Research department

ANALYSIS, PRESENTATION, AND

INTERPRETATION OF DATA
ANALYSIS
Analysis – is the process for breaking up the whole study
into each constituent parts of categories according to the
specific questions under the statement of the problem
This is to bring out into the focus the essential features
of the study
Analysis usually precedes presentation
Example: In the study of the teaching of research in Gullas
College of Medicine in Banilad, Mandaue City
The whole study may be divided into its constituent
parts as follows according to the specific questions:
analysis
1. Educational qualification of the teachers
2. Methods and strategies used in the teaching of research
3. Facilities available for the teaching of research
4. Forms of supervisory assistance
5. Differences between perceptions of the teachers and
those of the students concerning the teaching of
research
6. Problems encountered in the teaching of research
7. Proposed solutions to the problems
8. Implications of the findings
Analysis
Each constituent part may still be divided into its
essential categories
Example: The educational qualification of the teachers
may further be subdivided into the following:
1. Degrees earned in pre-service education
2. Majors or specialization
3. Degrees or units earned in graduate studies
4. National examination passed
5. Seminars, conferences, and other special trainings
attended for the teaching of research
Analysis
6. Books, journals, and other materials in research being read
7. Advanced studies
8. Number of years in teaching research
9. Etc.
The other constituent parts may also be similarly divided and
subdivided
The data are then grouped under the categories or parts to
which they belong
Classification of data - classification is grouping together data
with similar characteristics
Classification is a part of analysis
Analysis
The bases of classification are the following:
a. Qualitative (kind). Thos having the same quality or are of the
same kind are grouped together
The groupings of elements in the example given under
analysis is qualitative
b. Quantitative. Data are grouped according to their
quantity
In age for instance, people may be grouped into ages of
18-20, 21-23, 24-26 etc.
c. Geographical. Data may be classified according to their
location
For instance, Gullas College of Medicine is classified among
the medical schools in Cebu
Analysis
d. Chronological. In this, data are classified according to
the order of their occurrence
For instance, the enrollment of students taking research in
the last three years: 2019-2020, 2020-2021, 2021-2022
Cross-classification. This is further classifying a group of data
into subclasses
This is breaking up or dividing a class into smaller classes,
For instance, a group of students classified have taken 4
years pre-med course and students who have taken 2 years
pre-med
Arrangement of data or classes of data. The bases of
arrangement of data of groups of data are the same of those of
classification
Analysis
Classification, cross-classification and arrangement of
data are done for purposes of organizing the research
report and in presenting them in tabular form
In tables, data are properly and logically classified, cross-
classified, and arrangement so that relationships are
readily seen
Grouped-derived Generalizations
One of the main purposes of analyzing research data is
to form inferences, interpretations, conclusions, and/or
generalizations from the collected data
In so doing the researcher should be guided by the
following discussions about group-derived generalizations
Grouped derived generalizations
1. Generally, only proportional predictions can be made.
One type of generalization is that which is expressed in terms
of proportion of the cases in a group, often in the form of
probability
2. The average can be made to represent the whole group
Generally, the mean and the median are used to denote the
average of scale position
3. Full-frequency distribution reveals characteristics of a group
This is the most characteristic device of all statistical work
The most inferential characteristics of frequency distribution
are shape and spread
Frequency distribution carry the implication of probability
Grouped derived generalizations
Example: A test is given to a group of students and the
scores are grouped into class frequency distribution
If the standard deviation, a measure of variability, is
computed and it is unusually large, then it is an
indication that the group is heterogeneous
If the standard deviation is small, the group is more or
less homogeneous
If the distribution is graphed and the curve is bell-shaped,
the distribution is normal, there is an equal number of
bright and dull students with the average in the middle
Grouped derived generalizations
If the curve is skewed to the right, there is more dull
students than bright students
If the distribution is skewed to left there are more bright
students than dull students
4. A group itself generates new qualities, characteristics,
properties, or aspects not present in individual cases
Example: Chairs in a room
If there are many chairs in a room they can be arranged
in a variety of ways
If there is only one chair, there can be no arrangement in
any order
Grouped derived generalizations
Order and arrangement are grouped properties and they
represent relationship within a group, properties which can
arise only if there are two or more cases
Other groups that can exist only in groups are cooperation,
opposition, organization, specialization, leadership,
teaching, morale, reciprocal sharing of emotion, etc. which
vanish in individual cases
a. A generalization can be made about an individual case
Example: The teacher declares that Juan is the most
behaved pupil in her class
This is a group derived-generalization because this
statement cannot be made if there is only one student
Grouped derived generalizations
b. In certain cases, predictions on individual cases can be
made but generally, only proportional prediction can be
made
However, in correlation and regression studies, one variable
can be predicted from another
Example: A case of a medical graduate taking the PLE
If the coefficient correlation between the school grades of
those who took the licensing examination and their scores in
the examination is computed and it is high,
It is possible to predict the chance of an individual graduate
of passing the licensing examination by the use of regression
equations
Data presentation
Data presentation - is the art of transforming raw data into a
visual format that is easy to understand and interpret.
