A2 Forces
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uyav ujarA2 Forces
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uyav ujar• Buoyancy is experienced by a body partially or totally immersed in a fluid,
such as a water
o The size of the force that produces this is equal to the weight of the
fluid displacement (sometimes referred to as Archimedes principle)
• This force, called upthrust, keeps boats afloat and allows balloons to rise
through the air
• When a body travels through a fluid, it also experiences a buoyancy
force (upthrust) due to the displacement of the fluid.
𝐹𝑏 = 𝜌𝑔𝑉
• Where:
o Fb = buoyancy force (N)
o ρ = density of the fluid (kg m–3)
o Vg = volume of the fluid displaced (m3)
o g = gravitational field strength (m s–2)
• If you were to take a hollow ball and submerge it into a bucket of water, you
would feel some resistance
• Some water will flow out of the bucket as it is displaced by the ball
• The buoyancy force, Fb will act upwards on the ball to bring it to the surface
• The ball will remain stationary floating when its weight acting
downwards, Fg equals the buoyancy force acting upwards, Fb
The ball floats when it is balanced by the buoyancy force and its weight
• Notice that
which is the weight of the object submerged in the fluid
• Where:
o m = mass of the ball (kg)
o ρ = density of the ball (kg m–3)
o V = volume of the ball (m3)
𝜌𝑔𝑉 = 𝑚𝑔
Drag Force at Terminal Velocity
• Terminal velocity is useful when working with Stoke’s law since at terminal
velocity the forces in each direction are balanced.
• W = 𝑭𝒃 + 𝑭𝒅 ………..(1)
• Where:
o Ws = weight of the sphere
o Fd = the drag force (N)
o Fb = the buoyancy force / upthrust (N)
• The weight of the sphere is found using volume, density and gravitational field
strength
• The buoyancy force equals the weight of the displaced fluid
o The volume of displaced fluid is the same as the volume of the
sphere
o The weight of the fluid is found
from volume, density and gravitational
4
• 𝐹𝑏 = 𝜌𝑔𝑉 = 3 𝜋𝑟 3 𝜌𝑓 𝑔
• From eq 1.
4 4
• 𝜋𝑟 3 𝜌𝑠 𝑔 = 6𝜋𝜂𝑟𝑣 + 3 𝜋𝑟 3 𝜌𝑓 𝑔
3
• By rearranging terms
𝟐𝝅𝒓𝟐 𝒈(𝝆𝒔 −𝝆𝒇 )
• 𝒗= 𝟗𝝅𝜼
• This is known as terminal velocity.
• This final equation shows that terminal velocity is:
o directly proportional to the square of the radius of the sphere
o inversely proportional to the viscosity of the fluid
•
Exam Tip
Remember that ρ in the buoyancy force equation is the density of
the fluid and not the object itself!
Example questions:
1. Icebergs typically float with a large volume of ice beneath the water. Ice has a
density of 917 kg m-3 and a volume of Vi.
The density of seawater is 1020 kg m-3.
What fraction of the iceberg is above the water?
A. 0.10 Vi B. 0.90 Vi C. 0.97 Vi D. 0.20 Vi
Ans: A
2. A calorimeter of mass 90 g and specific heat capacity 420 J kg−1 K−1
contains 310 g of a liquid at 15.0 °C. An electric heater rated at 20.0 W warms
the liquid to 19.0 °C in 3.0 min. Assuming there are no energy losses to the
surroundings, estimate the specific heat capacity of the liquid.
3. A. Calculate how much energy is required to warm 1.0 kg of ice initially at −10
°C to ice at 0 °C.
B. Calculate how much energy is needed to melt the ice at 0 °C.
C. Calculate how much energy is required to further increase the temperature
of the water from 0 °C to 10 °C.
4. Ice at 0 °C is added to 1.0 kg of water at 20 °C, cooling it down to 10 °C.
Determine how much ice was added.
5. In the figure below the temperatures of the hot and cold reservoirs are
constant at 80 °C and 20 °C respectively. The thermal conductivity of X is k
and that of Y is 2k. Calculate the temperature where X and Y join.
