NURSING RESEARCH

 First Nurse Researcher is Florence Nightingale.

 There are many ways by which knowledge is acquired :-
1- Unstructured method (tradition, authoritative ,intuition ,personal experiences ,trial and
error)
2- Structured method (inductive reasoning, deductive reasoning ,assembled data,problem
solving, research method)
 There are three basic stages of research
1. Planning,
2. Implementation
3. Communicating and applying results.
 Nursing research is defined as systematic, scientific and objective search for knowledge about
issues of importance to the nursing profession.
 One of the important purpose of nursing research is to provide evidence based nursing care.
 Research is the systematic and scientific search for new facts and relationships.
 Dependent variable is also known as effect variable.
 Independent variable is also knwon as cause variable.
 The weaknesses of the total research study is known as limitations.
 In research process, the first step is to select and define research problem.
 The research objectives should be attainable and measurable.
 Review of literature is a summary of current theoretical and scientific knowledge about
particular problem, which includes what is known and not known about the problem.
 Full form of CINAHL Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature.
 The variables those to be studied during research are known as dependent variables.
 Review of literature is done in planning phase of research process.
 The delimitations are the restrictions that are placed by researcher on the research study before
starting it.
 Research design is a blue print for conducting the study and also called methodology.
 There are mainly two type of research approach:-
 Quantitative
 Qualitative
 Quantitative research approach also devided in experimental and nonexperimentl
research design
 Experimental research design also devide in true experimental and quasi experimental

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 In experimental research design three features are present :-randomization, manipulation,
control group.
 In quasiexperimental either randomization or control group is absent..
 In experimental method of research, the researcher studies possible cause and effect relationship
by exposing one group to a treatment and another group without treatment.
 Nonexprimental research design also devide in five types:-
1. Descriptive
2. Correlational or ex –post facto research design
3. Developmental
4. Epidemiological
5. Survey
 Survey is the most appropriate method of gathering informations..
 Survey approach of research primarily focuses on present.
 Sampling refers to the process of selecting a portion from the population to represent the entire
population.
 Probability sampling has greater importance than the non probability sampling in the field of
research.
 In non probability sampling, there is no assurance that every element of the population has a
chance of being selected in research study.

 If a researcher wants to do study about health status of rural females. Then he selects rural
females as sample. This is the example of purposive sampling.

 The first phase of the sampling process involves the identification of the target population.

Classification of Sampling
Sampling

Probability Non Probability

Sampling Sampling

Simple random sampling Convenience

Stratified random sampling Quota sampling
Cluster random sampling/Multi stage Purposive sampling
Systematic random sampling Snow ball
Sequential Consequtive sampling

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NURSING RESEARCH

 Sampling error is the difference between data obtained from random sampling and data obtained
from entire population.
 Simple random sampling is the most basic of the probability sampling designs.
 A sample is a subset of a population who is selected to participate in a research study and that
represent the whole population.
 Each member of a population is termed as sampling unit, subject of elements.
 A sample is a subset of a population who is selected to participate in a research study and that
represent the whole population.
 Each member of a population is termed as sampling unit, subject of elements.
 In stratified random sampling, first the population is divided into two or more subgroups and
then an appropriate number of sample can be selected from each group randomly.
 In probability sampling, every person of the population have equal possibility to be selected as a
sample.
 When measurement is performed within the living organisms, it is known as invivo
measurement.
 When measurement is done outside the living organisms, it is known as invitro measurement.
 Validity refers to the degree to which an instrument measures what it is supposed to be
measuring.
 Validity have four types:-
a. Face validity
b. Content validity
c. Criterion validity
d. Construct validity
 Reliability is the ability of the tool to create reproducible results and it is degree of consistency.
 Three main types of relibility measuring:-
a. Stability:- its measure by test-retest method
b. Internal consistency :- its measure by split-half method
c. Equivalence:- in this reliability two different obsrevers observe the single phenomenon.

 Pilot study is also called small scale study and this study done to make improvements in the
research project and to detect problems that must be eradicated before the major study.
 Research problem refers to some difficulty which a researcher experiences in the context of
either a theoretical or practical situation and wants to obtain a solution for the same.

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NURSING RESEARCH
 The piece of information obtained in a research study from the target population or samples is
known as data.
 Target population is defined of the total group of people to which the researcher wants to
generalize the findings of the research study.
 In a research process, pilot study is a trial run of the major study.
 Hypothesis is a tentative prediction or explanation of the relationship between two or more
variables.
 In research work, informed consent means that subjects have adequate information’s regarding
the research and the power of free choice, enabling them to voluntarily participation in the
 research.
 Historical research is the systematic collection and critical evaluation of data relating to past
occurence.
 Primary data are those data which are being collected for the first time. Smaller samples
produces less accurate results than larger samples.


Major Steps in the Nursing Process

Phase Steps
 Defining the research problem.
 Review of literature.
The conceptual phase
 Developing a conceptual framework.
 Formulating hypothesis.
 Selection of a research design.
 Identification of the population and selection of samples.
Planning phase  Selection of methods for the collection of data.
 Finalizing and reviewing the research plan.
 Pilot study.
 Collection of the research data.
Empirical phase
 Preparing the collected data for analysis
 Analyzing the data
The analytic phase
 Interpreting the data.
 Communicating the research findings
The dissemination phase  Utilizing the research findings

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NURSING RESEARCH

Examples of Independent and Dependent Variable

Research Question Independent Dependent Variable

Variable
The pregnant women who receive Health teaching on care of Development of complications in
teaching on care of newborn baby, new born during pregnancy newborn after birth.
their babies are prone to
development of less complications
after birth than the babies of ladies
who do not receive teaching during
pregnancy
What is effect of H2O2 H2O2 Solution Microbes of normal oral mucosa
Sol. on the microbes of the normal
oral mucosa
Do nurses administer greater Gender of patients Amount of narcotic analgesics
amounts of narcotic analgesics to
men than to women
A cooperative study to assess health Attending anganwari centre
status of children attending or not Health status of children
attending anganwari centre

Statistics:-
 By statistics we mean numerical data affected to a marked extent by multiplicity of causes.
Averages or measures of central tendency :
 Average value of a characteristic is the one central value around which all other observation are
dispersed.
 Arithmetic mean
 Weighed arithmetic mean
 Geometric mean
 Harmonic mean
 Median
 Mode
 Nominal, ordinal, interval and ratio are the scales of measurement.
 The data which have already been collected by some other person in past and have already
been passed through the statistical process, are termed as secondary data.

 When data are arranged in ascending order of magnitude the middle most value is termed as
median.
 The value which is equal to sum of the scores divided by the total number of scores, is
termed as mean.
 Generalization is the application of research findings to the population from which the
samples has been selected.

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NURSING RESEARCH
Aithmetic Mean/Arithmetic Average/Simple Mean:-
 Mean is the most common measure of central tendency represented by g which is calculated by
summing up all the values and dividing by number of values.
𝑥 1 +𝑥 2 +𝑥 3….𝑥 𝑛
𝑥= 𝑛
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑜𝑏𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠
= 𝑁𝑜 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑏𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠
𝑥
𝑥= 𝑁

Uses :
1. Mean have greatest stability.
2. Mean is also needed to compute other statistics such as standard deviation, t-test.

Demerit:
1. Extreme scores disturb the mean when difference between lowest value & highest value is very
large.
2. It is not reliable for open end classes.

The mean is calculated by different methods in two types of sevies. Ungrouped and grouped.

Ungrouped series:-
 In such series the number of observations are small.
Ex. 3, 5, 7, 7, 8, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12

𝑥
Mean = 𝑁

3+5+7+7+8+8+9+10+11+12
= =8
10
Grouped series:-
 When frequency is given or number of observation is large we can find out frequency by adding
numbers.
A For Discrete Series
X F xf
0 14 0
1 21 21
2 25 50
3 43 129
4 51 204
5 40 200
6 39 234
7 12 84
N = 𝑓 = 245 𝑓𝑥 = 922

𝑓𝑥 𝑓𝑥 922
Mean (𝑥) = = = = 245 = 3.7
𝑓𝑥 𝑁

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NURSING RESEARCH

(b) If class interval is given

𝑓𝑑 𝑥−𝐴
Mean 𝑥 = A + hx 𝑁 𝑑 = ℎ
A → Average of mid points
h → Width of class interval
f → Frequency
x → Mid point

Example :

C.I. F x 𝑥−𝐴 Fxd

d= ℎ
(Mid Point of Class
Interval)
0-10 6 5 -3 -18
10-20 5 15 -2 -10
20-30 8 25 -1 -8
30-40 15 35 ← A 0 0
40-50 7 45 +1 +7
50-60 6 55 +2 +12
60-70 3 65 +3 +9
𝑓 = N = 50 𝑓d = -8

A = 35
h = 10

𝑓𝑑
𝑓d = -8 𝑥=A+h× 𝑁

N = 50 𝑥=

−8
35 + 10 × = 33.4
50

\Weighed Arithmetic Mean :-

 When relative importance of all the items of the distribution in not same. In such cases proper
weightage is given to various items. The weights attached to each item being proportional to the
importance of the item in the distribution.
 w1, w2, w3 ... wn will be weights attached to variable X1, X2, .... Xn respectively then the
weighted AM, usually denoted by 𝑋w is given by

w 1 X 1 +w 2 X 2 + ….X n w n
𝑋w = w 1 + w 2 + ….w n

wX
𝑋w = w

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NURSING RESEARCH

Example : Find out the WAM of the following distribution

X x Wx
60 1 60
75 2 150
63 1 63
59 3 177
55 3 165
w = 10 wx = 615

wX 615
w. mean = = = 61.5
w=N 10

Median:-
 The median is that value of the variable which divides the group in two equal parts. One part
comprising all the values greater and the other all the values less than median.
 Median is only positional average.

