Transmission Line Efficiency Improvement and Congestion

Management under Critical Contingency Condition by Optimal

Placement of TCSC
Pallavi Choudekar1, S.K.Sinha2, Anwar Siddiqui3
Amity University Uttar Pradesh1,2,Jamia Millia Islamia ,New Delhi3
[email protected], [email protected], [email protected]

Abstract— In this paper placement of thyristor controlled and congestion is reduced in those zones which are congested
series compensators (TCSC) at optimal location of a power [6]. Multi objective congestion management gives more
system for maintaining voltage stability, improving accurate results than conventional single objective solution [7]
transmission efficiency, steady state stability limit and Differential evolution algorithm is applied for improving
mitigating congestion under single line critical contingency power system security under single line outage for reducing
condition is discussed. Optimal location is found out by line congestion and reducing bus voltage deviations [8].
voltage stability index and sensitivity analysis. Performance Installation of TCSC and reduction in LMPs in the congested
index (PI) is used for finding critical contingency. Under lines and maximization of social welfare has been discussed
critical contingency condition which is single line outage in [9], [21]. PSO –TVAC is used for optimally placing TCSC for
this case, congested transmission lines are found .TCSC is a congestion management [10]. Contingencies are ranked using
FACTS device which can reduce power loss in overloaded real power flow performance index and line outage
transmission lines, increase loadability, reduce system loss distribution factor and TCSC is placed at optimal location for
and maintain stability of power systems. This work has been reducing line overloading [11]. Management of congestion
tested on IEEE 14 bus test system using MATLAB. using Bee Colony Optimization and cost minimization is also
done [12]. TCSC is placed at best location for social benefit,
Keywords— Critical contingency, Number of over loaded reducing congestion in transmission lines [13]. Sensitivity
lines (NOLL), Number of voltage violation buses (NVVB). based method is used to optimally locate TCSC to solve
optimal dispatch problem [14] [19, 20]. Ranking of
I. INTRODUCTION
contingencies has been done to find most severe line outages.
In deregulated power market, generating companies (GENCO) This ranking is done by finding a performance index which is
and distributing companies (DISCO) negotiate for power dependent in bus voltage violations and line overloads
transaction without considering the capacity of the [15].GA is used for finding optimal location of TCSC to solve
transmission line. The transmission line is unable to transmission line congestion problem [16].
accommodate these transactions and transmission line gets Mitigation of congestion under critical contingency
congested. Independent system operator (ISO) is facing has not been considered in the literature so far. Also
challenge of mitigating transmission congestion. Effect of improvement of parameters like transmission efficiency and
transmission line congestion is increase in generator cost thus steady state stability limit along with reducing loading of
making power market less efficient. congested lines is the highlight of the work carried out.
Various methods of congestion management are
divided into the following two main categories: (i) The main contributions of the research work are:
Economical method (ii) Technical method [18]. Technical
method has been used for congestion management in this (a) Critical contingencies are found by finding a
paper. performance index which is calculated from number
Sensitivity based approaches are studied and of bus voltage violations and number of overloaded
developed for finding best location of TCSC and its effect on lines.
outage of a line to relieve congestion. [1].TCSC optimal (b) Finding of optimal location of TCSC under critical
location to reduce line overloading under contingencies has contingency case is done by line voltage stability
been discussed in [2] and [3]. In reference [4] and [17] index and sensitivity analysis.
congestion relief and voltage stability enhancement in (c) Solving congestion management problem under
unbundled electricity market has been discussed using most critical contingency case is the highlight of the
multiple FACTS devices. Congestion cost reduction using paper.
FACTS devices has been presented in [5].Congestion (d) Various parameters like voltage profile
management using transmission congestion distribution factor improvement at all buses, reactive power loss
has been studied and identification of congestion zones is done reduction, improvement in transmission line

