BA14: Applied statistics and

it's application to textiles:

Sampling, probability,
Hypothesis, Statistical data
analysis for decision-making
practice,
Case/Problem studies.

By
Dr. Abu Hamja
Date: 19.04.25
 Contents
❖Introduction to Application of Applied statistics in Textile
❖Sampling
❖Probability
❖Hypothesis
❖Statistical data analysis for decision-making practice
❖Case/Problem studies
01
Introduction to Application
of Applied statistics in
Textile
Applied Statistics

Applied Statistics is the branch of statistics

that focuses on the practical application of
statistical methods and techniques to
collect, analyze, interpret, and present data
in order to solve real-world problems across
various disciplines.
 Applied Statistics Application
•Data-Driven Decision Making:
Applied statistics provides methodologies for collecting, analyzing, and interpreting data, enabling informed
decision-making across a wide range of disciplines such as business, healthcare, engineering, and social
sciences.

•Bridging Theory and Practice:

It emphasizes the practical application of statistical theory to real-world problems, utilizing probabilistic
models and inferential techniques to derive insights from empirical data.

•Interdisciplinary Applications:
Applied statistics is inherently interdisciplinary, supporting fields like epidemiology, economics, environmental
science, and industrial quality control by offering robust tools for designing experiments and modeling complex
systems.

•Computational Techniques:
The field integrates computational methods and statistical software (e.g., R, Python, SAS, SPSS) to efficiently
handle large datasets, perform simulations, and implement advanced analytical techniques such as regression,
classification, and time series analysis.

•Evidence-Based Evaluation:
Applied statistics plays a critical role in evaluating hypotheses, testing interventions, and validating scientific
claims through structured methodologies such as hypothesis testing, confidence intervals, and model
diagnostics.
Decision-Making Process Defect Detection &
Support Optimization Classification

Applied Statistics Application in Textile

Predictive Customer Satisfaction Compliance & Standards

Maintenance Analysis Testing
Applied Statistics Application in Textile
•Quality Control: Ensures consistency in fabric properties like GSM, strength, and dye
uniformity.
•Process Optimization: Identifies optimal production parameters to reduce waste and
defects.
•Defect Detection & Classification: Uses statistical models to detect and categorize
fabric defects.
•Predictive Maintenance: Forecasts machine failures or process issues using probability
and data trends.
•Product Development: Analyzes experimental results to develop better textile
materials or blends.
•Customer Satisfaction Analysis: Evaluates customer feedback and returns data to
improve product design.
•Compliance & Standards Testing: Verifies that products meet industry regulations
using hypothesis testing.
•Decision-Making Support: Helps managers make data-driven decisions on production,
inventory, and design.
•Sampling for Testing: Allows efficient quality testing without inspecting every item.
•Trend Analysis: Detects long-term changes or improvements in textile production over
time.
02
Sampling
 Sampling

A sample is “a smaller (but hopefully

representative) collection of units from a
population used to determine truths about that
population” (Field, 2005)
 Selected Technical Terms
❑ Sampling Unit: A sampling unit is an element for which information is
sought

❑ Population: A population is the collection of all elements/sampling units

of interest in a particular study

❑ Sample Survey: A sample survey is a process of collecting data from

the population of Interest.

❑ Sampling Frame: Sampling frame is the complete and up-to-date list

of sampling units from which the sample is drawn.

❑ Census: A census is the complete count of a population or groups at a

point in time with respect to well defined characteristics.
 Types of Sampling
Probability (Random) Non-Probability Samples
Samples

• Simple random sample • Convenience sample

• Systematic random sample • Purposive sample
• Stratified random sample • Quota
• Multistage sample • Snowball
• Multiphase sample • Area Sampling
• Cluster sample
 Types of Sampling
Probability (Random) Non-Probability Samples
Samples

• Simple random sample • Convenience sample

• Systematic random sample • Purposive sample
• Stratified random sample • Quota
• Multistage sample • Snowball
• Multiphase sample • Area Sampling
• Cluster sample
 Probability Sampling
A probability sampling scheme is one in which every unit in the
population has a chance (greater than zero) of being selected
in the sample, and this probability can be accurately
determined.