Uses:
1. Median is computed when exact mid point or 50% point of the distribution is desired.
2. Extreme scores disturb the mean whereas this does not disturb median.
3. Some of the statistical computation such as chisquare require median.

Calculation of median :
(a) In ungrouped datas :
 When No. of observations is odd, then the median is middle value, after the observations have
been arranged in ascending or decending order of magnitude.

Example : 35, 12, 40, 8, 60.

First we arrange these dats in ascending order 8, 12, 35, 40, 60

Median will middle value of this series

N+1 𝑡ℎ
Median = 2

5+1
Median = 2

Median = 3rd position

Median = 35

When No. of observations in even

Steps
1. First we arrange all the datas assending or decending order
2. Then we obtain AM of the middle items

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NURSING RESEARCH

Example : 8, 12, 35, 40, 50, 60

N+1 𝑡ℎ
Median : = 2

6+1 𝑡ℎ
Median : = 2

Median = 3.5 position

1
= 2 (35+40) = 37.5

(b) In frequency distribution :

Steps
(i) Prepare the less than cumulative frequency distribution
N
(i) Find 2
N
(ii) See c.f. (Commulative frequency) Just greater than 2
(iii) Corresponding value of the variable gives median.

Example:

X f Less Than C.f.

0 1 1
1 9 10
2 26 36
3 59 95
4 72 167
5 52 219
6 29 248
7 7 255
8 1 256
𝑓 = 256

N 𝑓 256
Median : = = = = 128
2 2 2

128 comes in under 167

Value of X corresponding to 167 is 4 Median will be 4
(c) In continuous frequency distribution

Step :
(i) Prepare les than commulative frequency distribution
N
(ii) Find 2
N
(iii) See commulative frequency just greater than 2
(iv) The corresponding class contains the median value, is called the median class.

(v) Now the value of median is obtained by using the formula.

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NURSING RESEARCH

l+h N
Median : −𝐶
f 2

l = Lower limit of the median class

h = Width of the median class
F = frequency of the median class
N = Total value of frequency
C = Is the comulative frequency of the class preceeding the median class.

Example : Find the median of the following distribution

C.I. f C.f.
0-10 2 2
10-20 3 5
20-30 4 9 median class
30-40 3 12
40-50 2 14
50-60 1 15
60-70 0.5 15.5
70 & above 0.1 15.6
N= 𝑓 = 15.6

N 15.6
Median : = = 7.8
2 2
h N
Median = l+ f −𝐶
2
10
= 20 + (7.8 − 5)
4
Median = 27

(d) In non continuous series :

C.I. f C.f.
96-100 3 50
91-95 6 47
86-90 9 41
81-85 14 32 median class
76-80 8 18
71-75 5 10
66-70 4 5
61-65 1 1

N
Median : = 25
2

h N
Median = l+ f −𝐶
2

5
= 81+14 (25 − 18)

5
= 81+14 × 7 = 83.5

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(e) When class intervals are unequal, they are firstly made equal by dividing frequency
accordingly

Example :

Marks No
0-10 5
10-30 15
30-60 30
60-80 8
80-100 2
C.I. f C.f.
0-10 5 5
10-20 7.5 12.5 median class
20-30 7.5 20
30-40 10 30
40-50 10 40
50-60 10 50
60-70 4 54
70-80 4 58
80-90 1 59
90-100 1 60
𝒇 = N = 15

N 60
= = 30
2 2

h N
Median = l+ f −𝐶
2

10 60 10
= 30 + − 𝐶 = 30+ 10 × 10
10 2

Median = 40

Mode:-
 Mode is the value which occure most frequently as a set of observation & around which other
items of set cluster densely.
Uses:
 Mode gives a queck and approximate measure of central tendency and specially when the most
typical value is wanted for example size of dress, size of shoes, average wage.
(a) In ungrouped data
Example : 6, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 4, 3, 3, 6, 6, 8, 9, 6
6 is observed 5 times.

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Most occuring observation is 6.
Mode will be 6
(b) In a frequency distribution
Mode is the value of variable corresponding to the maximum frequency.
x f
1 3 Mode will be 5
2 1 Because it's frequency is
highest = 40
3 18
4 25
5 40
6 30
7 22
8 10
9 6

(c) In continuous frequency distribution:

 Class corresponding to the maximum frequency is called model clas and value of the mode is
obtained by the following formula

һ(f 1 −f 0 )
Mode : 𝑙 + 2f
1 −f 0 −f 2

l = Lower limit of the model class

f1 = Frequency of the model class
f0 = Frequency of proceeding the model class
f2 = Frequency of suceeding the model class
h = Width of model class

Mode can be calculated as

Mode = 3 × median - 2 × mean

C.I. f
10-20 4
20-30 6
30-40 5
40-50 10
50-60 20
60-70 22
70-80 24
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NURSING RESEARCH

80-90 7
90-100 2
100-110 1
l = 70
h = 10
f1 = 24
f0 = 22
f2 = 7
һ(f 1 −f 0 )
Mode : 𝑙 +
2f 1 −f 0 −f 2

10(24−22)
= 70 + 2×24−22−7

Mode : 71.05

Measures of Location :
(i) Percentiles
(ii) Quartiles
(iii) Deciles

(i) Percentiles:-
 Percentiles are values of a variable such as height, weight which divide the total observation by
an imaginary line into two parts expressed in percentage.
 Such as 10% and 90% or 25% and 75%
 There are 99 percentiles
 Centiles/ percentiles are values in a series of observation arranged in ascending order of
magnitude which divide the distribution into 100 equal parts thus median is 50th centile.
 10th percentile should have 10% observations to the left and 90% to the right.
Such P1, P2, P3 P4 ............ P99
P1 ≤ P2 ≤ P3 ≤ P4 ............ P99

(a) Ungrouped data in item:

i
P1 = 100 𝑛 + 1

(b) Grouped data :

h i×n
P = 1+ −1
f 100
(ii) Quartiles
 They are 3 different points located on the entire range of variable such as height.
Q1, Q2, Q3
Q1 = lower quartile will have 25% observations of heights falling on its left and 75% on right.
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NURSING RESEARCH
Q2 = Median will have 50% observation on either side.
Q3 = Upper quartile will have 75% observations on its left and 25% on its right.
Q1 ≤ Q2 ≤ Q3
(a) Ungrouped data :
h N
Q1 = 𝑙 + −𝐶
f 2
h N
Q2 = Median 𝑙 + −𝐶
f 2
h 3
Q3 = 𝑙 + 𝑁−𝐶
f 4

(b) Grouped data :

N+1 𝑡ℎ
Q1 = item
4

N+1 𝑡ℎ
Q2 = item
2
3 𝑡ℎ
Q3 = 𝑁+1 item
4

(iii) Deciles
 Deciles are 9 in numbers, divide the distribution into 10 equal parts. 5th decile will be same as
median. 9th decile will devide into 90% & 10%.

