Bureau of Reclamation
the toe
jyl eriesoinedare by a should
straight
hydrostatic pressures
be taken equalto their respective19.3
line in between, as shown in Fig. (a). When drainage
provided to relieve the uplift, the recommended uplift at the face of
 728 IRRIGATION ENGINEERING.
MWLAND
WM.L.

H
HYDRAULCs STRUOT DES

geis

-Dgrolienrayge
Tait be
ad
No drainage water
f gallery
dow

tion
- Heel deve

moV
the
Uplift diagram
when there is
no drainage ordinate fupif
of of
P gallery gallery
Fig. 19.3 (a) Uplift pressure (U) diagram,
Fig. 19.3 (b)
when no drainage gallery is provided. Uplift pressure (U) diagram.
when drainage
the gallery is equal to the gallery is provided.
hydrostatic pressure toe (Yy H) plus rd the dit
ference of the hydrostatic pressures at
(6); i.e. YmH+ (Yp H-Yu H)|atItthe heel and the
is also assumed toe;
as shown in Fig, 193
are not affected by the that the uplift pressume
earthquake forces.
The uplift pressures can be
controlled by constructing cut-off walls under he
upstreamn face, by constructing drainage
dation, and by pressure grouting the channels between the dam and its fout:
(8)Earthquake Forces. If the dam foundation. mate
which is susceptible to earthquakes, to be designed, is to be located in arega
generated by the earthquakes. allowance must be made for the stresa the
An
which theearthquake produces
dam is resting, waves which are capable of shaking the Earth upon
in every
possible direction.
The effect of an earthquake is, therefore, equivalent to imparting anacceler-
tion to the foundations of the dam in the direction in which the wave is traveling
at the moment. Earthquake wave may move in any direction, andfor desiga
purposes, it has to be resolved in vertical and horizontal Components.acceleration
Hence,to
accelerations,
(a) are inducedi.e.by one horizontal The values of(ah)theseandaccelerations
an earthguake. one vertical aregeneraly
expressed as
acceleration a=01gorl2
8, ete. percentage of the acceleration due to gravity(g), i.e. dependiny
In
upon theIndia, the entire z0nes includes
severity of the country has divided into five
been Vis the most seriousseismic Zone
and avail
Hyc
Hi m ala yan earthquakes. 2onesis

Physicregions Zone and

ableinin order of refèrre
to,
al and EngiNorth
to obtain India.
an idea
neerin
A value
of the
g map of the these bechosen0r
a which ofshould
description and canbe
sufieianl

fordesigns, On an Geolo gy" by the same author, Senerally

high dams inaverage, a value of a equal to 0.1 to 0.15 gis usedi n
Bhakra
subiected
dam
to. design, and 0.2 seismic
gin zones, Avalue equal to 0.15g has
been not
reas areasof
extreme earthquakes, Ramganga dam Cydesign. for
However, used. extremel
n

earthquakes or very less ;

=0.lg andthese forces In
=0.05 g may byneglected.
earthquakes, may be
@19 Assertton (): Opstt presure Can be
educed by frning drain through the
tie Concrete,
Reason CR): Droins are wsually þrovded near the
upsteamfaces of the do
Dains are wsally proidad nea the updramfwthe
dam becaie Udit bresure Cam be reduced bt
drain thro wgh the Conrete
femning
(A) the reason fo(R) But (R) isnotthe

Reoon for CA)

kere fore, Optien (B) CR) 8 not the
are Cret, but
Both (A) and CR)
Corectetaralion cA) . buiable Answe
A moNe