978-1-5090-4530-3/16/$31.00 ©2016 IEEE

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 efficiency and steady state stability under critical III. RANKING CRITICAL CONTINGENCIES
contingency case by optimally placing TCSC is Critical contingency ranking is carried out on IEEE 14 bus
done. system. Outage of single line is done and load flows have been
calculated using Newton Raphson method, critical
contingency is determined by finding performance index.
II. MATHEMATICAL MODELING OF TCSC
Performance index is found out finding number of overloaded
Modeling when TCSC in series with transmission line lines (NOLL) and number of violation of voltage at buses
(NVVB). Range of permissible voltage at the bus is (0.9 to
A transmission line connected between buses i and j with 1.1), if voltage at any bus falls outside this range it is
admittance Yij is considered in model. Consider a TCSC with considered as voltage violation.
steady state static reactance -jXc, connected in between buses i
and j as shown in Fig.1. The voltages at the buses i and j are
Vi ∠δi and Vj∠δr respectively and = − . When TCSC
is connected in series with transmission line, the real and
reactive power flows from bus i to bus j are
and respectively. These are given by:

Fig. 2: IEEE 14 bus test system

IEEE 14 bus test system is used as shown in Fig.2.
. Following table shows calculation of critical contingency
Fig. 1: Model of Transmission Line with TCSC
TABLE I. Ranking of Critical Contingency

= − ( cos + sin ) (1) Outage Number

Number
of line of
of Over Perfomance Contigency
(from voltage
loaded index=(NOLL+NVVB) Ranking
bus-to violation
=− + − ( sin − cos ) (2) bus)
lines
buses
8(6-11) 3 2 5 1
Similarly, the real and reactive power flows from bus j to bus i are
7 (4-5) 3 1 4 2
and respectively. These are given by:
9(6-12) 3 1 4 3
10(6-
= − ( cos − sin ) (3) 3 1 4 4
13)
11(7-9) 3 1 4 5
=− + + ( sin − cos ) (4) 14(10-
3 1 4 6
11)
= + (5) 16(13-
3 1 4 7
14)
1(1-2) 2 1 3 8
= + − 2 cos (6)
2(1-5) 2 1 3 9
Where, 3(2-3) 2 1 3 10
4(2-4) 2 1 3 11
= (7) 5(2-5) 2 1 3 12
6(3-4) 2 1 3 13
( ) 12(9-
= (8) 10)
2 1 3 14
( )
13(9-
2 1 3 15
14)
Similarly reactive power loss is given by the equation:
15(12-
2 1 3 16
13)
= + (9)
From TABLE I. it is clear that line 8 outage is critical
=− + + + 2 cos (10)
contingency as determined by performance index.
Under this critical contingency condition, power flow of line
(which is tripped) will be shared by some other lines and so

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 they get congested. Most congested line is line12 (9-10) For managing congestion of the line, TCSC is placed at
whose loading is 199 %. To reduce congestion of the most optimal location. Optimal location can be found out by
congested line (line12), TCSC is placed at optimal location. sensitivity based method and line voltage stability indices.
Power flow is carried out on IEEE 14 bus test system (with
IV. OPTIMAL LOCATION OF TCSC UNDER CRITICAL line 8 outage), reactive power sensitivity index (bm) and line
CONTINGENCY CONDITION RANKING CRITICAL voltage stability index.
CONTINGENCIES TABLE II shows values of sensitivity index and LVSI index
of each line, which is useful for finding location for placement
Methods used for optimal location of TCSC are described in of TCSC.
this section. From sensitivity based method TCSC can be
connected in series with that line which has most positive
A) Sensitivity based method reactive power loss sensitivity index. Locations are line 15(12-
13), line 12(9-10) and line 14(10-11).
Sensitivity index based technique is used to identify sensitive
lines to reduce the reactive power loss, to increase the From line stability based indices method TCSC should be
stability, and to intensify the voltage profile by placing placed in series with the lines whose LVSI index is
FACTS devices. approaching unity , locations are line between bus 4 and bus 9
, line connected between bus 7 and bus 8 , line 12 (9-10) and
Reactive power loss sensitivity index (bm): It is considered as line 13 (9-14).
the partial derivative of the reactive power loss of transmission
line m with respect to the compensated capacitive reactance TABLE II. Sensitivity index and LVSI index calculation (under line 8 outage)
(Xcm) of the transmission line, it is given by:
Bus Bus Line bm LVSI
( )
= =( + −2 cos )
( )
(11) 1 2 1 -1.77979 -0.07245
1 5 2 -1.91977 -0.01296
Where = − and ( + ) is the impedance of the 2 3 3 -2.06931 0.044836
line m before compensation. 2 4 4 -1.70897 -0.03586
2 5 5 -1.73199 -0.05313
TCSC is located in the line which has most positive reactive 3 4 6 -1.51232 -0.04112
power loss sensitivity index. 4 5 7 -1.71905 0.007968
6 12 9 -1.40236 -0.05795
B) Stability Index method
6 13 10 -1.30986 -0.11845