D1, D2 .......... Dn

(a) Ungrouped data :

i
Di = 10 𝑁 + 1
(b) Grouped data :

h i×n
D = 𝑙 + f 10 − 𝐶
Example : Find out Q1, D7 & P75 of the following datas

↓25, 15, 40, 30, 26, 45, 50, 53, 60, 62, 70↓
Arrange in ascending order
15, 25, 26, 30, 40, 45, 50, 53, 60, 62, 70
N+1 𝑡ℎ 11+1
Q1 = = = 3𝑟𝑑 = 26
4 4
i 7
D7 = 10 (𝑁 + 1) = 10 (11 + 1) = 8.4𝑡ℎ
= 8th item + .4 (9th item - 8th item)
= 53 + .4 (60 - 53)
D7 = 53 + .4 × 7 = 55.8
i
P75 = 100 𝑁 + 1
75
= 100 (11 + 1) = 9th
P75 = 60

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Example : When there is continuous data:-

x f C.f.
0-10 22 22
10-20 38 60
20-30 46 106 →
Class interval for percentile
30-40 35 141 →
Class interval for quartile
40-50 19 160
𝒇 = N = 160

Find out Q3 and P56

3
Q3 = 4×N

3
Q3 = 4×160

Q3 = 120

This frequency comes in class interval of 30-40

h 3
Q3 = 𝑙 + 𝑁−𝐶
f 4

10 3
= 30+ 35 × 160 − 106
4

Q3 = 34

h n
P56 = 𝑙 + 𝑖 × 100 − 𝐶
f

i
P56 = 100 × 𝑁

10 56×160 56
= 20+ 46 − 60 = 100 × 160
100

P56 = 26.43. = 89.6

Measure of Dispersion :
 Measures of vairability refers to the spread or dispersion of the scores around the central
tendency are,
(i) Range
(ii) Interquartile range
(iii) Mean deviation
(iv) Standard deviation
(v) Coefficient of variation

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(i) Range:-

Range is deifned as the interval between the highest and lowert scores.

Range = Xmax - Xmin

(ii) Interquartile range = Q3 - Q1

Q −Q
Coefficient of interquartile range = Q 3 +Q 1
3 1

(iii) Mean deviation

This measure of dispersion is obtained by taking average (arthematic mean) of the deviations of the
given values from a measure of central tendency.

1 d
Mean deviation = N 𝑋−𝐴 = N
Step 1 :
(i) Calculate average A of the distribution.
(ii) Take deviation d = X - A of each observation from the average A. Ignore the negative
sign of the deviation.
(iii) Obtain sum of absolute deviations obtained
d = d1 + d2 + d3
(iv) Total value iof deviation is devided by N
d
N

(v) In case of frequency distribution, mean diviation will be

f | X−A |
M.D. = N

(iv) Standard deviation :

Standard deviation is the stable and important index of variability. Symbol of SD is the greek
letter σ. [Sigma]

 A large standard deviation show that the measurements of the frequency distribution are widely
spreadout from the mean. A small standard deviation means the observations are closely spread
in the neighbour of mean such as 2 cm in case of height.

Example :
X x-mean (x-mean)2 = x2
3 -3 9
5 -1 1
7 +1 1
8 +2 4
9 +3 9
4 -2 4
.(x-mean2)=28

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NURSING RESEARCH

1
SD = [ (x − x mean)]2
N

1
SD = (28)
6

SD = 2.16

In discrete series :

1 ( fx )2 1
SD = ( fx)2 − = ( fx)2
N n N

(x = X - mean)

In continuous series :

2
1 ( 𝑓𝑚 )
SD = ( fm2 ) −
N N

M= Midpoint in continuous series

Age No. of pts m fm fm2

C.I. (f)
10-20 2 15 30 450
20-30 4 25 100 2500
30-40 8 35 280 9800
40-50 10 45 450 20250
50-60 12 55 660 36300
60-70 4 65 260 16900
N = 40 𝒇𝒎 = 𝟏𝟕𝟖𝟎 86200

Steps:-

(1) First we calculate mid point of the class interval

(2) Then we multiply frequency with the mid point of the C.I..
(3) Then we calculate fin2

1 (1780 )2
SD = 86200 −
40 40

SD = 174.75 = 13.219

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NURSING RESEARCH

𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝑑𝑒𝑣𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
Coefficient of variance = × 100
𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛

Correlation:
Correlation is measure of finding relationship between two or more vaiables.
 The extent of correlation varies between minus one and plus one - 1 ≤ r ≤ 1.
 When correlation is perfect r = 1.00 that means all the students have the same standing in both
tests.
 The extent or degree of relationship between two sets of figure is measured in terms of another
parameter is called correlation coefficient.
 It is denoted by letter r.
 Positive correlation mean both variables move in the same direction.
 Negative correlation means both variables move in opposite direction.
 Zero correlation means that three i8s no relationship between two variables.

Karl pearson's coefficient of correlation formula:

𝑥𝑦 − 𝑥 𝑦/𝑁
r= ( 𝑥 )2 ( 𝑦 )2
2 2
. − 𝑦 −
𝑁 𝑁

Nomenator values can be positive or negative but these values should not be zero.

X Y X2 Y2 XY
4 1 16 1 4
6 4 36 16 24
6 4 36 16 24
6 4 36 16 24
8 7 64 49 56
8 7 64 49 56
8 7 64 49 56
10 10 100 100 100
ƩX = 56 ƩY = 44 2
Ʃ𝑋 = 416 2
X𝑌 = 296 ƩXY = 344

Ʃ𝑋𝑌− Ʃ𝑋Ʃ𝑌 / 𝑁
r= ( 𝑋 )2
2 2 ( 𝑌)2
𝑋 − 𝑌 −
𝑁 𝑁
56×44
344−
8
r= 56×56 44×44
416− 296−
8 8
r=1

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NURSING RESEARCH

Spearman's rank order correlation coefficient :

 When two variables are correlated but they do not follow normal distribution. Then spearman's
rank order correlation coefficient is used.

Symbol is P (Rho)
6Ʃ𝑑 2
P=1− 𝑛(𝑛 2 −1)

d = R1 - R2

N = Number of pairs

d = is the difference of two corresponding observations in two variables.

Example
X Y R R2 (R1-R2)2 = d2
40 35 3 4 1
50 28 5 3 4
58 60 6 8 4
42 40 4 6 4
30 25 1 2 1
90 70 10 10 0
80 60 9 9 0
72 35 8 5 9
68 50 7 7 0
32 12 2 1 1
Ʃd2 = 24

6Ʃ𝑑 2 6×24
rc = 1− 𝑁(𝑁 2 −1)
= 1 − 10(10 2 −1)

rc = 0.85

T-test/ Student t-test :

 T-test is applied to find significance of difference between means of small samples.

 It was designed by W.S Gossett.

Application :

(1) Un paired t-test

 It is used to unpaired data of independent observations made on individuals of two separate
samples drawn from two populations.

Unpaired 't' test

𝑋1 −𝑋2 𝑋1 −𝑋2 𝑛 1 ×𝑛 2
= 𝑜𝑟
𝑆𝐸 𝑆𝐷 𝑛1+ 𝑛2

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NURSING RESEARCH

Steps :
(1) Find the observed difference between means of two samples (𝑋1 − 𝑋2 ).
(2) Calculate the S.E of difference between two means.
(3) Calculate 't' value.
(4) Determine the pooled degrees of freedom from the formula.

df = (n1- 1) + (n2- 1) = n1+ n2 - 2

(5) Compare calculated value with the table value at particular degree of freedom to find the level
of significance in two tailed test.
Example : Examine difference between two means of the sample it is significant or not at 5%
level ?

X1 X12 X2 X22
9 81 10 100
9 81 10 100
11 121 10 100
11 121 8 64
13 169 9 72
14 196 12 144
15 225 14 196
12 144
ƩX = 94 ƩX12 = 1138 ƩX2 = 73 ƩY22 = 476

𝑋1 −𝑋2 𝑛1× 𝑛2
t=
𝑆 𝑛1+ 𝑛2

(ƩX 1 )2 (ƩX 2 )2
ƩX 21 − +ƩX 22 −
𝑛1 𝑛2
s= 𝑛 1 + 𝑛 2 −2

(94 )2 (73 )2
1138 − +476 −
8 7
s= = 2.097
8+7−2

11.75−10.42 8×7
s= × = 1.21
2.097 8+7

(b) If sample size very small

𝑋− 𝑀
t = 𝑛
𝑆

n = Size of the sample

𝑋 = Mean of the sample

M = Population mean

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NURSING RESEARCH

Example : A group of 5 patients treated with medicine weights are 42 Kg, 39 Kg, 48 Kg, 60 Kg,
and 41 Kg. In the light of this data discuss the suggestion that mean weight of population
is 48 Kg.
Test the data at 5% level Df = N - 1

X X-𝑋 (𝑋 − 𝑋)2
42 -4 16
39 -7 49
48 -2 4
60 +14 196
41 -5 25
SX = 230 Ʃ (𝑋 − 𝑋)2 = 290

Ʃ𝑋 230
Mean = = = 46
𝑁 5

Ʃ 𝑋− 𝑋 2 290
S= = = 8.514
n−1 4

𝑋 −𝑀 46−48
t = × 𝑛= × 5
S 8.514

t = 0.524

In table at 4 df, value of t (0.05) = 2.776

 If calculated value < 2.776 (table value) → not significant that means there is no difference
between two means.
 If calculated Value > Table value →` Significant. In this example data are not significant.

