THE GLOBALIZATION OF

RELIGION
 LEARNING OBJECTIVES

Explain how Discuss the future

Identify the
globalization of religion in a
various religious
affects religious globalized world
responses to
practices and
globalization
beliefs
 DEFINING RELIGION
System of socially shared
symbols, beliefs, and rituals
that is directed toward a
sacred, supernatural realm
and addresses the ultimate
meaning of existence.
The English word religion is from the Latin verb religare,
which means "to tie" or "to bind fast". A contemporary
scholar defines religion as "a system of beliefs, rituals,
and practices, usually institutionalized in one manner or
another, which connects this world with the beyond. It
provides the bridge that allows humans to approach the
divine, the universal life force that both encompasses and
transcends the world". This substantive definition of
religion limits religion to the belief in supernatural or
divine force. However, for its functional definition, religion
is anything that provides an individual with the ultimate
meaning that organizes his/her entire life and worldview
(as cited in Lanuza and Raymundo, 2016)
TYPES OF RELIGIOUS
ORGANIZATIONS
CHURCH
A religious organization that claims to possess the
truth about salvation exclusively. A classic example
is the Roman Catholic Church. The church includes
everybody or virtually everybody in a society.
Membership is by childbirth: new generations are
born into the church and are formally inducted
through baptism
SECT
The sect also perceives itself as a
unique owner of the truth. However, it
constitutes a minority in a given
society. Recruitment takes place
through conscious individual choice.
DENOMINATION
In contrast to the church and sect, the
denomination is oriented toward cooperation, at
least as it relates to other similar denominations.
People join through individual and voluntary
choice, although the most important form of
recruitment in established denominations takes
place through childbirth
CULT
the concept of cult was introduced in
1932 by sociologist Howard Becker.
Lanuza (1999) provides definition of a
cult: a comprehensive definition of a cult
A non-traditional form o religion, the doctrine of which is taken
from diverse sources, either rom non traditional sources or
local narratives or an amalgamination of both, whose
members constitute either a loosely knit group or an exclusive
group which emphasizes the belief in the divine element
within the individual and whose teachings are derived rom
either a real or legendary figure, the purpose of which is to aid
the individual in the full realization of his or her spiritual
powers and/or union with the Divine. The label cult is often
attached to a religious group that society considers as deviant
or nontraditional. Hence, the term cult → is often used in a
negative way.
 NEW RELIGIOUS MOVEMENTS (NRMS)
AND INDIGENOUS RELIGIOUS GROUPS

THE TERM NEW RELIGIOUS MOVEMENT CAME

INTO USE AMONG SOCIAL SCIENTIST IN THE
1960S. IT WAS AN ALTERNATIVE LABEL FOR
CULTS THAT HAVE BEEN NEGATIVELY
PORTRAYED BY MASS MEDIA AND SOME SOCIAL
SCIENTISTS. NEW AGE GROUPS ARE
CONSIDERED PART OF THESE NEW RELIGIOUS
MOVEMENT
MAJOR RELIGIONS OF
THE WORLD
 There are some 4,300 religions of the world. This is according to
Adherents, an independent, non-religiously affiliated organiza that
monitors the number and size of the world's religions (Ju 口 2006).
Worldwide, more than eight-in-ten people identify wit religious group.
1 A comprehensive demographic study of more than 230 countries and
territories conducted by the Pew Research Center's Forum on
Religion & Public Life estimates that there are 5.8 billion religiously
affiliated adults and children around the globe, representing 84% of
the 2010 world population of 6.9 billion (Pew Research Center, 2012)

