11-Synchronous Motor

Synchronous Motor

36.1 Synchronous Motor-General

A synchronous motor (Fig.
36.1) is electrically identical with
an alternator or AC generator. In
fact, a given synchronous
machine may be used, at least
theoretically, as an alternator,
when driven mechanically or as a
motor, when driven electrically,
just as in the case of DC
machines. Most synchronous
motors are rated between 150kW
and 155 MW and run at speeds
ranging from 150 to 1800 rpm.
Some characteristic features
of a synchronous motor are worth
noting:
1. It runs either at
synchronous speed or not at all
i.e. while running it maintains a
constant speed. The only way to
change its speed is to vary the
supply frequency (because
NS=120f/P).
2. It is not inherently self-starting. It has to be run up to synchronous (or near synchronous) speed
by some means, before it can be synchronized to the supply.
3. It is capable of being operated under a wide range of power factors, both lagging and leading.
Hence, it can be used for power correction purposes, in addition to supplying torque to drive loads.

36.2 Principle of Operation

As shown in Art. 32.7, when a 3-phase winding is fed by a 3-phase
supply, then a magnetic flux of constant magnitude but rotating at
synchronous speed, is produced. Consider a two-pole stator of Fig. 36.2, in
which are shown two stator poles (marked NS and SS) rotating at
synchronous speed say, in clockwise direction. With the rotor position is
shown, suppose the stator poles are at that instant situated at points A and B.
The two similar poles, N (of rotor) and NS (of stator) as well as S and SS will
repel each other, with the result that thee rotor tends to rotate in the anti-
clockwise direction.
But half a period latter, stator poles, having rotated around,
interchange their position i.e. NS is at position B and SS at point A. under
these conditions, NS attracts S and SS attracts N. Hence, rotor tends to rotate
clockwise (which is just the reverse of the first direction). Hence, we find
that due to continuous and rapid rotation of stator poles, the rotor is
subjected to a torque which is rapidly reversing i.e. in quick succession, the
rotor is subjected to torque which tends to move it first in one direction and
then in the opposite direction. Owing to its large inertia, the rotor cannot
instantaneously respond to such quickly-reversing torque, with the result
that it remains stationary.
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Now, consider the condition shown

in Fig. 36.3(a). The stator and rotor poles are
attracting each other. Suppose that the rotor
is not stationary, but it is rotating clockwise,
with such a speed that turns through one
pole-pitch by the time the stator poles
interchange their positions, as shown in Fig.
36.3(b). Here, again the stator and rotor poles
attract each other. It means that if the rotor
poles also shift their positions along with the
stator poles, then they will continuously
experience a unidirectional torque i.e.
clockwise torque, as shown in Fig. 36.3.

36.3 Method of Starting

The rotor (which is as yet unexcited) is
speeded up to synchronous or near synchronous
speed by some arrangement and then excited by the
DC source. The moment this (near) synchronously
rotating rotor is excited, it is magnetically locked into
position with the stator i.e. the rotor poles are
engaged with the stator poles and both run
synchronously in the same direction. It is because of
this inter-locking of stator and rotor poles that the
motor has either to run synchronously or not at all.
The synchronous speed is given by the usual relation
NS=120f/P.
However, it is important to understand that
the arrangement between the stator and rotor poles is
not an absolutely rigid one. As the load on the motor
is increase, the rotor progressively tends to fall back
in phase (but not in speed as in DC motors) by some
angle (Fig. 36.4) but it still continuous to run
synchronously. The value of this load angle or
coupling angle (as it is called) depends on the
amount of load to be met by the motor. In other
words, the torque developed by the motor depends on
this angle, say, α.
The working of a synchronous motor is, in
many ways, similar to the transmission of
mechanical power by a shaft. In Fig. 36.5 are shown
two pulleys P and Q transmitting power from the
driver to the load. The two pulleys are assumed to be
keyed together (just as stator and rotor poles are
interlocked) hence they run at exactly the same
(average) speed.
When Q is loaded, it slightly falls behind owing to the twist in the shaft (twist angle corresponds
to α in motor), the angle of twist, in fact, being a measure of the torque transmitted. It is clear that unless
Q is so heavily loaded as to break the coupling both pulleys must run at exactly the same (average) speed.