Normal Distribution or Gaussain sample:-

 It is bell shaped
 It is a virtue of a large random sample.
 Maximum number of frequencies will be seen in the around the mean and fewer at the extremes
decreasing smoothly on both sides.
 Mean ± 1 SD limits include 68.27% or 2/3rd of all the observations, out of the remaining 1/3rd
observations, half of this (1/6) will lie above the upper limit (mean + 1 SD) and other half (1/6)
will lie below the lower (Mean - 1 SD). In other words 32% will lie outside the range.
 Mean ± 2SD limits include 95.45% of observations.
 Mean ± 3 SD limits include 99.37%.
± 2.58 SD limits include 99%.

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NURSING RESEARCH

 Values higher or lower than ± 3 SD are only 0.27%.

 Mean, Median & Mode conincide.

Difference between mean deviation and standard deviation

Mean Deviation Standard Deviation

Ignore the sign from mean and median by In standard deviation when we ignore sign only
taking modulus value we square the deviation.
In mean deviation, deviation can be taken from In standarddeviation, deviation is taken only
any value of central tendency like mean, from mean
median and mode

Relative measures of dispersion called coefficient of means deviation

(a) Coefficient of mean deviation about mean

𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑑𝑒𝑣𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
= 𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛

(b) Coefficient of mean deviation about median

𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑑𝑒𝑣𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
=
𝑀𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛

(c) Coefficient of mean deviation about mode

𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑑𝑒𝑣𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
= 𝑀𝑜𝑑𝑒

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NURSING ADMINISTRATION & MANAGEMENT

Management
Process of getting things done efficiently and effectively through and with other people.
Level of Management

Top management level Middle management level First management level

Examples Examples
Examples
• Nursing superintendent • Tutor in school of
• Principal of
• Principal, school of nursing
medical college
nursing • Lecturers in
•Medical
• Heads of the departments medical college in
superintendent
in the medical college hospital
of a hospital
• Additional nursing • Ward sisters in
superintendent hospital

Skills Required for Various Management Levels

Skills Top Level Middle Level First Level
Intellectual +++ ++ +
skills
Human skills + +++ +++
Technical skills + + +++

Above table shows that top level management requires highest level of intellectual skills whereas first level or
operating management level requires highest level of technical skills.
Levels of Management:-
 Top Managers - Conceptual skills
 Middle Managers - Human skills
 First-Line Managers- Technical skills
Theories of Management:-
 Classical Management Perspective
 Behavioral Management Perspective
 Quantitative Management Perspective
Classical Management Perspective:-
 It includes both scientific management and administrative
 Concerned with improving the performance of individual workers (i.e., efficiency).
 A theory that focuses on managing the organization as a whole.
Scientific Management:-
 Frederick Taylor
 Father of Scientific Management

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NURSING ADMINISTRATION & MANAGEMENT
 Replaced the old rule-of-thumb method.
 Believed in selecting, training, teaching and developing workers.
 Used time study, standards planning, exception rule of management, slide-rules,
instruction cards, incentives, etc.
Frank and Lillian Gilbreth
 Reduced number of movements in bricklaying, resulting in increased output of 200%
Henry Gantt
 Developed other techniques, including the Gantt chart, to improve working efficiency
through planning/ scheduling.
Administrative Management Theory
 Focuses on managing the organization
 Henri Fayol
 Wrote General and Industrial Management
 Unity of command
 Unity of direction
 Subordination of individuals to the common good
 Remuneration
 Centralization management.
 Scalar chain
 Order
 Equity

 Helped to systematize the practice of management

 First to describe management as planning, organizing, leading and controlling.
Fayol's Guidelines to Effective Management Practices
 Division of labor
 Authority
 Discipline
 Stability
 Initiative
 Esprit de corps
Weber's Theory of Bureaucracy
 Division of labor
 Reliance on rules and regulations
 Hierarchy of authority
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NURSING ADMINISTRATION & MANAGEMENT

 Employment based on expertise

 Impersonal
 Inflexible
 Rigid.
Behavioral Management Perspective
 Emphasizes individual attitudes and behaviors and group processes.
 Recognizes the importance of behavioral processes in the workplace.
 The Hawthorne Studies
 Conducted by Elton Mayo and associates at Western Electric (1927-1935)
 Group study— The effects of a piecework incentive plan on production workers
 Workers established informal levels of acceptable individual output.

 Over-producing workers were labeled "rate busters" and under-producing

workers were considered "chiselers."
 Interview program
 Confirmed the importance of human behavior in the workplace.
 Human Relations Movement
 Perspective that workers respond primarily to the social context of work
 Abraham Maslow
 Posited a hierarchy of needs

Douglas McGregor
 Proposed Theory X and Theory Y concepts of managerial beliefs
Theory X
 People do not like work and try to avoid it.

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NURSING ADMINISTRATION & MANAGEMENT

 People do not like work, so managers have to control, direct, coerce, and threaten employees
to get them to meet organizational goals.
 People prefer to be directed, to avoid responsibility, and to want security; they have little
ambition.
Theory Y
 Work is a natural part of people's lives.
 People are internally motivated by commitment.
 People are committed to goals to the degree they receive rewards.
 People will seek and accept responsibility.
 People have the capacity to be innovative.
 People are bright, but mostly under-utilized.

Max Weber Theory of Bureaucracy

 Used to describe a structure based on sociological concept of rationalization of collective
activities.
Features of Bureaucracy
 Clear division of labor
 Hierarchical management of position
 Formal rules and regulation
 Impersonal relationship
 Employment based entirely on technical competence.
Organizational Behavior
 A contemporary field focusing on behavioral perspectives on management.
 Organizational behavior research
 Job satisfaction
 Job stress
 Motivation and leadership
 Group dynamics and organizational politics
 Interpersonal conflict
 Design of organizations
Five Functions of Management
 Planning
 Organizing
 Coordinating
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NURSING ADMINISTRATION & MANAGEMENT

 Directing
 Controlling
Nursing Administration
"Administration is the organisation and direction of human and material resources to achieve desired
ends".
Henri Fayol Principles of Administration or
 Management
 Authority, responsibility and accountability
 Centralisation
 Discipline
 Division of work
 Equity
 Esprit de corps
 Initiative
 Order
 Remuneration of personnel
 Scalar chain of command
 Stability of tenure of personnel
 Subordination of individual interest to organisational interest
 Unity of command
 Unity of direction

Elements of Administration (POSDCORB) :-According to Luther Gullick

(a) Planning (P)
(b) Organising (0)
(c) Staffing (S)
(d) Directing (D)
(e) Co-ordinating (CO)
(f) Reporting (R)
(g) Budgeting (B)

Planning:- Planning is a process of determining the objectives of administrative effort and

devising the means calculated to achieve them.

(h) Planning focuses attention on the objectives of the organization and their achievement.

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NURSING ADMINISTRATION & MANAGEMENT
 Types of planning:-
 A. strategic planning:-planning done by top level
b. operational planning:-done by middle or supervisory level
c. management plans:-done by managerial level in which management palnning done in
three levels.
Top level managers:-strategic or long term plans
Middle level managers:-functional planning
Low level managers:-operational planning
d. Programe evaluation and review techniques(PERT):-it’s a network of activities.
e. Management by objectives(MBO) :-it is a process whereby superiors and subordinates
jointly identify the common objectives and set the common results.
 Planning is a continuous and never ending activity of an administration. By planning
organizational goals can be achieved more effectively, and rapidly.

Organization:-An organisation is a combination of the necessary human beings, materials, tools,

equipment, working space and appurtenances brought together in systematic and effective co-ordination
to accomplish some desired object.

