Is Matter Around

Chapter - 2
Us Pure ?
CONCEPT MAPPING

Matter

¥ ' '
Impure Substances
Pure Substances
(Mixtures)

Elements Compounds Homogeneous Heterogeneous

Represented by * Have fixed + True Solutions « Colloidal
Symbols Composition. « Uniform Solution &
Cannot be broken + Can be broken down Composition Suspension
into Simpler into its constituents + eg. Sugar + Non-uniform
Substances. by chemical reactions & water, lodine Composition
eg. Copper, Sodium, or electrochemical & alcohol * cg. Sand &
Silver, Oxygen, reactions Sugar, water
Hydrogen etc. * eg: Water, Salt, Sugar etc. & oil, milk.

L2
Solution Methods of Separation™
(Solute + solvent)
«+ Unsaturated * not in CBSE
« Saturated
« Super Saturated
Elements
|
\J v 2
Metals Metalloids Non-metals
Malleable + Show some of + Non-malleable
Ductile the properties of « Non-ductile
Good Conductor metals and some * Bad conductor of
of Heat & of non-metals. Heat & Electricity
Electricity « eg. Silicon, + eg. Oxygen,
cg. Copper, Germanium Hydrogen,
Silver, Gold, Nitrogen, Sulphur etc.
Sodium
"Pure' word means that there is no mixing in a substance. But according to scientific
language all things are mixture of so many substances, not of single one. That's why they
are not pure.
E.g. Milk, water, fat, etc.
. Pure substances means that all elements have same chemical properties.
. A pure substance is made up of same kind of elements.
Substance : A substance is a kind of matter that cannot be separated into other kind of
matter by any physical process. A pure substance is made up of same kind of elements.
‘Whatis a mixture ?
Itis a substance in which two or more substances (element or compound) are simply mixed
together in any proportion. Examples : The air is a mixture of oxygen, nitrogen, carbon
dioxide and water vapour.
Types of Mixture : Mixture is of two types :
(i) Homogenous mixture
(ii) Heterogenous mixture
Homogenous Mixture : These types of mixtures have no visible boundaries of separation
between the various constituents.
Example : Sugar in water. It has a uniform composition throughout its mass.
Heterogenous Mixture : These types of mixtures have visible boundaries of separation
between the various constituents.
Example : Mixture of sugar and sand. It does not have a uniform composition
throughout its mass.
Solution : A solution is a homogenous mixture of two or more substances. E.g., Nimboo
pani, soda water.
Solution : A solution has a solvent and a solute as its components. The component of the
solution that dissolves the other component in it is called the solvent. The component of the
solution that s dissolved in the solvent is called the solute.

Solution
SolYlte Solv*ent
(Substance dissolved) Substance in which dissolved)
e.g., Sugar + ‘Water = Sugar solution

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 Types of Mixtures

True Solution Colloidal Suspension

1. Size of solute 1. Size of solute particles bigger than 1. Size of particles
particles is smallest. true but smaller than suspension. In biggest. > 10 m.
<10"'m. between 10” to 10° m.
2. Solute particles 2. Solute particles can't be seen with 2. Can be seen
can't be seen with Naked eye. with naked eye.
naked eye.

3. Homogenous 3. Seems homogenous but actually 3. Heterogenous

mixture. heterogenous mixture. mixture.

4. Particles can't 4. Particles can't be separated by 4. Can be Separated

be separated by filteration. by filteration.
filteration.

5. Transparent 5. Translucent 5. Opaque

6. Stable solutions | 6. Stable solutions. 6. Unstable

- i.e., solute solution — solute
particles do not particles settle
settle on keeping. upon keeping.

7. Do not show 7. Show tyndall effect. 7. May or may not

tyndall effect. show tyndall effect.

8. Solution diffuse 8. Colloid particles pass through filter 8. Suspension

rapidly through paper but not through parchment paper. particles do not
filter paper as pass through filter
well as parchment paper as well as
paper. parchment paper.
9. e.g., Sugar in 9. e.g., Milk, blood. 9. e.g., Sand/mud
water. in water.