36.4 Motor on Load With Constant Excitation

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Before considering as to what goes on inside a synchronous motor, it is worthwhile to refer briefly
to the DC motors. We have seen (Art. 27.3) that when a DC motor is running on a supply of, say, V volts
then, on rotating, a back emf Eb is set up in its armature conductors. The resultant voltage across the
armature is (V-Eb) and it causes an armature current Ia=(V-Eb)/Ra to flow where Ra is armature resistance.
The value of Eb depends, among other factors, on the speed of the rotating armature. The mechanical
power developed in armature depends on EbIa (Eb and Ia being in opposition to each other).

Similarly in a synchronous machine, a back emf Eb is set up in the armature (stator) by the rotor
flux which opposes the applied voltage V. This back emf depends on rotor excitation only (and not on
speed as in DC motors). The net voltage in armature (stator) is the vector difference (not arithmetical, as
in DC motors) of V and Eb. Armature current is obtained by dividing this vector difference of voltages by
armature impedance (not resistance as in DC machines).
Fig. 36.6 shows the condition when the motor (properly synchronized to the supply) is running on
no-load and has no losses and is having fixed excitation which makes Eb=V. It is seen that vector
difference of Eb and V is zero and so is the armature current. Motor intake is zero, as there is neither load
nor losses to be met by it. In other words, the motor just floats.
If motor is on no-load, but it has losses, then the vector for Eb falls back (vectors are rotating anti-
clockwise) by a certain angle α (Fig. 36.7), so that a resultant voltage ER and hence current Ia is brought
into existence, which supplies losses.
If, now, the motor is loaded, then its rotor will further fall back in phase by a greater value of
angle α-called the load angle or coupling angle (corresponding to the twist in the shaft of the pulleys).
The resultant voltage ER is increased and motor draws an increased armature current (Fig. 36.8), though
at a slightly decreased power factor.

36.5 Power Flow within a Synchronous Motor

Let Ra = armature resistance/phase; XS = synchronous reactance/phase
E V - E
Then ZS=Ra+jXS; I a = R = b
; Obviously, V = E b − I a Z S
ZS ZS
The angle θ (known as internal angle) by which Ia lags behind ER is given by tanθ=XS/Ra.
If Ra is negligible, then θ=90o. Motor input = VI a cos φ -per phase, here V is applied voltage/phase.
Total input for a star-connected 3-phase machine is, P = 3V L I L cos φ
The mechanical power developed, some would go to meet iron and fraction and excitation losses.
Hence, the power available at the shaft would be less than the developed power by this amount.
Out of the input power/phase VI a cos φ , and amount I a2 Ra is wasted in armature, the rest
( VI a cos φ - I a2 Ra ) appears as mechanical power in rotor; out of it, iron, friction and excitation losses are
meet and the rest is available at the shaft. If power input/phase of the motor is P then
P = Pm + I a2 Ra
or mechanical power in rotor Pm = P − I a2 Ra -per phase
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For three phases Pm = 3V L I L cos φ − 3I a2 Ra

The per phase power development in a synchronous machine is as under:

36.6 Equivalent Circuit of a Synchronous Motor

Fig. 36.9(a) shows the equivalent circuit model for one armature phase of a cylindrical rotor
synchronous motor.
It is seen from Fig. 36.9(b) that the phase applied voltage V is the vector sum of reversed back emf
i.e. –Eb and the impedance drop IaZs. In other words, V = − E b + I a Z S . The angle α between the phasor
for V and Eb is called the load angle or power angle of the synchronous motor.