Principles of organization: Acc .to BT Basavanthapa

1. Hierarchy
2. Centralisation VS decentralisation
3. Delegation
4. Integration VS disintegration
5. Span of control
6. Unity of command
 Hierarchy means the rule or control from higher to lower
 Hierarchy consist in the universal application of the supervisor-subordinate relationship through
a number of levels of responsibility reaching from the higher level to the lower level.
 Span of control means, the number of subordinates which can be supervised or directed by a
supervisor effectively.
 Integration means connecting one or more independent organisation with the remaining
organisational structure of the country.
 Unity of command means that an employee should receive orders from one supervisor only.
 Delegation means transfer of certain specified function by the top level to the lower level.
 Line organisation is the type of organization in which each employee is supervised by and is
responsible to a single, clearly identified supervisor.
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NURSING ADMINISTRATION & MANAGEMENT
 In an organization recruitment is a process of securing applicants to fill vacant posts.
 Supervision is one of the most important management function in an organization.
 If the top level has most of the decision making responsibilities, then this type of organization is
called as centralized.
 If some decision making authority is divided to the lower level by the top level, then this type of
organization is called as decentralized Neither centralised nor decentralised organization is
accepted as a good organization.
 For effective organization, formulating policy should be centralised whereas implementation of
policy should be decentralised.
 If teams of specialists organized to complete a particular project or task it is called adhocracy
structure of organization.
 In any organization communication means exchange of ideas, informations or feelings between
and among individuals.
 Verbal communication involves spoken or written words.
 Non verbal communication is transmission of informations or ideas without the use of spoken or
written words.
 Direct supervision is done through face to face talk with the workers.
 Indirect supervision is done through the records and reports of the workers.
 Reports mean oral or written exchanges of information between caregivers or health personnel.
 Records nd reports must be fact, current, accurate, confidential, well organized and complete.
 Collective bargaining is an agreement between a single employer or an association of employers
on the one hand and a labour union on the other ,which regulates the terms and conditions of
employment.
 Material management:-
It is a scientific technique, concerned with Planning, Organizing and Control of flow of
materials, from their initial purchase to destination.
Inventory control:-It means stocking adequate number and kind of stores so that the
materials are available whenever required and wherever required. Scientific inventory
control results in optimal balance.

ABC (Always Better Control) Analysis

Items are divided into three categories named A, B and C
A items are high value items B items are intermediate value and C items are low value items

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NURSING ADMINISTRATION & MANAGEMENT
Item A: These are important items and it is about 10-20% of inventory items and consume 50-
60% of the inventory cost. These items are having tight control and is managed by top level
manager.
Item B: These are 30-40% of all inventory items and consume 30-40% of the total inventory
cost. These are important items but not critical. These items are having moderately control and
is managed by middle level manager.
Item C: Item C" account for 40-50% of all inventory items and need 5-10% of the total
inventory cost. These items are having low level control and is managed by low level manager.

VED Analysis
V = Vital
E = Essential
D = Desirable
 Vitals means shortage of the item cannot be tolerated
 Essential items are those items its shortage can be tolerated for a short period
 Desirable items are those items shortage of the items will not adversely affect.
 Budgeting is the heart of administrative management.
 Budget is expressed in financial terms and based on expected income and expenditure.
 Budget should be flexible and synthesis of past, present and future.
 Budgeting is very essential in an organization for planning for future action and to have a
control over all activities in the organization.
 Budget should ensure the most effective use fo financial resources.
 Budget schould be flexible. It should not be rigid:
 Audit is an independent appraisal activity within an organization for review accounting
financial operations of the organization.
Nursing Audit
 Method which systematically examine the quality of nursing care (Elison).
 Nursing audits evaluate the nursing functions to help to appraise and improve the quality of
patient care as per the standards and criteria laid down by the experts.
 Audit committee is needed to establish criteria and process for quality assurance and to
evaluate care, make recommendations and do follow ups.
 Division of authorities or responsibilities from the higher level to the lower level is termed as
scalar process.
 Personnel management deals with personnel of the organization.

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NURSING ADMINISTRATION & MANAGEMENT
 One of the objective of personnel management is effective utilisation of human resources for the
early and effective achievement of organization goals.
 Job evaluation is a systematic appraisal of the work of a particular job.
 First level management is also known as operating management lable.
 Job description is a written statement of some specific fimctions which is to be performed by a
worker in the organization. Job ranking is the simplest and quickest means of job-evaluation.
 Performance appraisal is assessment of how staff members are is doing their jobs. .
 Quality control deals with certain activities that evaluate, monitor, control or regulate services
provided to consumers.
 Leadership is the ability to influence other people.
 Four styles of leadership:-
a. Autocratic:-complete control over the decisions and activities of the groups.
b. Democratic:-participative consultative style of leadership
c. Laissare-faire:-the leade gives up all power to the group
d. Bureaucratic:- in this the leader function only with rules and regulatios.
 No school of nursing should be started with less than the intake of 20 students per year.
 In a school of nursing teacher student ratio should be 1:10
 In a GNM school of nursing there should be at least four classrooms.
 In service education mean an ongoing on the job instructions which are given to an individual
improve performance in present job.
 Continuing education is defined as "any extension of opportunities for training, study and
reading to any person following after completion of full time school and collage studies.
 Orientation of a newly appointed staff with his work place, job responsibilities and co-workers
is termed as job-orientation.
 Staff nurse is a first level professional nurse who provides direct patient care to patients.
 Essential qualification for public health nurse [PHN] is B.Sc. nursing.
 For admission in GNM course, minimum age of student is 17 years and maximum age is 35
years.
 For entrance in GNM course, minimum qualification is XIIth pass.
 Duration of ANM course is 24 months. Full form of PHN is Public Health Nurse.
 The process of providing guidance people what to do and seeing that they do their jobs to the
best of their ability is termed as directing.
 Principal of medical college is included in top level management whereas principal of school of
nursing is included in middle management level.

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 NURSING ADMINISTRATION & MANAGEMENT
 Full form of CMHO is - Chief Medical and Health Officer. CMHO is the chairperson of
ANMTC management committee.
 Direct counsellign is also termed as counsellor centered counselling.
 In Intensive care unit nurse patient ratio for 24 hours should be 1:1
 In a general medical ward nurse-patient ratio for 24 hours should be 1:3 and for each shift
should be 1:9
 For a GNM student total no. of annual vacations are 30 and total no. of sick leaves are ten.
 Staff of the school of nursing [A school of nursing with 150 students]
 Annual intake of 50 students
 Principal- One
 Vice-principal- One
 Tutors - Fifteen

Qualification of teaching staff as per INC norms :

1. Principal
M.Sc. nursing with three years of experience
or
B.Sc. nursing with five years of experence
2. Vice-principal
M.Sc. nursing
or
B.Sc. nursing with three years of experience
3. Tutors
M.Sc. nurising
B.Sc. nursing

Major Departments of Hospital

Medical department Nursing department Paramedical department Non professional department

• Neurology epartment It includes Nursing • Laboratory • Administrative block

• Pediatric department superintendent, • Pharmacy •Management
• Psychiatric epartment ANS, ward department department
• Skin department incharge, staff nurse • Radiology • Supply department
• Cardiology department etc, department • Record room
• Urology department • Blood bank etc. • Housekeeping
• Eye department department etc.
• ENT department
• Medicine department
• Surgery department

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NURSING ADMINISTRATION & MANAGEMENT

NORMS OF STAFFING (S I U-STAFF INSPECTION UNIT)

 Nurse patient ratio as per SIU norms Ward General Ward

Ward Nurse Patient Ratio

General Ward 1:6
Special Wards (pediatrics, burns, neurosurgery, 1:4
cardiothoracic, neuro medicine, nursing home, spinal injury,
emergency wards attached to casuality)

ICU 1:1 (Nothing mentioned about the

shifts)
OT Major: 2 nurses per table
Minor: 1 nurse per table
Labor Room 1 nurse per table

 One Nursing sister (incharge) for every 3.6 staff nurses.

 One ANS for every 4.5 nursing sisters.
 One DNS for every 7.5 ANS.
 Nursing superintendent for every 250-500 beds.
 CNO for 500 or more bedded hospital.

NURSING ADMINISTRATION & MANAGEMENT

THE NURSE-PATIENT RATIO AS PER THE NORMS OF TNAI AND INC (THE INDIAN
NURSING COUNCIL, 1985)

Chief nursing officer Nursing superintendent DNS ANS Ward sister

Chief Nursing Officer 1:500

Nursing Superintendent 1:400 or above
DNS 1:300 and additionally one for every 200 beds
ANS 1 for 100-150 beds or 3-4 wards
Ward Sister 1 for 25-30 bed or one ward. 30% leave reserve
Staff nurse
General ward (teaching hospital) 1:3
General ward (non-teaching hospital) 1:5 30% Leave Reserve
OPD and emergency 1:100
ICU 1:1

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NURSING ADMINISTRATION & MANAGEMENT

TEACHER-STUDENT RATIO FOR NURSING PROGRAMS AS PER INDIAN

NURSING COUNCIL (INC)

 1 teacher: 10 students for BSc Nursing and GNM courses.

 1 teacher: 5 students for MSc Nursing courses.

