2nd IEEE International Conference on Power Electronics, Intelligent Control and Energy Systems (ICPEICES-2018)

Transmission Congestion Management of IEEE

24-Bus Test System by Optimal Placement of
TCSC
N Padmini Pallavi Choudekar Mehtab Fatima
Department of Electrical and Department of Electrical and Department of Electrical and
Electronics Engineering Electronics Engineering Electronics Engineering
Amity University Amity University Amity University
Noida, Uttar Pradesh Noida, Uttar Pradesh Noida, Uttar Pradesh
[email protected] [email protected] [email protected]

Abstract—In the deregulated power system congestion of there is need to manage congestion in the network to achieve
transmission network is a key challenge. Any attempt to improved power quality & system stability.
operate transmission system beyond its line limits leads to
congestion. By use of FACTS devices, the power transfer Basically in a vertically integrated utility market the central
capability of network increases & reactive power compensation agency or single utility directly controls the activities like
is done thereby improving the power system stability and generation, transmission and distribution. It is a fact that
network power quality. This paper presents the optimal irrespective of relative geographical location of buyer and
placement of Thyristor controlled series compensators (TCSC) seller, every buyer wants to buy the power from cheapest
to avoid congestion in the transmission network. The optimal price/generator.
placement is figured out by factors like line utilisation factor
(LUF), line loading, voltage profile at each bus & real and In de-regulated parlance Congestion refers to transmission
reactive power losses between buses. An algorithm is presented line hitting its limits. There are certain characteristics which
for finding the optimal location for placing TCSC. The limits the network to reliably transfer the electric power, they
reactance model of TCSC is considered to hike the power are
capabilities of the line. The potency of the model is tested on
 Thermal limits
IEEE 24-bus system with the standard data using MATLAB-
PSAT Simulink.  Voltage limits
Keywords— Percentage line loading, LUF, TCSC,  Stability limits.
voltage stability

I. INTRODUCTION Congestion management is a mechanism to prioritize the

transactions and commit to such a schedule which would not
Industrialization and Urbanisation & hike of life style are the overload the network. Despite all these measures following a
factors to increase the dependency on the electrical energy. forced outage of transmission line the congestion can still
Because of this the power sector has seen a rapid growth day occur in the transmission network. Only by means of real
by day resulting in few uncertainties [1]. In order to meet the time congestion management the network operator can
increased energy consumption & trades due to the increase of handle this situation. Thus the precautionary actions to be
unplanned power traffic the transmission lines are frequently taken by network operator as follows
operated close to or even beyond their respective thermal
limits. If the power traffic is not controlled there are chances
that some lines may get overloaded and this phenomenon is
 For keeping transmission network within limits the
treated as congestion [2]. In other words, congestion occurs
operator must allow only particular set of
when the transmission network is unable to accommodate all
transactions
of the desired transactions due to a violation of system
operating limits. Utilizing certain physical or financial  Even if proper scheduling is done, in real time due
mechanism in present day competitive market each utility to unscheduled flows the transmission corridors
manages the congestion in the system using its own may get overloaded. At this point the network
guidelines. Privatization and de-regulation of electrical operator has to take some remedial actions.
power markets have shown a vast impact on almost every
power systems around the globe [3].. As deregulation is
growing rapidly in electrical power sector there is attention The congestion mainly depends on what type of de-
on open access. Open access to network provides equal regulation model is employed in that particular area.
opportunities to use the available transmission system to all
buyers and sellers.
Due to increase in electrical energy consumption and With overall market design the implementation of congestion
because of presence of few uncertainties [4] in the network management schemes are influenced by factors such as
there are chances that the line loading of the transmission network topologies, demographic factors & political
lines increases, voltage profile at buses fall resulting in losses ideologies. Any congestion management scheme should try
in the system and poor power quality & system stability. So, to achieve following features

978-1-5386-6625-8/18/$31.00 ©2018 IEEE

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 a. Economic efficiency Since the loads in the power sector are constantly changing
& it is difficult to predict sometimes the role of TCSC in
b. Non Discriminative
transmission network is vital.
c. Be transparent
FSC (Fixed Series Compensation): Because of the effects
d. Be robust due to line reactance modification the FSC of line is
desirable for power transfer in an efficient manner. FSC is
II. THYRISTOR CONTROLLED SERIES CAPACITOR(TRSC) nothing but adding a series capacitance in the line to provide
compensation which is shown in Fig.1.The reactive
First, confirm that you have the correct template for your impedance of the line decreases because of the presence of
paper size. This template has been tailored for output on the series capacitance in the line, thereby lowering/minimizing
A4 paper size. If you are using US letter-sized paper, please the voltage drop across the lines in the network. In this
close this file and download the Microsoft Word, Letter file approach the reactance of the line is counteracted by the
TCSC comes under one among four types of FACT devices series capacitance inserted in between buses resulting in
which are used to compensate lines for enhancement of overall minimum/lower line impedance thereby minimizing
power quality and system stability [5]. It is a series type the voltage drops across the line.
FACT device uses series compensation technique to govern
the line flow in an economic manner by compensating the
reactance of the transmission line. The configuration of
TCSC consists of parallel combination of controlled reactor
along with a capacitor bank. This parallel combination of
reactor and capacitor allows smooth control of the basic
frequency over a wide range. To stop overvoltage across
capacitor a Metal oxide varistor (MOV) is connected across
it. Fig.1 FSC of Transmission line