36.7 Power Developed by a Synchronous Motor

Except for very small machines, the armature resistance of a synchronous motor is negligible as
compared to its synchronous reactance. Hence the equivalent circuit for the motor becomes as shown in
Fig. 36.10 (a). From the phasor diagram of Fig. 36.10(b), it is seen that
AB = E b sin α = I a X S cos φ
or VI a X S cos φ = E bV sin α
Now, VI a X S cos φ = motor power input/phase
EV
∴ Pin = b sin α - per phase
XS
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E bV
∴ Pin = 3 sin α
XS
- for three phase
Since Stator Cu losses
have been neglected, Pin also
represents the gross mechanical
power (Pm) developed by the
motor.
3E V
∴ Pm = b sin α
XS
The gross torque developed by
the motor is Tg=9.55Pm/NS N-m
-NS in rpm.
The gross torque developed by the motor is Tg=9.55Pm/NS N-m -NS in rpm.
P 9.55 × 3E bV E V sin α
∴ Tg = 9.55 m = sin α = 28.65 b N-m.
NS NS X S NS X S
Example 36.1 A 75 kW, 3-phase, Y-connected, 50 Hz, 440 V cylindrical rotor synchronous motor
operates at rated condition with 0.8 power factor leading. The motor efficiency excluding field and stator
losses, is 95% and XS=2.5 ohm. Calculate: (i) mechanical power developed, (ii) armature current, (iii)
back emf, (iv) power angle, and (v) maximum or pull-out torque of the motor.
Solution: NS= 120×50/4= 1500 rpm = 25 rps.
(i) Pin = Pm = Pout / η = 75 × 103 / 0.95 = 78,950 W
(ii) Since power input is know, we know that
∴ 3V L I a cos φ = 3 × 440 × I a × 0.8 = 78,950
78,950
Ia = = 129 A
3 × 440 × 0.8
(iii) Applied voltage/phase= 3 × 440 = 254 V. Let V = 254∠0°
as shown in Fig. 36.11.
Now, V = E b + jIX S and φ = cos −1 (0.8) = 36.9° or
E b = V − jIX S = 254∠0° − 129∠36.9° × 2.5∠90° = 516∠ − 30°
(iv) ∴α = −30°
(v) Maximum or Full-out torque occurs when α = 90°
3E V 3 × 254 × 516
Maximum Pm = b sin α = sin 90° = 157,276.8
XS 2.5
W
∴Pull-out torque=9.55×157,276.8/1500=1001.328 N-m

36.8 Synchronous Motor with Different Excitations

A synchronous motor is said to have normal excitation when its Eb=V. If field excitation is such
that Eb<V, the motor is said to be under-excited. In both these conditions, it has a lagging power factor as
shown in Fig. 36.12.

Fig. 36.12 Fig. 36.13

On the other hand, if DC field excitation is such that Eb>V, then motor is said to be over-excited
and draws a leading current as shown in Fig. 36.13(a). There will be some value of excitation for which

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armature current will be in phase with V, so that power factor will become unity, as shown in Fig.
36.13(b).
The value of α and back emf Eb can be found with the help of vector diagrams for various power
factors, shown in Fig. 36.14.
(i) Lagging Power Factor: As seen from Fig. 36.14(a)
AC 2 = AB 2 + BC 2 = [V − E R cos(θ − φ)] 2 + [ E R sin(θ − φ)] 2
E b = AC = [V − I a Z S cos(θ − φ)] 2 + [ I a Z S sin(θ − φ)] 2
⎛ BC ⎞ −1 ⎛ I a Z S sin(θ − φ) ⎞
Load angle α = tan −1 ⎜ ⎟ = tan ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ AB ⎠ ⎝ V − I a Z S cos(θ − φ) ⎠

Fig. 36.14

(ii) Leading Power Factor: As seen from Fig. 36.14(b)

E b = [V + I a Z S cos{180° − (θ − φ)}] 2 + [ I a Z S sin{180° − (θ − φ)}] 2
⎛ I a Z S sin{180° − (θ − φ)} ⎞
Load angle α = tan −1 ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ V − I a Z S cos{180° − (θ − φ)} ⎠
(iii) Unity Power Factor: As seen from Fig. 36.14(c)
⎛ I X ⎞
Here, OB=IaRa and BC=IaXS; E b = [V + I a Ra ] 2 + [ I a X S ] 2 ; Load angle α = tan −1 ⎜⎜ a S ⎟⎟ .
⎝ V − I a Ra ⎠
36.9 Effect of Increased Load with Constant Excitation
We will study the effect of increased load on a synchronous motor under conditions of normal,
under and over-excitation (ignoring the effects of armature reaction). With normal-excitation, Eb=V, with
under-excitation, Eb<V and with over-excitation, Eb>V. Whatever the value of excitation, it would be
kept constant during our discussion. It would also be assumed that Ra is negligible as compared to XS so
that phase angle between ER and Ia i.e. θ=90o.
(i) Normal Excitation
Fig. 36.15(a) shows the condition
when motor is running with light load so that
(a) torque angle α1 is small, (b) so ER1 is
small, (c) hence Ia1 is small and (d) φ1 is small
so that cosφ1 is large.
Now, suppose that load on the motor is
increased as shown in Fig. 36.15(b). For
meeting this extra load, motor must develop
more torque by drawing more armature
current. Unlike a DC motor a synchronous
motor cannot increase its Ia by decreasing its
speed and hence Eb because both are constant
in its case.
What actually happens is as under:
1. Rotor falls back in phase i.e. load angle increases to α2 as shown in Fig. 36.15(b)
2. The resultant voltage in armature is increased considerably to new value ER2.
3. As a result, Ia1 increases to Ia2, thereby increasing the torque developed by the motor.
4. φ1 increase to φ2, so that power factor decreases from cosφ1 to the new value cosφ2.

