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Matter In Our
Chapter - 1
Surrounding
CONCEPT MAPPING

v v
— [Matteris made up of Particles]

e e
v
[Physical Nature of Particles]
1. Definiteshape. 1. Nodefinite shape 1. No definite shape 1. Particles of matter are
2. Definite volume 2. Fixed volume 2. No Fixed volume continuously moving.
3. Do not flow 3. Can flow 3. Can flow 2. Particles of matter have
4. Particlesare 4. Particles
are loosely 4. Particles
are Very space between them.
closely packed. packed loosely packed 3. Particles of matter attract
5. Incompressible. 5. Little compressible 5. Highly compressible cach other,
Ex.: Table, Chair. Ex.: Water, Milk Ex.: Air, Oxygen

Solids melt to form liquid | Li9uids changes ! !

into vz[mun
| Liquid changes Vapours changes
into solid into liquid

The temperature at which | The temperature at

solid melts to form liquid | which a liquid boils
to form vapours N

. Exposed surface Area

‘The change of solid directly . Increase in temperature
into gas or vapours . Humidity
P

Wind velocity
 Matter
The matter is the material of which everything in this universe, (in and around us) is
made up of. It is anything that occupies space and has mass and offers resistance to any
applied force.
Physical Nature of Particles :
Matter is made up of particles. The particles of matter are very-very small.
Characteristics of Particles :
(i) Particles of matter are continuously moving i.e., they possess kinetic
energy. As the temperature rises, particles moves faster because kinetic
energy of the particles increases.
(i) Particles of matter have space between them. When we make tea, coffee
or lemonade (nimbu pani), particles of one type of matter get into the space
between particles of the other. This shows that there is enough space
between particles of matter.

Add salt
Particles of water
magnified millions
of times
When we dissolve salt in water, the particles of salt
get into the space between particles of water.

Particles are varying and have spaces between them

Particles of matter attract each other. When we open a water tap, try to
break the stream of water with our fingers, can we do this ? No, because the
stream of water remains together. Particles of water are held together
because of the force of attraction between them.

. The space between the particles and kinetic energy of particles is minimum in
solids, intermediate in liquids and maximum in gases.

. The force of attraction between the particles is strongest in solids, intermediate in

liquids and weakest in gases.
. Movement of particles is minimum in solids, more in liquids and maximum in gases.

a, band c show the magnified schematic pictures of the three states of matter.
The motion of the particles can be seen and compared in the three states of matter.

Dig. Three states of matter

(@) ()

Solid

Arrangement of particles in three states of matter and their movements

States of Matter
The physical states of a matter are : (i) Solid, (ii) Liquid, (iii) Gas.
‘We can classify our body into three states of matteri.e.,
(i) Bones and teeth are solids.
(ii) Blood and water present in our body are liquids.
(iii) Airinourlungs is gaseous.
@) Solid State:
Characteristics of solid states are :
(a) Have definite shape.
(b) Have distinct boundaries.
(c) Have rigidity and incompressibility.
(d) Have definite volume.
Some Exceptional Examples: Rubber band is a solid but it can change its shape under force
and regains its shape when force is removed. If excessive force is applied, it breaks.
The solids have fixed and rigid shape. The kinetic energy of the particles in the solid
state is very less and therefore, solids have fixed and rigid shape.
. We can compress sponge as its pores are filled with air but it is solid.
. Salt and sugar take the shape of the container in which they are placed but
shape of their crystals do not change, so they are solids.
(i) LiquidState:
The characteristics of liquid state are :
(a) Have fluidity i.e., they are not rigid.
(b) Low compressibility.
(c) No definite shape and boundaries. They take the shape of the vessels.
(d) Have definite volume.
. Force of attraction between the particles of liquid keeps its volume same.
. Liquids are substances having fixed (definite) volume and no fixed shape.
They take the shape of the container in which they are stored.
. The gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide) from the atmosphere diffuse and
dissolve in water. Due to these gases aquatic plants and animals are able to
survive. Diffusion is much more in liquids than in solids due to free
movement of particles of liquids.
(iii) Gaseous State :
The characteristics of gaseous state are :
(a) Have fluidity.
(b) Have high compressibility.
(c) Have no definite boundaries.
(d) Have no definite shape.
(e) Have no definite volume.
. The particles in a gas are free to move in any direction hence gases can flow.
. Gases are substance that do not have fixed volume and occupy all the
volume available to them.
 Pressure of gas is the force applied on the walls of vessel by the irregular
moving gas particles.
Change of State of Matter
Water can exist in three states of matter i.e., solid — ice, liquid— water, gas —
water vapour.
On heating ice melts into water and then converts into water vapours.
Change in the physical state of matter can be done in two ways :
(&) By Changing the Temperature: (°C +273.15=K) or
(°C+273=K)
Thermometer Glass rod