When every element in the population does have the same

probability of selection, this is known as an 'equal probability
of selection' (EPS) design. Such designs are also referred to
as 'self-weighting' because all sampled units are given the
same weight.
 Simple Random Sampling
•Applicable when population is small, homogeneous & readily available.

•All subsets of the frame are given an equal probability. Each element
of the frame thus has an equal probability of selection.

•It provides for greatest number of possible samples. This is done by

assigning a number to each unit in the sampling frame.

•A table of random number or lottery system is used to determine

which units are to be selected.
 Types of
Simple Random Sampling
1. Simple Random Sampling schemes may be:

without replacement ('WOR' - no element can be selected more than once in the same
sample)
or
with replacement ('WR' - an element may appear multiple times in the one sample).

2. For example, if we catch fish, measure them, and immediately return them to the
water before continuing with the sample, this is a WR design, because we might end up
catching and measuring the same fish more than once. However, if we do not return the
fish to the water (e.g. if we eat the fish), this becomes a WOR design.
 Systematic Sampling
Systematic sampling relies on arranging the target population according to some
ordering scheme and then selecting elements at regular intervals through that
ordered list.
Systematic sampling involves a random start and then proceeds with the selection of
every kth element from then onwards. In this case, k=(population size/sample
size).
It is important that the starting point is not automatically the first in the list, but is
instead randomly chosen from within the first to the kth element in the list.
A simple example would be to select every 10th name from the telephone directory
(an 'every 10th' sample, also referred to as 'sampling with a skip of 10').
 Systematic Sampling
As described above, systematic sampling is an EPS method, because all elements
have the same probability of selection (in the example given, one in ten). It is not
'simple random sampling' because different subsets of the same size have different
selection probabilities - e.g. the set {4,14,24,...,994} has a one-in-ten probability of
selection, but the set {4,13,24,34,...} has zero probability of selection.
 STRATIFIED SAMPLING

Where population embraces a number of distinct categories, the frame can be

organized into separate "strata." Each stratum is then sampled as an independent
sub-population, out of which individual elements can be randomly selected.
 Every unit in a stratum has same chance of being selected.
 Using same sampling fraction for all strata ensures proportionate representation in
the sample.
 Adequate representation of minority subgroups of interest can be ensured by
stratification & varying sampling fraction between strata as required.
STRATIFIED SAMPLING
 CLUSTER SAMPLING
Cluster sampling is an example of 'two-stage sampling‘:
• At first stage a sample of areas is chosen;
• In second stage a sample of respondents within those areas is selected.

Population divided into clusters of homogeneous units, usually based on geographical

contiguity.

Sampling units are groups rather than individuals. A sample of such clusters is then
selected. All units from the selected clusters are studied.
CLUSTER SAMPLING
Difference Between Strata and Clusters
 Although strata and clusters are both non-overlapping subsets of the population, they
differ in several ways.

 All strata are represented in the sample; but only a subset of clusters are in the
sample.

 With stratified sampling, the best survey results occur when elements within strata
are internally homogeneous. However, with cluster sampling, the best results occur
when elements within clusters are internally heterogeneous
 MULTISTAGE SAMPLING
● Complex form of cluster sampling in which two or more levels of units are
embedded one in the other.
● First stage, random number of districts chosen in all
states.
● Followed by random number of talukas, villages.
● Then third stage units will be houses.
● All ultimate units (houses, for instance) selected at last step are
surveyed.
MULTISTAGE SAMPLING
 MULTISTAGE SAMPLING
● Complex form of cluster sampling in which two or more levels of
units are embedded one in the other.
● First stage, random number of districts chosen in all
states.
● Followed by random number of talukas, villages.
● Then third stage units will be houses.
● All ultimate units (houses, for instance) selected at last step
are surveyed.
 MULTIPHASE SAMPLING

Part of the information collected from whole sample & part

from subsample.