Common examples of colloids :

. Dispersion
Dlspesrslaltl"hase Medium Type Example
(Solute) (Solvent)
1. Liquid Gas Acrosol Fog, cloud
2. Solid Gas Aerosol Smoke

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 3 Gas Liquid Foam Shaving
Cream
4. | Liquid Liquid Emulsion Milk, face
cream,
emulsion paint
5. Solid Liquid Sol Mud, digene
6. Gas Solid Foam Foam, rubber
sponge
7. Liquid Solid Gel Jelly, cheese
8. Solid Solid Solid sol Coloured
gemstones,
glass (milky,
coloured)

Gas in gas is not a colloidal solution — it is called a mixture.

Saturated Solution : Solution in which no more solute can be dissolved without

raising its temperature is called saturated solution.

Unsaturated Solution : Solutions in which more solute can be dissolved without

raising its temperature is called Unsaturated solution.

Solubility : Itis the amount of solute in a saturated solution at a given temperature.

Concentration of Solution
1. Mass by mass percentage = M x 100
mass of solution
mass of solute
2. Mass by volume percentage = ————«x
volume of solution

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 Physical Vs Chemical Changes
Chemical Physical
Not easily reversible Easily reversible
New Product(s) formed No new products
Reactants used up Often just a state change
Often heat/light/sound/ e.g., ice melting
fizzing occurs
Electricity may be produced
Aprecipitate may form
e.g., Wood burning
Elements
Made of same type of atoms

S.No. | Metals
l Non-metals Metalloids
}
1. Lustrous Non-lustrous Metallaoids have
intermediate properties
between metals and
non-metals.

2. Malleable, ductile Non-malleable, non- | E.g., Boron, Germanium,

ductile Silicon

3. Sonorous Non-sonorous

4. Good conductors of | Bad conductors

heat & electricity

5. e.g., Gold, iron etc. e.g., Oxygen,

Phosphorus

Element Compound
1. Can not be broken into simpler Can be separated into simpler substance
substance by chemical reaction. by chemical reactions.
2. Consists of similar kind of atoms. Consist of atoms of different element in
fixed mass ratio.
3. It represented by using symbols Represented by using chemical formula.
4. Ex.: Iron, Copper etc. Ex.: Water, Sodiumchloride, etc.

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Mixture Compound

1. Elements or compounds are 1. Substances are reacted together

simply mixed so no new substance with each other to make a new
is formed. substance.

Elements do not combine in a Composition of the components is

fixed ratio. fixed i.e., they combine together
in a fixed ratio according to their
masses.

A mixture shows the properties of Compound doesn't show the

its components. properties of component
elements.

Components can be easily Components can't be separated

separated by any mechanical from each other by simple
method whichis suitable. mechanical methods.

e.g., sugar in water, oil in water e.g., Iron and sulphur react to from
iron sulphide.

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 QUESTIONS
VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS
Classify the following into homogenous and heterogenous mixtures :
(a) Ice (b) Soil
(c) Wood (d) Air
Name the type of mixture formed by mixing sulphur and carbon disulphide.
Justify the statement that: 'Rusting
of iron is corrosion and it is a chemical change".
Name the processes used for separatoin :
(a) Miscible liquids
(b) Immiscible liquids
(c) Butter from milk
(d) Sand from water-sand mix
(e) Separation of colours in dyes.
(f) Camphor from camphor, sand and salt
(2 Alcohol from aqueous alcohol.
Name the apparatus by which mixture of oil and water can be separated.
W

Ahard substance produces a tinkling sound when beaten. Is it metal or a non metal?
N

What type of solution is an alloy?

Classify the following as physical change or chemical change.
®

(a) Burning of magnesium ribbon in air

(b) Burning of sulphurin air
(c) Electrolysis of water.
Which component of the mixture (Iron & sulphur) reacts with dil HCland gives
hydrogen gas?
Crystallization is a better technique than simple evaporation. Give one reason to
justify the statement.

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 SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS
‘What is meant by concentration of a solution?
List the two conditions essential for using distillation as a method for separation of
the components from a mixture.
Smoke and fog both are acrosols. In what ways are they different?
Salt can be recovered from its solution by evaporation can you suggest any other
method also?
“ Air is a mixture not a compound.” Justify this statement.
Define tyndall effect with example.
Alloys can not be separated by physical methods, though it is considered
mixture. Why?
Name two properties of a substance to check its purity?

LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

‘Why the interconversion of states of matter is considered as a physical change? Give
three reasons to justify your answer.
During an experiment the students were asked to prepare a 20% (mass/mass)
solution of sugar in water. Ram dissolved 20 gm of sugar in 100 gm of water while
Sohan prepared it by dissolving 20 gm of sugarin waterto make 100 gm of solution.
(a) Are the two solutions of the same concentration.
(b) Compare the mass% of the two solutions.
(c) ‘Whose solution contain less amount of solute.
‘When a fine beam of light enters a room through a small hole, Tyndall effect is
observed, Explain, why does this happen ? Give one more example where this effect
canbe observed.
Differentiate :
a) Elements and compounds.
b) Homogeneous and Heterogeneous mixtures.
¢) Compounds and mixtures.
How properties of true solutions differ from that of colloids. Explain?

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 OBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS :
Complete the sentence by choosing the correct words given in the bracket:
a. Pure substances are..............and
have the same............... throughout.
b. Mixture of sulphur and carbon disulphide is. .................. and does not show
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, (homogenous, heterogeneous, Tyndall effect.
c. Tincture of iodine has antiseptic properties. This solution is made by
dissolving in . (potassium iodide, iodine, water, alcohol)
Which of the following are homogeneous in nature ?
(i) ice. (ii) wood. (iii) soil (iv) air
(a). (i)and(iii) (b). (ii)and (iv)
(c). (i)and (iv) (d) (iii)andiv)
Which of the following are physical changes ?
(i) Melting of iron metal. (ii) Rustingofiron
(iii) Bending of an iron rod. (iv) Drawing a wire of iron metal
a. (i), (ii)and (iii),
b. (i), (ii)and (iv)
c. (i), (il) and (iv)
d. (i), (iii) and (iv)
Which of the following are chemical changes ?
(i) Decaying of wood. (ii) Burning of wood
(iii) Sawingofwood. (iv) Hammering of a nail into a piece of wood

Name the process associated with the following:

a. Dry ice is kept at room temperature and at one atmospheric pressure.

b. A drop of ink placed on the surface of water contained in a glass spreads

throughout the water.

c. A potassium permanganate crystal is in a beaker and water is poured into the

beaker with stirring.

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d. Anacetone bottle is left open and the bottle becomes empty.

e. Settling of sand when a mixture of sand and water is left undisturbed for some
time.

f. Fine beam of light entering through a small hole in a dark room, illuminates
the particles in its paths.

Give an example each for the mixture having the following characterstics. Suggest a
suitable method to separate the components of these mixtures

a. Avolatile and a non-volatile component .............cccccovvervennnne

b. Two volatile components with appreciable difference in boiling

points.

c. Two immiscible liquids .........ccoevercrercens

d. One of the components changes directly from solid to gaseous state ................

e. Two or more coloured constituents soluble insomesolvent...........cccccoce...

‘Which of the following are not compounds ?

a. Chlorine gas

b. Potassium chloride

c. Iron.

d. Iron sulphide

e. Aluminum

f. Todine

g. Carbon

h. Carbon monoxide

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8. Classify the substances given in the cloud into elements and compounds :

Copper i
PP Zine ‘Water Common Salt

Mercury Silver Oxygen gas

Wood ~ Gold

Elements :

Compounds :

9. Sugar crystals obtained from sugarcane and beetroot are mixed together. Will it be
pure substance or a mixture ? YesorNo

Assertion-Reason Type Questions:-

Two statements are give-one laballed assertion (A) and the other labelled Reason
(R). Select the correct answer to the question from the codes (a), (b), (c), (d) as given
below:

(a) BothAand R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

(b) Both Aand R are true but R is not the correct explanation foA.
(c)Aistruebut
R is false.
(d)Ais false but R is true.
1. Assertion (A) : A mixture of Ammonium chloride and sodium chloride can be
separated by sublimation.
Reason (R) : Sodium chloride sublimes on heating.
2. Assertion (A) : A mixture of kerosene and water cannot be separated by a separating
funnel.
Reason (R) : Kerosene oil and water have different densities and are insoluble

Answers :
1. (a)
2 (d)

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