Iron flasks

Tripod stand
Burner
O
(a) Melting of ice to form water (b) Boiling of water to form water vapour

@ Melting Point : The temperature at which a solid melts to form liquid at

atmospheric pressure is called its melting point. Melting point of ice is
273.16 K (0°C). During melting the temperature of ice does not rise even
though heat is being supplied continuously because of latent heat of fusion.
This latent heat of fusion is used up to overcome the forces of attraction
between ice particles. At 0° C energy of water particles is much more than
the energy of particles of ice at 0°C.
Latent Heat of Fusion : The amount of heat required to change
I kg solid to
its liquid state (at its melting point) at atmospheric pressure.
(i) Boiling Point : The temperature at which a liquid boils to form
vapours at atmospheric pressure is called its boiling point. Boiling point of
wateris 373 K (100°C+273=373K).
Latent Heat of Vapourization : The amount of heat required to change 1 kg
liquid to its gaseous state (at its boiling point) at atmospheric pressure.
During boiling the temperature of water does not rise even though heat is
being supplied continuously as this heat of vapourization is used up to
overcome the forces of attraction between water particles.

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 At 100°C, energy of water vapours is much more than the energy of water at 100°C.
So, we can change one state of matter to another state by changing temperature.
_ Heat __Heat
‘ohd Sta’ lqmd Sta' ‘seous S’
Coolmg Coolmg

. At25°C, Water is liquid.

At0°C, Water is solid (ice) as well as liquid.
At 100°C, water is gaseous state (steam).

(iii) Sublimation : The change of solid directly into vapours on heating and of
vapours into solid on cooling without passing through the intervening liquid state is called
sublimation.
Example : When camphor or ammonium chloride is heated in a China dish covered
by a inverted funnel (with cotton plug in its upper open end), the vapours of ammonium
chloride are converted into solid ammonium chloride on coming in contact with the cold
inner walls of the funnel.
Cotton plug

Inverted funnel
Ammonium Chloride (Sublimation)
China dish
Mixture of
NH,CI + NaCl
Wire gauge

Sublimation of Ammonium Chloride

(B) Effect of Change of Pressure :
If we compress a gas in a cylinder, the distance between the particles of gas
isreduced and finally gas is liquefied on lowering temperature.
 By applying high pressure, the particles of a gas can be brought close
together.
Solid carbon dioxide (dry ice) is changed into carbon dioxide gas directly
without changing into liquid when pressure is reduced to one atmospheric
pressure.
Thus, states of matter i.e., solid, liquid and gas are determined by
temperature & pressure.

Sublimation

Sublimation

Evaporation : A surface phenomenon in which liquid changes into vapours at any

temperature below its boiling point is called evaporation. Particles on the surface of a liquid
have higher kinetic energy than others, so they break the forces of attraction between the
particles & escape from the surface of liquid in the form of vapours.
Factors affecting evaporation : Rate of evaporation depends on :
(@) Exposed surface area : On increasing surface area of liquid, rate of
evaporation increases.
(b) Increase in temperature : Increases kinetic energy of particles hence rate
of evaporation increases.
(©) Humidity : When the humidity of air (degree of dampness of air) is low,
evaporation rate is increased. More humidity, less evaporation.
@ ‘Wind : When wind speed increases, rate of evaporation also increases.

Evaporation always causes cooling : The cooling caused by evaporation is based on the
fact that when a liquid evaporates, it takes latent heat of vaporization from surroundings
which onlosing heat get cooled.

Examples :
(@) ‘When we put acetone on our hand, it gets vapourized by taking heat from
our hand and our hand feels cool.
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 (ii) ‘We should wear cotton clothes in summer to keep us cool and comfortable
as cotton is good absorber of water, so it absorbs the sweat from our body
and exposes it to air for evaporation of sweat thus cools our body.
(iii) Often people sprinkle water on ground during summer. This water takes
heat from ground and surrounding air to evaporate, thus making the place
cool.

QUESTIONS

VERY SHORT QUESTIONS

Write different states of matter.
‘Which has more density — liquid or solid ?
kW~

What is the melting point of ice ?