Hinduism, Buddhism, Christianity, Judaism, and Islam are five of the

biggest religions in the world. Over last few thousand years, these
2 religious groups ha shaped the course of history and had a profound
influence on the trajectory of the human race. Through countless
conflicts, conquests, missions abroad, and simple word of mouth,
these religions spread around the globe and forever molded the huge
geographic regions in their paths (Kuzoian, 2015).
 HINDUISM
ORIGINATING ON THE INDIAN SUBCONTINENT AND
COMPRISING SEVERAL AND VARIED SYSTER
PHILOSOPHY, BELIEF, AND RITUAL. ALTHOUG
NAME HINDUISM IS RELATIVELY NEW, H BEEN
COINED BY BRITISH WRITERS IN THE MAT
DECADES OF THE 19TH CENTURY, IT REFERS TO A
RICH CUMULATIVE TRADITION OF TEXTS AND
PRACTICES, SOME OF WHICH DATE TO THE 2ND
MILLENNIUM BCE OR POSSIBLY EARLIER. IF THE
INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION (3RD-2ND
MILLENNIUM BCE) WAS THE EARLIEST SOURCE OF
THESE TRADITIONS, AS SOME SCHOLARS HOLD,
THEN HINDUISM IS THE OLDEST LIVING RELIGION
ON EARTH
 BUDDHISM
RELIGION AND PHILOSOPHY THAT DEVELOPED
FROM THE TEACHINGS OF THE BUDDHA (SA
AWAKENED ONE), A TEACHER WHO LIV
NORTHERN INDIA BETWEEN THE MID-6TH AND 4TH
CENTURIES BCE. SPREADING FROM MURA TO
CENTRAL AND SOUTHEAST ASIA, CHINA, KOREA,
AND JAPAN, BUDDHISM HAS PLAYED A CENTRAL
ROLE IN THE SPIRITUAL, CULTURAL, AND SOCIAL
LIFE OF ASIA, AND DURING THE 20TH CENTURY IT
SREAD TO Y
THE WEST
 CHRISTIANITY
STEMMING FROM THE LIFE, TEACHINGS, AND
DEATH OF JESUS OF NAZARETH (THE CHRIST, OR
THE ANOINTED ONE OF GOD) IN THE 1ST
CENTURY AD. IT HAS BECOME THE LARGEST OF
THE WORLD'S RELIGIONS. GEOGRAPHICALLY THE
MOST WIDELY DIFFUSED OF ALL FAITHS, IT HAS A
CONSTITUENCY OF MORE THAN 2 BILLION
BELIEVERS. ITS LARGEST GROUPS ARE THE
ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH, THE EASTERN
ORTHODOX CHURCHES, AND THE PROTESTANT
CHURCHES, IN ADDITION TO THESE CHURCHES
THERE ARE SEVERAL INDEPENDENT CHURCHES
OF EASTERN CHRISTIANITY AS WELL AS
NUMEROUS SECTS THROUGHOUT THE WORLD.
 JUDAISM
MONOTHEISTIC RELIGION DEVELOPED AMONG
THE ANCIENT HEBREWS. JUDAISM IS
CHARACTERIZED BY A BELIEF IN ONE
TRANSCENDENT GOD WHO REVEALED
HIMSELF TO ABRAHAM, MOSES, AND THE
HEBREW PROPHETS AND BY A RELIGIOUS
LIFE IN ACCORDANCE WITH SCRIPTURES AND
RABBINIC TRADITIONS. JUDAISM IS THE
COMPLEX PHENOMENON OF A TOTAL WAY OF
LIFE FOR THE JEWISH PEOPLE, COMPRISING
THEOLOGY, LAW, AND INNUMERABLE
CULTURAL TRADITIONS
 ISLAM
PROMULGATED BY THE PROPHET MUHAMMAD IN
ARABIA IN THE 7TH CENTURY CE. THE ARABIC TERM
ISLĀM, LITERALLY SURRENDER: ILLUMINATES THE
FUNDAMENTAL RELIGIOUS IDEA OF ISLAM-THAT THE
BELIEVER (CALLED A MUSLIM, FROM THE ACTIVE
PARTICLE OF ISLAM) ACCEPTS SURRENDER TO THE
WILL OF ALLAH (IN ARABIC, ALLAH: GOD). ALLAH IS
VIEWED AS THE SOLE GOD-CREATOR, SUSTAINER, AND
RESTORER OF THE WORLD. THE WILL OF ALLAH, TO
WHICH HUMAN BEINGS MUST SUBMIT, IS MADE KNOWN
THROUGH THE SACRED SCRIPTURES, THE QUR'AN
(OFTEN SPELLED KORAN IN ENGLISH), WHICH ALLAH
REVEALED TO HIS MESSENGER, MUHAMMAD. IN ISLAM
MUHAMMAD IS CONSIDERED THE LAST OF A SERIES OF
PROPHETS (INCLUDING ADAM, NOAH, ABRAHAM,
MOSES, SOLOMON, AND JESUS).
 IMPACT OF GLOBALIZATION ON
RELIGION
Globalization implicates religions in several ways. It calls forth religious
response and interpretation. Religions played impor roles in bringing
about and characterizing globalization. Among consequences of this
implication for religion is that globaliza encourages religious pluralism.
Religions identify themselves in relation to one another, and they
become less rooted in particular places because of diasporas and
transnational ties. Globalization further provides fertile ground for a
variety of noninstitutionalized religious manifestations and for the
development of religion as a political and cultural resource
 PERSPECTIVES ON THE ROLE OF
RELIGION IN THE GLOBALIZATION
PROCESS
 THE MODERNIST PERSPECTIVE