1) In Tb survey MT in all cases – Phase I

2) X –Ray chest in MT +ve cases – Phase II
3) Sputum examination in X – Ray +ve cases - Phase III

Survey by such procedure is less costly, less laborious & more

purposeful
 Non-Probability Sampling
Definition:
Non-probability sampling is a sampling technique where not all
members of the population have a known or equal chance of being
selected. It relies on the researcher's judgment or convenience
rather than random selection.

Example:
A textile researcher surveys workers from a single factory who are
available during lunch break to study workplace satisfaction—this is a
convenience sample, a type of non-probability sampling.
 CONVENIENCE SAMPLING
Sometimes known as grab or opportunity sampling or accidental or haphazard sampling.
A type of nonprobability sampling which involves the sample being drawn from that part
of the population which is close to hand. That is, readily available and convenient.
The researcher using such a sample cannot scientifically make generalizations about the
total population from this sample because it would not be representative enough.
For example, if the interviewer was to conduct a survey at a shopping center early in the
morning on a given day, the people that he/she could interview would be limited to
those given there at that given time, which would not represent the views of other
members of society in such an area, if the survey was to be conducted at different
times of day and several times per week.
This type of sampling is most useful for pilot testing.
 PURPOSIVE SAMPLING
•The researcher chooses the sample based on who they think would be
appropriate for the study. This is used primarily when there is a limited number
of people that have expertise in the area being researched

•Focused Expertise: It targets individuals with specific knowledge or

experience relevant to the research objective.

•Common in Qualitative Research: Often used in case studies, interviews, or

expert panels where deep insights are needed.

•Not Statistically Representative: Results may not generalize to a larger

population, but provide rich, detailed data
 QUOTA SAMPLING
• The population is first segmented into mutually exclusive sub-groups, just as in
stratified sampling.
• Then judgment used to select subjects or units from each segment based on a
specified proportion.
• For example, an interviewer may be told to sample 200 females and 300 males
between the age of 45 and 60.
• It is this second step which makes the technique one of non-probability sampling.
• In quota sampling the selection of the sample is non-random.
• For example interviewers might be tempted to interview those who look most
helpful. The problem is that these samples may be biased because not everyone gets
a chance of selection. This random element is its greatest weakness and quota
versus probability has been a matter of controversy for many years
 SNOWBALL SAMPLING
•Referral-Based Sampling: Participants recruit future subjects from among
their acquaintances or professional networks.

•Useful for Hard-to-Reach Populations: Ideal for studying niche groups, such
as expert textile engineers or informal industry workers.

•Grows Like a Snowball: The sample size expands as more people are referred,
forming a chain of respondents.

•Risk of Bias: Since referrals come from within social circles, the sample may
lack diversity or randomness
 Which, When and Where to use
Probability Sampling Methods in Textile
 ❑ Quality inspection of finished
fabric rolls
1. Simple Random Sample
❑ Selecting garments for
durability testing
2. Systematic Sampling ❑ Inspecting every 10th fabric
roll from the line
❑ Picking every 5th sewing
machine operator
3. Stratified Sampling ❑ Surveying departments (e.g.,
dyeing, spinning)
❑ Sampling products by material
type
4. Multistage Sampling ❑ National-level consumer
surveys (region → city →
outlet → customer)
5. Cluster Sample ❑ Selecting batches of textile
rolls
❑ Choosing entire production
shifts
5. Multiphase Sampling ❑ Initial worker screening, then
detailed assessment
 Which, When and Where to use Non
Probability Sampling Methods in Textile
 ❑ Feedback from workers during breaks
1. Convenience Sample
❑ Quick prototype testing with available designers

2. Purposive Sample ❑ Interviewing expert engineers

❑ Selecting high-defect batches for in-depth analysis

3. Quota Sampling ❑ Gender-balanced feedback from workers

❑ Opinions from buyers across different price segments

4. Snowball Sampling ❑ Mapping subcontractor networks

❑ Studying rare skill holders (e.g., handloom artisans)

5. Area Sampling ❑ Conducting field surveys in textile production hubs

❑ Studying regional textile retail outlets
 Thanks
Any Questions ?