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Since increase in Ia is much greater than the

slight decrease in power factor, the torque
developed by the motor is increased (on the whole)
to a new value sufficient to meet the extra load put
on the motor. It will be seen that essentially it is by
increasing its Ia that the motor is able to carry the
extra load put on it.
A phase summary of the effect of increased
load on a synchronous motor at normal excitation
is shown in Fig. 36.16. It is seen that there is a
comparatively much greater increase in Ia than in
φ.

(ii) Under-excitation
As shown in Fig. 36.17, with a small
load and hence, small torque angle α1, Ia1 lags
behind V by a large phase angle φ1 which
means poor power factor. Unlike normal
excitation, a much larger armature current
must flow for developing the same power
because of poor power factor. That is why Ia1
of Fig. 36.17 is larger than Ia1 of Fig. 36.15(a).
As load increases, ER1 increases to ER2,
consequently Ia1 increases to Ia2 and power
factor angle decreases from φ1 to φ2. Due to
increase both in Ia and power factor, power
generated by the armature increases to meet
the increased load. As seen, in this case,
change in power factor is more than the
change in Ia.

(iii) Over-excitation
When running on light load, α1
is small, but Ia1 is comparatively
larger and leads V by a larger angle
φ1. Like the under excited motor, as
motor load is applied, the power
factor improves and approaches unity.
The armature current also increases
thereby producing the necessary
armature power to meet the increased
load (Fig. 36.18). However, it should
be noted that in this case, power
factor angle φ decreases (or power
factor increases) at a faster rate than
the armature current thereby
producing the necessary increased
power to meet the increased load
applied to the motor.
The main points regarding the above three cases can be summarized as under:
1. As load on the motor increases, Ia increases regardless of excitation.

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2. For under- and over-excited motors, power factor tends to approach unity with increase in
load.
3. Both with under- and over-excitation, change in power factor is greater than Ia with increase in
load.
4. With normal excitation, when load is increased change in Ia is greater than in power factor
which tends to become increasingly lagging.

36.11 Different Torques of a Synchronous Motor

Various torques associated with a synchronous motor are as follows:
1. Starting torque 2. Running torque
3. Pull-in torque and 4. Pull-out torque.
(a) Starting Torque
It is the torque (or turning effort) developed by the motor when full voltage is applied to its stator
(armature) winding. It is also sometimes called breakaway torque. Its value may be as low as 10% as in
the case of centrifugal pumps and as high as 200 to 250% of full-load torque as in the case of loaded
reciprocating two-cylinder compressor.

(b) Running Torque

As its name indicates, it is the torque developed by the motor under running conditions. It is
determined by the horse-power and speed of the driven machine. The peak horse power determines the
maximum torque that would be required by the driven machine. The motor must have a breakdown or a
maximum running torque greater than this value in order to avoid stalling.

(c) Pull-in Torque

A synchronous motor is started as induction motor till it runs 2 to 5% below the synchronous
speed. Afterwards, excitation is switched on and the rotor pulls into step with the synchronously rotating
stator field. The amount of torque at which the motor will pull into step is called the pull-in torque.