It is the perspective of most intellectuals

and academics. Its view is that all
secularizations would eventually look
alike and the different religions would all
end up as the same secular and "rational"
philosophy. It sees religion revivals as
sometimes being a reaction to the
Enlightenment and modernization.
 POST-MODERNIST PERSPECTIVE
It rejects the Enlightenment, modernist values of rationalism,
empinicism, and science, along with the Enlightenment, modernist
structures of capitalism, bureaucracy, and even liberalism. The
core value of post-modernism is expressive individualism. The
post-modernist perspective can include "spiritual experiences, but
only those without religious constraints. Post-modernism is largely
hyper- secularism, and it joins modernism in predicting, and
eagerly anticipating, the disappearance of traditional religions
Globalization, by breaking up and dissolving every traditional,
local, and national structure, bring about the universal triumph of
expressive individualism
 THE PRE-MODERNIST PERSPECTIVE
There is an alternative perspective, one which is post-
modern in its occurrence but which is pre-modern in its
sensibility. It is best represented and articulated by the
Roman Catholic Church, especially by Pope John Paul II.
The Pope's understanding is drawn from his experiences
with Poland, but it encompasses events in other countries
as well. Each religion has secularized in its own distinctive
way, which has resulted in its own distinctive secular
outcome. This suggests that even if globalization brings
about more secularization, it will not soon bring about one
common, global worldview.
 TRANSNATIONAL RELIGION AND
MULTIPLE GLOCALIZATION
THROUGHOUT THE 20TH CENTURY MIGRATION OF
FAITHS ACROSS THE GLOBE HAS BEEN A MAJOR
FEATURE. ONE OF THESE FEATURES IS
DETERRITORIALIZATION OF RELIGION THAT IS,
THE APPEARANCE AND THE EFFLORESCENCE OF
RELIGIOUS TRADITIONS IN PLACES WHERE THESE
PREVIOUSLY HAD BEEN LARGELY UNKNOWN OR
WERE AT LEAST IN A MINORITY POSITION
Transnational religion is a means of describing
solutions to new-found situations that people face
as a result of migration and comes as two quite
distinct blends of religious universalism and local
particularism.

It is possible for religious universalism to gain the

upperhand, whereby universalism becomes the
central reference for immigrant communities. In
such instances, religious transnationalism is often
depicted as a religion going global.
TRANSNATIONAL RELIGION IS A MEANS
OF DESCRIBING SOLUTIONS TO NEW-
FOUND SITUATIONS THAT PEOPLE FACE
AS A RESULT OF MIGRATION AND IT
COMES AS TWO QUITE DISTINCT BLENDS
OF RELIGIOUS UNIVERSALISM AND
LOCAL PARTICULARISM.
It is possible for religious universalism to
gain the upperhand, whereby universalism
becomes the central reference for
immigrant communities. In such instances,
religious transnationalism is often depicted
as a religion going global.

It is possible for local ethnic or national

particularism to gain or maintain the most
important place for local immigrant
communities
In such instances, transnational national communities
are constructed and religious hierarchies perform dual
religious and secular functions that ensure the groups'
survival (164). Fundamentalist or revivalist movement
attempt to construct pure religion that sheds the
cultural tradition in which past religious life was
immersed.

Transnational religion is used to describe cases of

institutional transnationalism whereby communities
living outside the national territory of particular states
maintain religious attachments to their home churches
or institutional.
 FORMS OF
GLOCALIZATION
Indigenization - is connected with the specific
faiths with ethnic groups whereby religion
and culture were often fused into a single
unit. It is also connected to the survival of
particular ethnic groups.

Vernacularization - involved the rise of

vernacular language endowed with the
symbolic ability of offering privileged access
to the sacred and often promoted by empires
Nationalization - connected the consolidation
of specific nations with particular confessions
and has been a popular strategy both in
Western and eastem Europe (171).

Transnationalization - complemented
religious nationalization by forcing groups to
identify with specific religious traditions of
real or imagine national homelands or to
adopt a more universalist vision of religion
THANK YOU!!!