Categories Nurse Patient Ratio Sister Incharge

Coronary care unit 1:1 for 24 hours or 1:3 for One for each shift
each shift
Emergency unit 2-3 [depending on the no. of One for each shift
beds
Gynaecology ward 1:3 for 24 hours 1:25 each shift
Intensive care unit 1:1 for 24 hours or 1:3 for One for each shift
each shift
Maternity ward including 1:3 for 24 hours 1:25 each shift
newborns
Medical ward 1:3 for 24 hours 1:25 each shift
Nephrology 1:1 for 24 hours or 1:3 for One for each shift
each shift
Neurology 1:1 for 24 hours or 1:3 for One for each shift
each shift
Neurosurgery 1:1 for 24 hours or 1:3 for One for each shift
each shift
Operation theatre 3 for 24 hours per table One for each shift
Orthopaedic ward 1:3 for 24 hours 1:25 each shift
Paediatric ward 1:3 for 24 hours 1:25 each shift
Special wards such as eye, 1:1 for 24 hours or 1:3 for One for each shift
ENT etc each shift
Surgical ward 1:3 for 24 hours 1:25 each shift

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NURSING EDUCATION
 Nursing education is established by Florence nightingale.
 Course planning is a plan of logical sequence of related and integrated subjects which students
may persue in the achievement of a given goal.
 Unit planning is defined as comprehensive series of the related contents and meaningful
educational activities, so developed as to achieve student's goals.
 Lesson plan is the teacher's mental and emotional visualization of the class-room experience as
he plans it to occure.
 Lesson plan is the blue print of what a teacher is going to do.
 Teaching aids are devices by which the teacher helps the students to clarify, establish and
corretate accurate devices through utilization of more than one sensory channel.

Classification of Teaching Aids

Project Aids Non Project Aids

•Computer • Albums, puppets
• Film strips • Bulletin-board
• Lap top • Charts, posters
• Over Head Projector • Flannel graphs
(OHP) and O.H.P. Transparencies • Flash cards • Graphs, pumphlets
• Slides with slide projectors • Models
• Television • Specimen
• Video tapes • Chalk-board

Teaching Aids

Auditary Teacing Aids Visual Aids Combined Teaching Aids

• Earphone • Chalk-board • Cinema
• Microphone • Charts • Lap top
• Radio • Flannelgraphs • Slide-tape combination
• Tape -recorder • Models
• Television
• Posters
• Pumphlets
• Slides
• Specimen

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NURSING EDUCATION

AIMS of Education

Curriculum Process

 An education film to be shown with certain objectives rather than as an entertainment.

Methods of Health Education

Individual Approach Group Approach Mass Approach

• Home visits • Conferences • Health exhibitions
• Personal contacts • Demonstration • Internet
• Personal letters • Group discussion • Newspapers
• Lectures (Commonest • Printed materials
• Panel discussion • Radio
• Role play • Televison
• Seminars
• Symposium

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NURSING EDUCATION
 Lecture method is also known as chalk and talk method.
 Lecture method is most widely used method of teaching.
 In a lecture, total no. of learners should not be more than thirty.
 The lecture method of teaching can be made more effective by combining with suitable audio-
visual aids such as board-chalk, chart, OHP, models etc.
 Demonstration is a visualized description of an important fact or process.
 The clinical teaching in hospitals in based on demonstrations.
 A demonstration is a carefully prepared presentation to show how to perform a skill or
procedure.
 Discussion means sharing of ideas and informations regarding the solution of a problem or
issue.
 In lecture method of teaching, learning is passive and students are involved to a minimum
extent.
 Panel discussion is defined as a discussion in which few persons carry on a conversation in front
of the audience.
 In panel discussion, no. of members should be 4-6.
 Symposium is a series of speeches on a selected subject.
 In symposium, there is no discussion among the members like in panel discussion.
 In a group discussion, the no. of members should be between 6-12.
 Role play is also known as social drama.
 Role play is very effective method of teaching for villegers and illiterate women.
 Clinical teaching means teaching in clinical area to increase student's learning relating to care of
the patient.
 Nursing care plan, nursing case study, bed side clinic and nursing rounds are the methods of
clinical teaching.
 Nursing care plan should be made according to priorities of the patient's problems.
 Nursing care plan facilitates personalized care and promotes scientific nursing practice.
 Nursing case study includes-Identification data of the patient, present and past H/O illness,
family history, treatment, diet and rehabilitation of the patient.
 Communication is defined as a process of passing messages, ideas, facts, opinions and
informations from one person to another.
 Non verbal communicable is more close to truth than verbal communication.
 In communication process, encoding means preparing the message in a suitable language that
will be understood by the receiver.

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NURSING EDUCATION
 Decoding is a process of recognizing and perceiving the message by the receiver.
 The route by which message is transferred from sender to receiver is known as channel.
 Feed back is the response from the receiver to the sender.

 Elements of communication include sender, message, channel, receiver and feedback.

 Formal communication is one which follows line of authority.

Some of barriers of communication include-

1. Use of an inappropriate medium

2. Use of different language
3. Noise
4. Mistrust between participants
5. Lack of knowledge
6. Anger, jealousy,frustation
7. Physical pain, ill-health
8. Deafness, dumbness.

Bloom’s texonomy of learning domains:-

 Cognitive domain :- Intellectual capacity like knowledge and think
 Affective domain :- Feeling ,emotion,and behavior like attitude or feel
 Psychomotor domains:- Manual and physical skilllike skill or do
 Tests for knowledge :- Essay tests,short answers questions,multiple choice questions
 Standardized test :-
1. Intelligent test:-
a) weschler test
b) the standard binet intelligence scale
c) ravens progressive matrix
d) vineland social maturity scale

Gurjar Ki Thadi, Opp. Metro Pillar No. 67, New Sanganer Road, Jaipur Mb. 7426955591, 7426955593 38
NURSING EDUCATION

2. Aptitude test:-
a) verbal reasoning
b) numeric reasoning
c) abstract reasoning
d) spatial reasoning
e) mechanical reasoning
f) data checking

Interest test:-strong interest inventory(SII)

personality test :-projective techniques-
a) Rorschach ink blot test
b) Thematic apperception test(TAT)
c) Sentence completion test
d) Word association test(WAT)

Gurjar Ki Thadi, Opp. Metro Pillar No. 67, New Sanganer Road, Jaipur Mb. 7426955591, 7426955593 39
IMPORTANT NOTES

Gurjar Ki Thadi, Opp. Metro Pillar No. 67, New Sanganer Road, Jaipur Mb. 7426955591, 7426955593 40
IMPORTANT NOTES

Gurjar Ki Thadi, Opp. Metro Pillar No. 67, New Sanganer Road, Jaipur Mb. 7426955591, 7426955593 41
IMPORTANT NOTES

Gurjar Ki Thadi, Opp. Metro Pillar No. 67, New Sanganer Road, Jaipur Mb. 7426955591, 7426955593 42
IMPORTANT NOTES

Gurjar Ki Thadi, Opp. Metro Pillar No. 67, New Sanganer Road, Jaipur Mb. 7426955591, 7426955593 43
IMPORTANT NOTES

Gurjar Ki Thadi, Opp. Metro Pillar No. 67, New Sanganer Road, Jaipur Mb. 7426955591, 7426955593 44
IMPORTANT NOTES