The principle that governs the operation of TCSC is variable

series reactance. To control the power flow in the B. Optimal placement through line loading analysis
transmission network by installing TCSC in the network is a
recent technology to increase system efficiency & to improve This paper deals with congestion management in multiline
stability of the system. And power flow is controlled by transmission system by optimal placement of TCSC. The
varying the series reactance of the device. system consists of 24 buses and the power flow is carried
The power flow equations between different buses connected out under test data. The statistics of network are as follows
by TCSC in between them are given as follows, In this paper the optimal location for the placement of TCSC
is figured out by the consideration of following factors
VK
P Vm sin(  k   m )  Voltage profile
Xl (1)  Active & reactive power losses in each line
Similarly, the reactive power expression is given by  % line loadings
 LUF
2
Vk Vk Voltage profile: Voltage profile at each and every bus gives
Q  Vm Cos( k   m ) the overview of which bus is having less/lower voltage
Xl Xl (2) rating. From the analysis of voltage profile, it is easy to
Where figure out which line needs compensation by placing TCSC
in between buses. Thus, voltage profile helps for the optimal
Vk & Vm are respective voltages at buses k & m, ( - ) is placement of TCSC.
the angle between the respective voltages, is the line Active & reactive power losses: From the power flow, the
impedance. active power as well as reactive power losses is obtained for
each transmission line. From the data of power flow, the
A. Operation of TCSC process of figuring out which line is having more
Thyristor-controlled series capacitor is a series type of active/reactive power loss can be done & thereby the
FACT device which monitors the power flow in network optimal placement of TCSC will be done.
through series compensation approach. The transmission
line reactance is controlled dynamically in order to provide Percentage line loadings: It can be defined as the ratio of
sufficient load compensation. The advantageous functioning actual line rating to the maximum line rating.
of TCSC is seen from two main aspects Mathematically it can be expressed as

 From its ability to operate in different operating (3)

modes
 From its ability to control the % of compensation
(amount of compensation) of a transmission line Where actual line rating can be calculated as

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 line between bus2 & bus6 is coming out to be 117.65%. At
(4) the same time the voltage at bus number 6 is marked very
low among other bus which is given by 0.721359[p.u]. The
active & reactive power losses are high between bus2 &
Whereas the MLR (Maximum Line Rating) of a bus6. Thus the line between bus2 & bus6 is the best possible
transmission line is a manufactured/default value assigned location to install TCSC. Therefore the optimal location for
to line. the placement of TCSC is between bus2 & bus6.
Table I shows the parameters cause to choose the optimal
LUF (Line Utilization Factor): In power system concepts the
location for the placement of TCSC
utilization factor is defined as “the ratio of
highest/maximum load which could be drawn to the rated
capacity of the system. This LUF concept is closely related TABLE I. PARAMETERS RELATED TO BUS 2 & 6
to the LF (Load Factor) Voltage at bus 2 1.035pu
Voltage at bus 6 0.721359pu
LUF can also be represented in terms of % line loading Active power loss between bus 2 & 6 0.200423pu
concept. Reactive power loss between bus 2 & 6 0.732887pu
% Line loading between bus 2 & 6 117.65%
(5) Line Utilization Factor 1.1765

III. SIMULATION AND RESULTS Table II shows the total generation, total load, & total losses
The simulation of IEEE 24 bus system is carried out in the of both real & reactive power.
MATLAB - 2016a (Matrix-oriented programming)
environment using PSAT-2.1.10(Power System Analysis
Toolbox).The SLD(single line diagram) of IEEE 24-bus TABLE II. TOTAL GENERATION,LOAD,LOSSES UNDER BASE CASE
WITHOUT TCSC
system for simulation analysis is as shown in Fig.2
SYSTEM GENERATION pu
Real power 29.46
Reactive power 9.809
SYSTEM LOAD pu
Real power 28.7082
Reactive power 6.363
SYSTEM LOSSES pu
Real power 0.761055
Reactive power 3.446399

Fig.3 shows the voltage profile at buses under base case

before installing TCSC in the network.

Fig.2 SLD of IEEE 24-bus system

A. Base case
1). The load flow without TCSC: The SLD is composed of
two area networks. Load flow is performed on IEEE 24-bus
system under base case and from the power flow report the
following parameters are calculated,
 Line loadings of each line
 LUF (Line Utilization Factor) of each line

Fig.3 Voltage profile under base case without TCSC

2). Load flow with TCSC: After installing TCSC in between

The line loadings & LUF’s are calculated for each bus 2&6 it is observed that the voltage profile of the system
transmission line in the network [6]. And the line loading of

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 is improved. Reduction in active & reactive power loss is
seen. Table III illustrates the improvement in the voltage
profile and reduction in the active & reactive power losses
between bus 2&6.