It is like turning numbers and statistics into a captivating
story that your audience can quickly grasp.
When done right, data presentation can be a game-changer,
enabling you to convey complex information effectively.
Data presentation in research involves effectively
communicating research findings to an audience, often
through visual aids and concise narratives, making
complex data understandable and actionable.
This process follows data analysis and aims to organize
information in a readable format
Importance of Data presentation
1. Clarity:
Data presentations make complex information clear and
concise.
2. Engagement:
Visuals, such as charts and graphs, grab your audience's
attention.
3. Comprehension:
Visual data is easier to understand than long, numerical
reports.
4. Decision-making:
Well-presented data aids informed decision-making.
5. Impact:
It leaves a lasting impression on your audience.
Key points In Data presentation
1. Data points: Clearly state the data points you are presenting.
2. Comparison: Highlight comparisons and trends in your data.
3. Graphical methods: Choose the right chart or graph for your
data.
4. Infographics: Use visuals like infographics to make
information more digestible.
5. Numerical values: Include numerical values to support your
visuals.
6. Qualitative information: Explain the significance of the data.
7. Source citation: Always cite your data sources.
Structure of an effective Data
presentation
1. Know your audience
Understanding your audience is paramount. Consider their
needs, interests, and existing knowledge about your topic.
Tailor your presentation to their level of understanding,
ensuring that it resonates with them on a personal level.
Relevance is the key.
2. Have a clear message
Every effective data presentation should convey a clear and
concise message.
Determine what you want your audience to learn or take away
from your presentation, and make sure your message is the
guiding light throughout your presentation.
Ensure that all your data points align with and support this
central message.
Structure of an effective Data
presentation
3. Tell a compelling story
Human beings are naturally wired to remember stories.
Incorporate storytelling techniques into your presentation to
make your data more relatable and memorable.
Your data can be the backbone of a captivating narrative,
whether it's about a trend, a problem, or a solution.
Take your audience on a journey through your data.
4. Leverage visuals
Visuals are a powerful tool in data presentation. They make
complex information accessible and engaging. Utilize charts,
graphs, and images to illustrate your points and enhance the
visual appeal of your presentation. Visuals should not just be
an accessory; they should be an integral part of your
storytelling.
Structure of an effective Data
presentation
5. Be clear and concise
Avoid jargon or technical language that your audience may
not comprehend.
Use plain language and explain your data points clearly.
Remember, clarity is king.
Each piece of information should be easy for your audience to
digest.
6. Practice your delivery
Practice makes perfect. Rehearse your presentation multiple
times before the actual delivery.
This will help you deliver it smoothly and confidently,
reducing the chances of stumbling over your words or losing
track of your message.
Basic structure of an effective Data
presentation
Armed with a comprehensive comprehension of how to
construct a compelling data presentation, you can now utilize
this fundamental template for guidance
1. In the introduction, initiate your presentation by
introducing both yourself and the topic at hand.
Clearly articulate your main message or the fundamental
concept you intend to communicate.
2. Moving on to the body of your presentation, organize your
data in a coherent and easily understandable sequence.
Employ visuals generously to elucidate your points and weave
a narrative that enhances the overall story.
Ensure that the arrangement of your data aligns
Additional tips for Data presentation
1. Consistent design:
Maintain a uniform design throughout your presentation.
This not only enhances visual appeal but also aids in
seamless comprehension.
2. High-quality visuals:
Ensure that your visuals are of high quality, easy to read,
and directly relevant to your topic.
3. Concise text:
Avoid overwhelming your slides with excessive text.
Focus on the most critical points, using visuals to
support and elaborate.
 Additional tips for Data presentation
4. Anticipate questions:
Think ahead about the questions your audience might
pose.
Be prepared with well-thought-out answers to foster
productive discussions.
❖ By following these guidelines, you can structure an
effective data presentation that not only informs but also
engages and inspires your audience.
