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Solid State Physics - 01

The document provides an overview of solid state physics, focusing on crystal structures and Miller indices for directions and planes. It explains the concept of crystal lattices, the classification of materials based on energy bands, and how to determine Miller indices for crystallographic planes. Additionally, it includes methods for calculating interplanar distances in cubic crystals.

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4 views

Solid State Physics - 01

The document provides an overview of solid state physics, focusing on crystal structures and Miller indices for directions and planes. It explains the concept of crystal lattices, the classification of materials based on energy bands, and how to determine Miller indices for crystallographic planes. Additionally, it includes methods for calculating interplanar distances in cubic crystals.

Uploaded by

ishantrai33
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Solid State Physics

 CONTENTS
• Introduction to crystal structure, Miller indices -
directions and planes.
• Origin of energy bands, Kronig-Penney model
(qualitative).
• E-k diagram, classification into metals,
semiconductors and insulators, Brillouin zones,
concept of effective mass of electrons, Hall effect.
Source of photographs: Google

1
CRYSTAL STRUCTURE
Crystal Lattice

What is crystal?
• An ideal crystal is a regular repeated (periodic)
arrangement of identical structural units in
three-dimensional space.
• A crystal or crystalline solid is a solid material
whose constituents (such as atoms, molecules,
or ions) are arranged in a highly ordered
microscopic structure, forming a crystal lattice
that extends in all directions.
3
Crystal Structure - Introduction

4
Crystal Structure - Introduction

• In crystal analysis it is important to represent the


directions and planes.
• A specific direction in a crystalline solid has a specific
atomic spacing with a specific unique direction
dependent properties.
• A certain plane in a crystalline solid which has a specific
orientation has uniquely packed atoms with a specific
packing density .
• Therefore, it is very much required to represent
directions and planes in crystalline solids.
Miller Indices – Directions

• a, b, and c represent unit


translational vectors along x, y
and z directions.
• To reach point P, one needs to
move ‘u’ times ‘a’ along x-axis,
‘v’ times ‘b’ along y-axis and ‘w’
times ‘c’ along z-axis.
• If u, v and w are the smallest
integers then the direction OP
is represented by [u v w].
• Some important directions are
shown 
6
Miller Indices – Directions

• a, b, and c represent unit


translational vectors along x, y
and z directions.
• To reach point P, one needs to
move ‘u’ times ‘a’ along x-axis,
‘v’ times ‘b’ along y-axis and ‘w’
times ‘c’ along z-axis.
• If u, v and w are the smallest
integers then the direction OP
is represented by [u v w].
• Some important directions are
shown 
7
Miller Indices – Planes
• The orientations of these planes in a
crystal can be described in terms of
their intercepts on the three axes.
• Miller suggested a method of
indicating the orientation of a plane
by taking the reciprocal of the
intercepts made by the plane on the
crystallographic axis.
• The reciprocals are converted into
whole numbers to get Miller indices.
• The general form of Miller indices is
(h k l).
• The planes which are parallel have
8same Miller indices.
Miller Indices – How to find?

 The first step would be constructing a coordinate system by


considering one lattice point as an origin. And that,
 Find the intercepts of the desired plane on the three coordinate
axes. Let these be pa, qb, rc.
 Express these intercepts as multiples of the lattice parameters or
the unit cell dimensions i.e. p, q, r.
1 1 1
 Take the ratio of reciprocals of these numbers i.e : :
𝑝𝑝 𝑞𝑞 𝑟𝑟
 If the reciprocals are fractions, then convert them into whole
numbers by multiplying with their L.C.M to get the smallest whole
number.
 Enclose the three numbers in the parenthesis like (h k l), which are
Miller indices of the given plane.
9
Miller Indices: Crystallographic planes

Example for determining Miller indices


X Y Z

a a a

a/a a/a a/a

1 1 1

1/1 1/1 1/1

Miller indices = (111)

10
Miller Indices: Crystallographic planes

Example for determining Miller indices


X Y Z

a a ꝏ

a/a a/a ꝏ/a

1 1 ꝏ

1/1 1/1 1/ꝏ

Miller indices = (110)

11
Miller Indices: Crystallographic planes

Example for determining Miller indices


X Y Z

a ꝏ ꝏ

a/a ꝏ/a ꝏ/a

1 ꝏ ꝏ

1/1 1/ꝏ 1/ꝏ

Miller indices = (100)

• Miller indices of plane parallel to x-y plane: (001)


• Miller indices of plane parallel to x-z plane: (010)
• Miller indices of plane parallel to z-y plane: (100)
12
Miller Indices: Crystallographic planes

Example for determining Miller indices


X Y Z

a/2 a a/2

a/2a a/a a/2a

1/2 1 1/2

1/(1/2) 1/1 1/(1/2)

Miller indices = (212)

13
Miller Indices: Crystallographic planes

Example for determining Miller indices


X Y Z

ꝏ -a a

ꝏ/a -a/a a/a

ꝏ -1 1

1/ꝏ -1/1 1/1

Miller indices = (0ῑ1)

14
How to draw a plane from Miller
Indices?
 The first step would be drawing a unit cell with lattice parameters as
the edges and construct a coordinate system with axes x, y, z
marked.
 The intercepts of the plane to be drawn are the reciprocals of the
indices.
 For example: for a plane (h k l) and lattice parameters a,b,c Intercepts will be
𝑎𝑎 𝑏𝑏 𝑐𝑐
, ,
ℎ 𝑘𝑘 𝑙𝑙
 Draw the plane by connecting the intercepts.
 Note1: If a plane is parallel to any axis, the intercept of the plane on
that axis is ∞. Hence its Miller index for that axis is zero.
 Note2: If the intercept of a plane on any axis is negative a bar is put
on the corresponding Miller index.
15
How to draw a plane from Miller
Indices?
 Sketch the following planes
 i. (1 2 3)
 ii. (2� 0 1)
 iii. (0 0 3)
 iv). (1� 2� 0)

Practice as HW

16
Space Lattice

What are crystallographic planes?

17
Miller Planes - Distance between (h k l) planes

For Cubic Crystal:


 Let (h k l) be the Miller indices of the
plane 
 Let ON be the normal to the plane
passing through the origin.

 OA = a/h, OB = b/k, OC = c/l

18
Miller Planes - Distance between (h k l) planes

For Cubic Crystal:


 Let D be the perpendicular intercept on
the plane. So, let OD = dhkl (interplanar
distance)
 Let OD make angles α, β, γ with x-, y-
and z- axes, respectively.

19
Miller Planes - Distance between (h k l) planes

For orthogonal axes,


cos2α + cos2β + cos2γ = 1

20
Miller Planes - Distance between (h k l) planes

For cubic crystal,


a=b=c

21
Miller Planes - Distance between (h k l) planes

 Problem1: Calculate the distance between the following planes in


simple cubic lattice. (100), (110) and (111).
𝑎𝑎 𝑎𝑎
 Answer: 𝑎𝑎 ,
2
,
3

 Problem2: Calculate the distance between the following planes in


simple cubic lattice (100), (110) and (111) if lattice constant is 3Å.
3
 Answer: 3,
2
, 3

22

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