Boiling point of alcohol is 78°C. Change it into Kelvin scale ?
‘Why do gas exert pressure ?
How do we liquefy the gases ?
‘What happens to particles when salt dissolves in water ?
RN

‘What is the physical state of water at:

(a)0°C (b)25°C
‘What is the chemical name of dry ice ?
©

10. Whyisheat energy neededto meltasolid ?

SHORT QUESTIONS

1. Classify the matter on the basis of physical characteristics ?

2. Why solid carbon dioxide is called 'dry ice' ?
3. ‘Why do we keep ether and acetone at cool places ?
4. ‘Write two factors which will increase rate of evaporation ?
5. Which gas is supplied in the liquefied form at home and in hospitals ?
6. Compare the force of attraction between iron, rubber band and chalk ?
7. Arrange sugar, water and oxygen in the increasing order of force of attraction
between their particles ?
8. Define boiling point, melting point and evaporation ?
9. ‘What is sublimation? Name two substances which undergo sublimation.
10. Why does steam causes more severe burns than boiling water?
11. Change the temperature in celsius scale temperature :
(a) 293K (b) 470K.
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 LONG QUESTIONS
Describe the factors affecting evaporation ?
(a) ‘Why do we wear cotton clothes in summers ?
(b) Why do we feel cold, when we keep acetone or ether on our
palm?
Write three characteristics of particles of matter. Give one example of
each?
Write the characteristic responsible for :
(a) Smell of perfume spreads in the room.
(b) Water takes the shape of the container in which it is kept.
Name three states of matter. Give one example of each and state three
characteristic properties of each.
Compare the properties of solids, liquids and gases in tabular form.
(a) Write full formsof (i) LPG (ii) CNG
(b) Draw the ‘states of matter triangle’ to show the interconversion of states
of matter.
(a) ‘Why does a desert cooler cool better on a hot, dry day?
(b) ‘What is evaporation? How can the evaporation of a liquid be made
faster?

OBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTION:

A few substances are arranged in the increasing order of 'forces of attraction'
between their particles. Which one of the following represents a correct
arrangement ?

(a) Water, air, wind (b) Air, sugar, oil

(c) Oxygen, water, sugar (d) Salt, juice, air

‘Which one of the following sets of phenomena would increase on raising the
temperature ?
(a) Diffusion, evaporation, compression of gases.
(b) Evaporation, compression of gases, solubility

(c) Evaporation, diffusion, expansion of gases.

(d) Evaporation, solubility, diffusion, compression of gases.
The property to flow is unique to fluids. Which one of the following statements is
correct?
(a) Only gases behave like fluids
(b) Gases and solids behave like fluids

(c) Gases and liquids behave like fluids

(d) Only liquids are fluids

Choose the correct statement of the following:

(a) conversion of solid into vapours without passing through the liquid state is
called sublimation.
(b) conversion of vapours into solid without passing through liquid state is called
vaporisation.
(c) conversion of vapours into solid without passing through the liquid state is
called freezing.
(d) conversion ofsolid into liquid is called sublimation.
During summer, water kept in an earthen pot becomes cool because of the
phenomenon of
(a) diffusion. (b) transpiration

(c) osmosis. (d) evaporation

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On converting 25°C, 38°C and 66°C to kelvin scale, the correct sequence of
temperature will be
(a) 298K 311K and 339K
(b) 298K, 300K and 338K
(¢) 273K, 278K and 543K
(d) 298K, 310K, and 338K
[K=273+t°C]
Fillin the blanks:
(a) The boiling points of, acetone is 329 K, its temperature in Celsius will be

(b) The arrangement of particles is ordered in the ............. state. However there is
noorderinthe............ state.
(c) Evaporation ofaliquid atroom temperature leadstoa.......... effect.
(d) Osmosisisaspecialkindof ..................
Match the physical quantities given in column A to their S. I. units given in column B :

Column A Column B
Temperature Pascal
Density Cubic Metre
Volume Kelvin
Pressure Kilogram per cubic meter

Choose the correct option given in bracket.

The amount of heat required to change 1 kg solid to its liquid state at atmospheric
pressure is Known as its ..........ccceveeenenee
(Latent heat of fusion / Latent heat of vaporisatoin)

1"
Assertion and reason type questions:-
Two statements are given one labelled assertion (A) and the other labelled Reason
(R). Select the correct answer to these questions from the codes (a), (b), (¢) and (d)
as given below:
(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation ofA.
(b) Both Aand R are true but R is not the correct explanation foA.
(c)Aistruebut R is false.
(d)Ais false but R is true.
1. Assertions (A) : Steam causes severe burn than boiling water
Reason (R) : Steam has latent heat.
2. Assertion (A) : A glass filled with ice has water droplets on its outer surface
Reason (R) : Ice is liquid state of water.

Answers:
1. (a)
2 (c)

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