❖ Remember, a well-structured presentation is the bridge
that connects your data to your audience's
understanding and appreciation.
Preparing for data presentation
Before presenting data in accepted form, especially in
presenting them in the form of statistical tables, they
have to be tallied first in a tabulation diagram which may
be called Talligram, a contraction of tally and diagram
How to construct a Talligram:
1. Determine the classes and their respective subclasses
along with their respective numbers
2. Make rows for the classes by drawing horizontal lines
with appropriate spaces between the lines and the
number of rows should be two more than the classes
Preparing for data presentation
3. Make columns for the subclasses by drawing vertical
lines with appropriate spaces between the lines and the
number of columns should be two more than the number
of subclasses
Talligram – is a process of tallying of scores in a statistic
table using tally and a diagram
Interpretation of data
Data Interpretation - is the process of understanding, organizing,
and interpreting the given data, for making sense of and getting a
meaningful conclusion.
The basic concept of data interpretation is to review the collected
data by means of analytical methods and arrive at relevant
conclusions.
Two methods to interpret the data:
1. Qualitative method – This method is used to analyze qualitative
data or categorical data.
The qualitative data interpretation used texts instead of numbers
or patterns to represent the data.
Nominal and ordinal data are the two types of qualitative data.
Ordinal data interpretation is much easier than nominal data
interpretation.
Interpretation of data
2. Quantitative method -This method is used to analyze
quantitative data or numerical data.
Quantitative data interpretation uses numbers instead of
texts to represent the data.
The types of quantitative data interpretation are discrete
and continuous data.
The quantitative method of data interpretation requires
statistical methods and techniques like mean, median,
standard deviation, etc. to interpret the data.
Basic concepts of data
Interpretation
The basic concept of data interpretation - refers to the procedures
through which data is reviewed by various analytical methods to
arrive at an inference.
The data to be interpreted can be collected from various sources
like data from the running of industries, census population etc.
The importance of data interpretation are:
1. The well-analyzed and well-structured data help the
managing board to examine the data before taking action to
implement new ideas
2. It helps in predicting upcoming trends and future competition
3. The process of data interpretation provided the business with
various cost benefits
Basic concepts of data
Interpretation
4. The process of data interpretation provided the
business with various cost benefits
5. The data interpretation mostly helps in decision making
6. Data interpretation helps you gain knowledge to
achieve a competitive strategy
7. The data interpretation helps to manipulate information
in order to answer critical questions
8. It helps to evaluate consumer requirements
Steps for Interpreting Data
The step- by- step process for Interpreting Data includes:
1. Collect The Information You’ll Need To Interpret Data –
collect all the information you will need to interpret the data.
Put all this information into easy- to-read tables, graphs, charts
etc.
2. Develop findings Of Your Data – develop observations about
your data, summarize the important points, and find the
conclusion because that will help you form a more accurate
Interpretation.
3. Development Of The Conclusion – the conclusion is
remarked as an explanation of your data. The conclusion
should relate to your data.
4. Develop The Recommendations Of Your Data – the
recommendation of your data should be based on your
conclusion and findings.
Types Of Data Interpretation
1. Bar Graphs – by using bar graphs we can interpret the
relationship between the variables in the form of
rectangular bars.
These rectangular bars could be drawn either horizontally or
vertically.
The different categories of data are represented by bars and
the length of each bar represents its value.
Some types of bar graphs include grouped graphs, segmented
graphs, stacked graphs etc.
2. Pie Chart – the circular graph used to represent the
percentage of a variable is called a pie chart.
The pie charts represent numbers as proportions or
percentages.
Some types of pie charts are simple pie charts, doughnut pie
charts, and 3D pie charts.
Types Of Data Interpretation
3. Tables – statistical data are represented by tables. The
data are placed in rows and columns.
Types of tables include simple tables and complex tables.
4. Line Graph – the charts or graphs that show information
in a series of points are included in the line graphs.
Line charts are very good to visualize continuous data or
sequence of values. Some of the types of line graphs are
simple line graphs, stacked line graphs etc.
basic concepts Of Data Interpretation
The process of reviewing data through some analytical
methods which will help assign some meaning to the data
and arrive at a relevant conclusion is called data
interpretation.
The basic concept of data interpretation is that it focuses
on statistical modelling and knowledge in particular data
analysis.
The importance of data interpretation lies in every field.
The collection of data provides benefits to a wide range
of institutions and individuals.
Thus ‘Data Interpretation’ helps you gain knowledge to
achieve a competitive strategy.