(d) Pull-out Torque

The maximum torque which the motor can develop without pulling out of step or synchronism is
called the pull-out torque.
Normally, when load on the motor is increased, its rotor progressively tends to fall back in phase
by some angle (called load angle) behind the synchronously-revolving stator magnetic field though it
keeps running synchronously. Motor develops maximum torque when its rotor is retarded by an angle of
90o (or in other words, it has shifted backward by a distance equal to half the distance between adjacent
poles). Any further increase in load will cause the motor to pull out of step (or synchronism) and stop.

36.17 Effect of Excitation on Armature Current and Power Factor

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The value of excitation for which back emf

Eb is equal (in magnitude) to applied voltage V is
known as 100% excitation. We will now discuss
what happens when motor is either over-excited or
under excited although we have already touched
this point in Art 36.8.
Consider a synchronous motor in which the
mechanical load is constant (and hence output is
also constant if losses are neglected).
Fig. 36.47(a) shows the case for 100%
excitation i.e. when Eb=V. The armature current I
lags behind V by a small angle φ. Its angle θ with
ER is fixed by stator constants i.e. tanθ=XS/R.
In Fig. 36.47(b) excitation is less than 100% i.e.
Eb<V. Here, ER is advanced clockwise and so is
armature current (because it lags behind ER by
fixed angle θ). We note that the magnitude of I is
increased but its power factor is decreased (φ has
increased). Because input as well as V are constant,
hence the power component of I i.e. Icosφ=OA will
remain constant. In fact, the locus of the extremity
of current vector would be straight horizontal line
as shown.

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Incidentally, it may be noted that when

field current is reduced, the motor pull-out
torque is also reduced in proportion.
Fig. 36.47 (c) represent the condition for
over-excited motor i.e. Eb>V. Here, the resultant
voltage vector ER is pulled anti-clockwise and
so is I. It is seen that now motor is drawing a
leading current. It may also happen for some
value of excitation, that I may be in with V i.e.
power factor is unity [Fig. 36.47 (d)]. At that
time, the current drawn by the motor would be
minimum.
Two important points stand out clearly
from the above discussion:
1. The magnitude of armature current
varies with excitation. The current has large
value both for low and high values of
excitation (tough it is lagging for low
excitation and leading for higher excitation).
In between, it has minimum value
corresponding to a certain excitation. The
variations of I with excitation are shown in
Fig. 36.48(a) which are known as ‘V’ curves
because of their shape.
2. For the same input, armature
current varies over a wide range and so
causes thee power factor also to vary
accordingly. When over-excited, motor runs
with leading power factor and with lagging
power factor when under-excited. In
between, the power factor in unity. The
variations of power factor wit excitation are
shown in Fig. 36.48(b). The curve for power
factor looks like inverted ‘V’ curve. It would
be noted that minimum armature current
corresponds to unity power factor.
It is seen (and it was pointed out in Art. 36.1) that an
over-excited motor can be run with leading power factor.
This property of the motor renders it extremely useful for
phase advancing (and so power factor correcting) purposes
in the case of industrial loads driven by induction motors
(Fig. 36.49) and lighting and heating loads supplied through
transformer. Both transformers and induction motor draw
lagging currents from the line. Especially on light loads, the
power drawn by them has a large reactive component and
the power factor has a very low value. This reactive
component, though essential for operating the electrical
machinery, entails appreciable loss in many ways. By using
synchronous motors in conjunction with induction motor and
transformers, the lagging reactive power required by the
latter is supplied locally by the leading reactive component
taken by the former, thereby relieving the line and
generators of much of the reactive component.

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Hence, they now supply only the active component of the load current. When used in this ways, a
synchronous motor is called a synchronous capacitor, because it draws, like a capacitor, leading current
from the line. Most synchronous capacitors are rated between 20 MVAR and 200 MVAR and many are
hydrogen-cooled.

Example 36.31 A synchronous motor absorbing 60 kW is connected in parallel with a factory load of 240
kW having a lagging power factor of 0.8. If the combined load has a power factor of 0.9, what is the value
of the leading kVAR supplied by the motor and what power factor is it working?