Gurjar Ki Thadi, Opp. Metro Pillar No. 67, New Sanganer Road, Jaipur Mb. 7426955591, 7426955593 45
MCQ
Q.1 In following which is the correct definition (b) First level management
of administration- (c) Top level management
(a) It is organization and direction of human (d) Third level management
and material resources to achieve desired Q.10 Principal of nursing school belongs to-
goals (a) Middle level management
(b) It is the direction, coordination and (b) First level management
control of many persons to achieve some (c) Top level management
objectives (d) Third level management
(c) It is the activities of group co-operating Q.11 Tutors in the nursing school are belong to-
to accomplish common goals (a) Middle level management
(d) All of the above (b) First level management
Q.2 Principle of a good administration includes- (c) Top level management
(a) Division of work (d) Third level management
(b) Unity of command Q.12 The ward sisters in a hospital will be
(c) Authority, responsibility and accountability considered as-
(d) All of the above (a) Middle level management
Q.3 Elements of administration includes- (b) First level management
(a) Planning (b) Staffing (c) Top level management
(c) Budgeting (d) All of the above (d) Third level management
Q.4 In an organization what is the meaning of Q.13 In following which category is included in
hierarchy- first level management-
(a) Creative and innovative ideas (a) Lecturers in medical college to
(b) Rule of control of the higher to lower (b) Dist. PHN
(c) Co-operative activities of group (c) Additional nursing superintendent
members (d) All of the above
(d) Adoption of a specific action and Q.14 In following which category requires
rejection of other maximum intellectual skills-
Q.5 In an organization, unity of command (a) First level management
means- (b) Top level management
(a) The nile or control of the higher to lower (c) Middle level management
(b) One superviser will control only one (d) Third level management
sub-ordinate Q.15 In following which category requires
(c) One sub-ordinate will be supervised by maximum technical skills-
one immediate supervisor only (a) First level management
(d) Co-operative activities of group (b) Top level management
members (c) Middle level management
Q.6 The principal of the medical college belongs (d) Third level management
the- Q.16 ANS of a hospital belongs to-
(a) Middle level management (a) Top level management
(b) First level management (b) Middle level (c) First level
(c) Top level management (d) Operating level
(d) Third level management Q.17 Operating management level is also known
Q.7 Superintendent of the hospital belongs to as-
the- (a) Top level (b) Middle level
(a) Middle level management (c) First level (d) None of above
(b) First level management Q.18 The process of filling of previously
(c) Top level management established posts which fall vacant, is
(d) Third level management known as-
Q.8 Nursing superintendent in a medical college (a) Staffing (b) Recruitment
hospital is considered as a- (c) Planning (d) Organization
(a) Middle level management Q.19 Monitoring the budget process is known as-
(b) First level management (a) Evaluation (b) Audit
(c) Top level management (c) Councelling (d) Directing
(d) Third level management Q.20 In general ward nurse patient ratio for each
Q.9 Heads of the departement in medical college shift should be-
belongs to the- (a) 1 : 1 (b) 1 : 3
(a) Middle level management (c) 1 : 6 (d) 1 : 9
Gurjar Ki Thadi, Opp. Metro Pillar No. 67, New Sanganer Road, Jaipur Mb. 7426955591, 7426955593 46
MCQ
Q.21 The process of deciding the objectives of Q.32 Job description of a nursing superintendent
administrative effort and devising the means includes-
to achieve them, is known as- (a) Determines objective and policies of the
(a) Organisation (b) Supervision nursing services
(c) Planning (d) Budgeting (b) Makes regular visits in hospital & wards
Q.22 On the basis of health committee report, the (c) Prepare duty roster and plans staff leave
bed strength of a district hospital should be (d) All of the above
at least- Q.33 Job description of a staff nurse include-
(a) 500 (b) 200 (a) Prepares budget for the nursing service
(c) 400 (d) 50 department
Q.23 On the basis of health committee report the (b) Interviews and recruits nursing staff
bed strength of a teaching hospital should (c) Assisting the selections of students and
be at least- administration
(a) 500 (b) 1000 (d) Performs various nursing procedures
(c) 800 (d) 200 Q.34 Job description of a nursing tutor includes
Q.24 Duration of auxiliary programme is- except-
(a) 12 months (b) 9 months (a) To teach subjects in the curriculum
(c) 18 months (d) 24 months (b) Maintains classroom equipments,
Q.25 In a GNM school as per INC norms student supplies and teaching aids
tutor ratio should be- (c) Countersigning records of each
(a) 1 : 1 (b) 1 : 5 department and hostel after annual
(c) 1 : 10 (d) 1 : 20 varification
Q.26 If total number of students in a GNM school (d) Supervision of students during their
is 150. Then total teaching staff (including clinical duty
principal and vice principal) should be- Q.35 The job responsibility of a principal of
(a) 15 (b) 17 school of nursing includes-
(c) 30 (d) 32 (a) Planning for orientation programme for
Q.27 For starting GNM school minimum intake new staff
of students per year should be- (b) Taking classes in his subjects
(a) 10 (b) 20 (c) Advertising for nursing programme
(c) 30 (d) 40 (d) All of the above
Q.28 In ICU, nurse patient ratio should be- Q.36 What is the minimum professional
(a) 1:1 for each shift qualification required for a public health
(b) 1:1 for 24 hours nurse-
(c) 1:3 for 24 hours (a) ANM (b) GNM
(d) 1:9 for 24 hours (c) B.Sc. nursing (d) M.Sc. nursing
Q.29 On going on the job instruction that is given Q.37 Under the multipurpose workers scheme a
to enhance the worker's performance in health assistant male is expected to cover a
their present job- population of-
(a) Induction training (a) 1 lac (b) 50,000
(b) Job-orientation (c) 30,000 (d) 6,000
(c) In-service education Q.38 The process of guiding people what to do
(d) Continuing education and seeing that they do it to the best of their
Q.30 Any extension of opportunities for study ability, is termed as-
and training to any person following their (a) Co-ordinating
completion of full time school or college, is (b) Directing
known as- (c) Staffing
(a) Induction training (d) Organisation
(b) Job-orientation Q.39 All of the following are applicable in case
(c) In-service education of a line organization except-
(d) Continuing education (a) Unity of command are present
Q.31 In following which nursing personnel is (b) Line organisation is suitable for large
considered as first level professional nurse scale organisations
and provides direct pt care- (c) Line authority is vertical and straight
(a) Staff nurse (b) DNS (d) It maintains strict discipline
(c) ANS
(d) Nursing superintendent
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MCQ
Q.40 The dictionary meaning of word supervision (c) 2 years (d) 4 years
is- Q.50 Duration of M. Phil in nursing is-
(a) Evaluation (b) Guidance (a) 1 year (b) 18 months
(c) Overseeing (d) Look-after (c) 2 years (d) 4 years
Q.41 A style of supervision in which supervisor Q.51 In following which is a doctoral
cannot tolerate any deviation from norms, programme-
termed as- (a) M.Sc. nursing (b) M.phil
(a) Autocratic supervision (c) Ph.D (d) B.Sc. nursing
(b) Democratic supervision Q.52 What qualification and experience required
(c) Benevolent supervision for the principal of college of nursing-
(d) Authentic supervision (a) M.Sc. nursing with 10 years experience
Q.42 Supervision in which supervisor believes in (b) M.Sc. nursing with 7 years experience
a style of "let us agree and what we are to (c) M.Sc. nursing with 5 years experience
do" in dealing with the sub-ordinates, is (d) M.Sc. nursing only
known as- Q.53 For B.Sc. nursing college that parent
(a) Autocratic supervision hospital should have a minimum of-
(b) Democratic supervision (a) 100 functional bed
(c) Benevolent supervision (b) 200 functional bed
(d) Authentic supervision (c) 500 functional bed
Q.43 A list of items which is filled by superviser (d) 300 functional bed
in form of yes or no for supervision, is Q.54 The condition in which an individual set his
known as- own work methods, evaluates his own
(a) Check list (b) Rating scale performance and modifies his behaviour
(c) Bulletin boards (d) Roster-plan accordingly, is known as-
Q.44 “POSDCORB' elements of administration (a) Authority (b) Autonomy
was given by- (c) Organization (d) Evaluation
(a) Henri fayol (b) Watson Q.55 A numerical description of expected income
(c) Thomson (d) Luther gullick and planned expenditures for an
Q.45 The process by which newly appointed organisation for a specified period of time,
staffs are introduced to the philosopy, is termed as-
objectives, role and physical facilities in a (a) Audit (b) Budget
specific work setting, is known as- (c) Direction (d) Cost-accounting
(a) Orientation Q.56 A tendency of organisation in which
(b) Continuing education majority of decision making power to be
(c) Inservice education retained by the top level is known as-
(d) Evaluation (a) Centralization
Q.46 Periodic formal evaluation of how well the (b) Decentralisation
nursing employee has performed her duties (c) Integration
during a specified time period, is known as- (d) Disintegration
(a) Organisation Q.57 If the top level has most of the decision
(b) Performance - appraisal making capacity then this type of
(c) Directing organization is called as- .
(d) Supervision (a) Decentralisec
Q.47 When authority flows directly from superior (b) Centralised
to a subordinate, it is termed as- (c) Authentic
(a) Functional authority (d) Presumptive