TABLE III. PARAMETERS RELATED TO BUS 2 & 6

Voltage at bus 2 1.035pu

Voltage at bus 6 1.002639pu

Active power loss between bus 2 & 6 0pu

Fig.5 %line loading under base case

Reactive power loss between bus 2 & 0.1703pu

6
B. Contingency Case

The total generation, total load, total losses of both active & Congestion itself means an abnormal condition in the
reactive power under base case with TCSC are shown in network operation. For congestion management/contingency
Table IV. analysis the heavily loaded line in the base case of system is
removed. i.e the line in between the buses 2&6 is removed
TABLE IV. TOTAL GENERATION,LOAD,LOSSES UNDER BASE CASE for congestion analysis[7-11], after taking out the line
WITH TCSC between bus 2&6, the total number of lines in the IEEE 24-
SYSTEM pu bus system came down to 32.
GENERATION 1). Load flow without TCSC: The power flow is performed
Real power 30.48
by taking IEEE 24-bus system with 32 transmission
Reactive power 10.4499 networks under contingency case. From the power flow
SYSTEM LOAD pu report the % line loadings of each line and LUF’s of each
Real power 29.86 line are calculated from the formula mentioned above & it is
observed that the voltage at bus number 8 is less and its
Reactive power 7.085
below 1pu value. And also the line between buses 7&8 is
SYSTEM LOSSES pu loaded heavily. The active power loss between bus 7&8 is
Real power 0.626357 coming high. From the calculated %line loading & LUF,
Reactive power 3.364691 observed active power loss & voltage profile at buses, the
optimal location for the placement of TCSC is figured out.
Thus the TCSC is installed between bus 7&8.
The improvement in the voltage profile of the network can
be seen by observing Fig.4. Table V shows parameters of network between bus 7&8
under contingency without TCSC

TABLE V. PARAMETERS RELATED TO BUS 7 & 8

Voltage at bus 7 1.025pu
Voltage at bus 8 0.9710pu
Active power loss between bus 0.026pu
7&8
Reactive power loss between bus 0.0847pu
7&8

The total active power & reactive power losses of the

system are shown in Table VI.

TABLE VI. TOTAL LOSSES UNDER CONTINGENCY CASE WITHOUT

TCSC
Fig.4 Voltage profile under base case with TCSC
TOTAL LOSSES pu
The decrease in % line loadings of lines between different Real power 0.632812
buses can be seen by observing Fig.5. Reactive power 3.195194

The voltage profile at buses under contingency case without

TCSC in the network can be observed from the Fig. 6

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 Fig.7 Voltage profile of system under contingency case with TCSC

The reduction in the % line loadings of few lines connected

between different buses can be seen by observing Fig.8

Fig.6 Voltage profile under contingency case without TCSC

2). Load flow with TCSC: From the calculation done on %

line loading & LUF the optimal location for placing TCSC
is determined and the TCSC is installed between bus 7&8 to
improve system performance & stability. After installing
TCSC between bus 7&8 it is observed that the voltage at
bus 8 has been improved, the power flow through the line
between bus 7&8 is increased and the active/reactive power
losses of the line as well as system has been reduced.
The voltage at bus 7&8, active as well as reactive power
loss profile between bus 7&8 is shown in Table VII

TABLE VII. PARAMETERS RELATED TO BUS 7 & 8 Fig.8 Percentage line loading under base case
Voltage at bus 7 1.025pu
IV. CONCLUSION
Voltage at bus 8 1.01896pu
The main aim of this work is to figure out the optimal
Active power loss 2.22E-16pu placement of TCSC in an IEEE 24-bus system which is
between bus 7&8 performed on MATLAB software under both base &
Reactive power loss 0.013717pu contingency cases. The optimal placement is determined
between bus 7&8 using different factors such %line loading, LUF, voltage
profile, losses at different buses. An algorithm is presented to
figure out the optimal location for placing TCSC. The
The total system losses after installing TCSC can be reactance model of TCSC is considered to hike the power
observed from the Table VIII. capabilities of the line. It is observed that the total system
losses under considered cases i.e. base case and contingency
case are reduced. Under base case condition the percentage
TABLE VIII. TOTAL POWER LOSSES AFTER INSTALLING TCSC reduction in real power losses after installing TCSC is
17.69% & reactive power losses is 2.37%. Under
TOTAL LOSSES pu
contingency case the reduction in real power loss after
installing TCSC is 3.53% & reactive power losses reduced
Real power 0.610415 by 2.66%. Apart from reduction in system losses the overall
voltage profile is improved with improvement in power
Reactive power 3.109922 quality.

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