Solution: Load connections and phase relationships are shown in Fig. 36.53.
Total load= 240+60 = 300 kW; combined power factor =0.9 (lag);
φ=25,8o; tanφ=0.4834; combined kVAR=300×0.4834=145 (lag)
Factory Load:
cosφL=0.8; φL=36.9o; tanφL=0.75; load kVAR=240×0.75=180 (lag)
[or load kVA=240/0.8=300, kVVAR=300×sinφφL=300×0.6=180]
∴leading kVAR supplied by synchronous motor =180-145=35
For Synchronous Motor:
kW= 60; leading kVAR=35; tanφm=35/60; φm=30.3o; cos30.3o=0.863
∴ Motor power factor=0.863 (leading).
Incidentally, motor kVA= 60 2 + 35 2 = 69.5

36.22 Procedure for Starting a Synchronous Motor

While starting a modern synchronous motor provided with damper windings, following procedure
is adopted.
1. First, main field winding is short circuited.
2. Reduced voltage with the help of auto-transformers is applied across stator terminals. The
motor starts up.
3. When it reaches a steady state speed (as judge by its sound), a weak DC excitation is applied
by removing the short-circuit on the main field winding. If excitation is sufficient, then the
machine will be pulled into synchronism.
4. Full supply voltage is applied across stator terminals by cutting out the auto-transformers.
5. The motor may be operated at any desired power factor by changing the DC excitation.

36.23 Comparison Between Synchronous and Induction Motors

1. For a given frequency, the synchronous motor runs at constant average speed whatever the load,
while the speed of an induction motor falls somewhat with increase in load.

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2. The synchronous motor can be operated over a wide range of power factors, both lagging and
leading, but induction motor always runs with a lagging power factor which may become very low
at light loads.
3. A synchronous motors is inherently not self-starting but induction motor is self-starting.
4. The changes in applied voltage do not affect synchronous motor torque as much as they affect the
induction motor torque.
5. The breakdown torque of a synchronous motor varies approximately as the first power of applied
voltage whereas that of an induction motor depends on the square of this voltage.
6. A DC excitation is required be synchronous motor but not by induction motor.
7. Synchronous motor are usually more costly and complicated than induction motors, but they are
particularly attractive for low speed drives (below 300 rpm) because their power factor can always
be adjusted to 1.0 and their efficiency is high. However, induction motors are excellent for speeds
over 600 rpm.
8. Synchronous motor can be run at ultra-low speeds by using high power electronics converters
which generated very low frequencies. Such motors of 10 MW range are used fro driving crusher,
rotary kilns and variable speed ball mills etc.

36.24 Synchronous Motor Applications

Synchronous motors find extensive application for the following classes of service:
1. Power factor correction;
2. Constant speed, constant load drives; and
3. Voltage regulation.

(a) Power Factor Correction

Over-excited synchronous motors leading power factor are widely used for improving power
factor of those power systems which employ a large number of induction motor and other devices
having lagging power factor such as welders and fluorescent lights etc.

(b) Constant Speed, Constant Load Drives

Because of their high efficiency and high speed, synchronous motors (above 600 rpm) are well
suited for loads where constant speed is required such as centrifugal pumps, belt-driven reciprocating
compressors, blowers, line shafts, rubber and paper mills etc.
Low-speed synchronous motors (below 300 rpm) are used for drives such as centrifugal and screw
type pumps, ball and tube mills, vacuum pumps, chippers and metal rolling mills.

(c) Voltage regulation

The voltage at the end of along transmission line varies greatly especially when large inductive
load are present. When an inductive load is disconnected suddenly, voltage tends to rises considerably
above its normal value because of the line capacitance. By installing synchronous motor with a field
regulator (for varying its excitation), this voltage rise can be controlled.
When line voltage decreases due to inductive load, motor excitation is increased thereby raising its
power factor which compensates for the lone drop. If, on the other hand, line voltage rise due to line
capacitive effect, motor excitation is decreased, thereby making its power factor lagging which helps
to maintain the line voltage at its normal value.

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Reference
[1] B.L.Theraja, A.K.Theraja,: A textbook of Electrical Technology, Volume- II, S. Chand & company
Ltd.
[2] Jack Rosenblat and M. Harold Friedman, Direct and Alternating Current Machinery, Second and
latest Edition, CBS Publishers and Distributors.
[3] Irving L. Kosow, Electrical Machinery and Transformers, Second Edition, Prentice –Hall India Pvt.
Limited.

Kiln: A large oven for baking clay and bricks, drying wood and grain etc.

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