Line Voltage Stability Index (LVSI) is used to predict the 7 9 11 -1.99644 -0.35298
voltage stability levels. Based on the LVSI values of each line 9 10 12 -0.7835 0.41786
weak transmission lines are identified. Then a significant 9 14 13 -1.21338 0.57294
amount of reactive power support is provided for weak lines 10 11 14 -0.3973 -0.03693
according to their requirement. 12 13 15 0.21709 -0.04664
13 14 16 -1.24356 0.370978
LVSI is given by following equation:
5 6 17 -2.19437 -0.22793
4 9 18 -1.97469 0.42223
= (12)
( ) 4 7 19 -2.09942 -0.12781
7 8 20 -2.24408 0.66371
Where,
is the LVSI of the transmission line between buses i and j. TCSC cannot be placed in between buses (4-9) and buses (7-
X is the reactance of the transmission line. 8) because of presence of transformers.
Q is the reactive power at receiving end. So, remaining locations are line 12(9-10), line 15(12-
is the sending end voltage. 13) ,line 13 (9-14) and line 14 (10-11).Out of these, best
is the impedance angle of the line. location can be found by observing effect of TCSC placement
= − , is sending end voltage angle and is on various parameters like reactive power loss, percentage
receiving end voltage angle. loading of transmission line, voltage profile at all buses.
If LVSI value is less than 1 then the line is said to be in stable TCSC is placed at these locations and its effect on reactive
condition otherwise loss of stability and voltage collapse occur power loss reduction can be seen from following Fig. 3.
in the corresponding line.

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 Reactive power loss Voltage profile at all buses
1.1 without TCSC
0.6

Voltage (p.u.)
0.9
0.5
0.7 Line 8 outage
0.4 0.5
Base Line 8 TCSC 9- TCSC 9- TCSC TCSC 1 3 5 7 9 11 13
case outage 10 14 12-13 10-11 Bus no.

Fig. 3: Reactive Power Loss with TCSC Placed at Different Locations Fig. 5 Voltage at All Buses With and Without TCSC

It is clear from above Fig. 3. that Reactive power loss is less if We can conclude that best location for placement of TCSC for
TCSC is connected in series with line 12 (9-10) better power system performance is line 12(9-10). So TCSC is
Percentage loading of line 12(9-10) under different conditions placed in line 12 (9-10) and its effect on following parameters
can be seen in Fig. 4 can be observed.

Reactive power loss-: When disturbance occurs in a power

system , there is not so much change in real power demand but
considerable change in reactive power demand because of
reduction in bus voltages which is due to increase in line
losses. Reactive power losses should be less so as to improve
reactive power reserve for improvement in voltage stability.

Transmission line loading-: When transmission line gets

overloaded or congested due to single line outage
(contingency) or increase in load demand, line exceeds its
rated capacity .This line has to be protected from damage and
its loading can be reduced and kept within limits.

Voltage profile at all buses-: Voltage at all load buses should

Fig. 4: Percentage Loading of Line 12(9-10) With and Without TCSC
be maintained between 0.9 pu-1.1 pu. If voltage at any bus
falls outside this range then it is considered as voltage
From Fig. 4 it can be observed that, congestion of line 12 is violation.
reduced when TCSC is connected in series with line 12 and
line 15 but it is not managed when TCSC is placed in series Transmission efficiency-: Because of the transmission losses
with line 13 and 14. the power obtained at the receiving end side is always less
So, optimal locations are line 12 and line 15. But when TCSC than the power obtained at the sending end. The ratio of the
is connected in series with line 15, percentage reduction in receiving end power to the sending end power at is called as
reactive power loss is less as compared transmission efficiency. It is given as
TCSC is connected in series with line 12. Line 12 can be
considered as optimal location for congestion management ∗ ∗
Transmission efficiency = (13)
and minimization of reactive power loss. Improvement in ∗ ∗

voltage can be observed when TCSC is connected in series

Where, subscripts r and s represent receiving and sending end
with line 12, as shown in following Fig.5.
parameters respectively .V represents the voltage, I represent
From Fig. 5 it can be seen that by placing TCSC in series with
the current, θ represents phase angle.
line 12, there is improvement in bus voltages.
Steady state stability limit-: Maximum power that can be
transferred or transmitted without losing steady state stability
is known as steady state stability limit. This is given
∗
by: = (14)

Where, V1 represents sending end voltage

V2 represents receiving end voltage
X12 represents line reactance
Pmax is the steady state stability limit

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 V. SIMULATION RESULTS FOR PLACEMENT OF TCSC UNDER
CRITICAL CONTINGENCY 1.1
without TCSC

voltage (p.u)
Outage of line 8(6-11) is a critical contingency as it affects the
system in terms of number of voltage violation and number of 0.9
congested lines. TCSC is placed at optimal location (line 12) Line 8 outage
in this critical contingency case. 0.7
Effect of TCSC placement can be seen from
following figures. Line 8 outage
0.5
0 10 20 With tcsc in
line 12(9-10)
Transmission efficiency of Line 12
Fig. 8: Voltage at all buses with and without TCSC

From Fig. 8, it can be seen that there is improvement in

voltage profile under critical contingency condition. Results
90 are summarized in Tab. 3 shown below.

TABLE III. Summarized Results

70 line 8 outage
line 8 outage Percentage Percentage
Optimised (critical
with tcsc in reduction increase
parameters contigency
line12( 9-10) (%) (%)
condition)
50 Reactive
power loss 0.53805 0.4289 20.286219
without TCSC with TCSC (p.u) --

Fig. 6: Transmission Efficiency Percentage

loading of
199 63 136
congested line
Steady state stability of Line 12 12(9-10) (%)
--
Transmission
efficiency of
55.52734741 94.00279326 39
congested line
12(9-10) (%)
9 --

Steady state
6.184542844 9.990735489 61.543638
stabilty limit
7 --

5 VI. CONCLUSION
without TCSC with TCSC Congestion management is very much essential in power
system. TCSC is used in this paper, which controls power
Fig.7: Steady State Stability flows and reduce power flows in overloaded lines. But cost of
FACTS devices is high; therefore it is necessary that it should
There is noticeable increase in transmission efficiency and be placed at optimal location. Ranking of critical contingency
steady state stability limit of the most congested line 12, after is done by calculating performance index. TCSC is placed at
placement of TCSC which can be noticed from Fig.6 and optimal location and there is considerable improvement in
Fig.7. voltage profile and reduction in reactive power loss,
Voltage profile improvement by placing TCSC at improvement in transmission efficiency and steady state
optimal location (line 12), under critical contingency condition stability limit of the system under consideration.
can be observed from Fig. 8.

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