(b) Line authority Q.58 What is the advantage of counselling to
(c) Line and staff authority students-
(d) Staff authority (a) It enables the students to have proper
Q.48 In communication the person who passes adjustment with life
informations or ideas to another person is (b) It helps the students in making correct
known as- choice of profession
(a) Sender (b) Receiver (c) It insists self understanding in the minds
(c) Channel (d) Feed back of students
Q.49 Duration of postcertificate B.Sc. nursing (d) All of the above
programme is-
(a) 1 year (b) 18 months
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MCQ
Q.59 The technique of counselling in which Q.69 In ANM training centre, teacher student
emotional aspects are more significant than ratio should not be less than-
the intellectual aspects, is known as- (a) 1 : 5 (b) 1 : 10
(a) Counseller centered counselling (c) 1 : 20 (d) 1 : 2
(b) Client centered counselling Q.70 What is the minimum qualification and
(c) Elective centered counseling experience required for the principal of
(d) Supervisory counselling GNM school-
Q.60 The technique of counselling in which (a) M. Sc. nursing with five years
intellectual aspects are more significant than experience
the emotional aspects, is termed as- (b) B. Sc. nursing with 10 years experience
(a) Counseller centered counselling (c) B.Sc. nursing with 8 years experience
(b) Client centered counselling (d) B. Sc. nursing with 5 years of
(c) Elective centered counselling experience
(d) Supervisory counselling Q.71 What is the minimum qualification and
Q.61 Directive or prescriptive counselling is also experience required for vice-principal of
known as- GNM school-
(a) Counseller centered counselling (a) M. Sc. nursing
(b) Client centered counselling (b) B.Sc. nursing
(c) Elective centered counselling (c) B.Sc. nursing with 5 years of experience
(d) Supervisory counselling (d) M.Sc. nursing with 2 years of
Q.62 The word administration is derived from- experience
(a) Latin word (d) French word Q.72 For a M.Sc. nursing candidate how many
(c) Unani word (d) Greek word years of teaching experience is required for
Q.63 Professor Luther gullick summed up certain appointing as a principal of GNM school-
elements of administration in the word (a) 2 years (b) 3 years
POSDCORB. Here 'S' stands for- (c) 5 years
(a) Supervision (b) Shiny (d) No experience is required
(c) Systematic (d) Staffing Q.73 For a B.Sc. nursing candidate how many
Q.64 Oral or written exchange of informations years of teaching experience is required for
between employees, is known as- appointing as a vice principal of GNM
(a) Recording (b) Reporting school-
(c) Supervision (d) Organisation (a) 2 years
Q.65 The union ministry of health & family (b) 3 years
welfare is headed by- (c) 5 years
(a) Cabinet health minister (d) No experience is required
(b) Health secretary Q.74 What is the qualification is required for a
(c) Health director tutor of GNM school-
(d) Minister of state (a) M.Sc. nursing
Q.66 Following are the elements of (b) B.Sc. nursing
communication except- (c) DNEA with 2 years of professional
(a) Sender (b) Receiver qualification
(c) Attention (d) Channel (d) All are correct
Q.67 What minimum qualification and Q.75 For a B.Sc. nursing candidate how many
experience are required for a principal of years of experience is required for
ANM training centre- appointing as a tutor of GNM school-
(a) M.Sc. nurising with 2 years of (a) 2 years
experience (b) 3 years
(b) B.Sc. nursing with 5 years of experience (c) 1 years
(c) M.Sc. nursing with 3 years of experience (d) No experience is required, fresh
(d) both (b) & (c) candidate may be appointed
Q.68 The minimum qualification required for a Q.76 For OPD nurse patient ratio should be-
tutor of ANM training centre is- (a) 1 : 50 (b) 1 : 100
(a) GNM pass (c) 1 : 125 (d) 1 : 150
(b) B.Sc. nursing pass Q.77 For a GNM student total no. of annual
(c) ANM pass vacation is-
(d) M.Sc. nursing pass (a) 15 days (b) 30 days
(c) 10 days (d) 20 days
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MCQ
Q.78 For a GNM student total no. of sick leave in (c) 3 : 1 (d) 4 : 1
a year are- Q.88 Objective of nursing education includes-
(a) 15 days (b) 30 days (a) To prepare nurses who will provide
(c) 10 days (d) 20 days qualitative nursing care in the hospitals and
Q.79 Job responsibilities of nursing community
superintendent in the hospital are all except- (b) To prepare nurses who will be able to
(a) Planning and implementation of policies work as an important member of health
(b) Preparation of organisation chart team
(c) Nursing rounds (c) To provide opportunities for full
(d) Maintain admission register of new development of the personality of each
patients nurse
Q.80 Which is the patient clinical record- (d) All of the year
(a) Intake & output chart Q.89 Duration of ANM training was reduced
(b) Duty chart of staff nurse from 24 months to 18 months in-
(c) Stock register (a) 1962 (b) 1975
(d) Staff performance record (c) 1977 (d) 1982
Q.81 Which is the responsibility of state nursing Q.90 In Rajasthan how many rupees are paid to a
council- ANM student during course as stipand-
(a) Formulation of objectives of nursing (a) Rs. 300/month
care (b) Rs. 500/month
(b) Preparation of job description of nursing (c) Rs. 1000/month
staff. (d) Rs. 800/month
(c) Implementation of I.N.C. standard of Q.91 First of all basic B.Sc. nursing programme
patient care was started at-
(d) Transfer of nursing staff (a) RAK college of nursing Delhi
Q.82 The ANS of hospital is considered as the- (b) PGI Chandigarh
(a) Top level manager (c) CMC Vellore
(b) Middle level manager (d) Both (a) & (c)
(c) Operating level manager Q.92 In which year post basic B.Sc. (N)
(d) First level manager programme was started-
Q.83 Which regulatory body is associated with (a) 1962 (b) 1946
registration of nurses in the state-[RPSC - (c) 1963 (d) 1975
Nsg - Tutor - Exam - 2009] Q.93 In which year Indira Gandhi National Open
(a) Indian nursing council University (IGNOU) started distance
(b) State nursing council education in post basic nursing-
(c) Indian medical association (a) 1975 (b) 1992
(d) State medical council (c) 1962 (d) 1994
Q.84 What is the best description of anecdotal Q.94 Following are the examples of visual aids
records- [RUHS - M.Sc. (N) — 2013] except:-
(a) Teacher's general observations (a) Models
(b) Anything the teacher sees or hears (b) Albums
(c) Factual descriptions (c) Tap recorders
(d) Interferences made by teachers (d) Drawings
Q.85 A failure in professional duty, practice or Q.95 Models, objects and specimen all are
skill that leads to injury or harm to the considered to be-
patient, is termed as- [RUHS - Post B.Sc. (a) Appropriate aids for any speech
(N) — 2014] (b) Three dimensional aids
(a) Malpractice (b) Negligence (c) Projected aids
(c) Crime (d) Misunderstanding (d) Audial aids
Q.86 A ward in charge starts establishing 'Best Q.96 All the learning activities which are planned
nurse' award on a monthly basis. She is and guided by the school, wheather they are
appreciating the phenomenon of- carried out in groups or individually, inside
(a) Motivation (b) Persuation and outside the school, known as-
(c) Communication (d) Information (a) Lesson plan
Q.87 Nurse patient ratio in ICU-[PGI Entrance (b) Curriculum
Exam. - 2014] (c) Demonstration
(a) 1 : 1 (b) 2 : 1 (d) Supervision
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MCQ
Q.97 A tool in the hands of artist (teacher) to (d) Bulletin board
mould his material (the pupil) in accordance Q.105 Examples of non-projected teaching aids are
with his ideas in his studio (school), is except-
termed as- (a) Models (b) Specimen
(a) Curriculum (c) Flash cards (d) Laptop
(b) Research Q.106 Non-projected teaching aids are also known
(c) Administration as-
(d) Demonstration (a) Graphic aids
Q.98 The curriculum in which subject matter is (b) Entertaining aids
planned with the co-operation of the (c) Visual aids
learner- (d) Audio aids
(a) Subject centred Q.107 Most commonly used teaching method is-
(b) Student centred (a) Discussion
(c) Institution centred (b) Lecture method
(d) Experience curriculum (c) Demonstration
Q.99 Overall plan of rotation of all students in a (d) Role-play
particular educational institution, showing Q.108 In following which is a audio teaching aid-
the placement of the students in both theory (a) Models
and proctical area, is termed as- (b) Cartoons
(a) Clinical rotation plan (c) Radio
(b) Master rotation plan (d) Flash cards
(c) Curriculum Q.109 In following which teaching aid is a
(d) Lesson plan substitute for real things-
Q.100 Plan of rotation of students in different (a) Chart
classess of specific nursing fields, is termed (b) Model
as- (c) Flash card
(a) Clinical rotation plan (d) Television
(b) Master rotation plan Q.110 Examples of three dimensional teaching
(c) Lesson plan aids include except-
(d) Ward plan (a) Models (b) Posters
Q.101 The development of an educational plan for (c) Puppets (d) Specimen
a specific course of study comprising of Q.111 One of most important purpose of clinical
several short subject course and each course teaching includes-
with many interrelated units, known as- (a) To develop communication skills
(a) Curriculum (b) To learn managerial skills
(b) Course planning (c) To help in integration of theoretical
(c) Unit planning knowledge into practice
(d) Lesson planning (d) To learn various skills in giving health
Q.102 The blue print of what a teacher is going to education
teach in the classroom, is known as- Q.112 In following which is a both audio and
(a) Unit plan visual teaching aid-
(b) Course plan (a) Specimen
(c) Lesson plan (b) Computer
(d) Master rotation plan (c) O.H.P.
Q.103 The devices by which teacher helps the (d) Bulletin-boad
students to clarify accurate concepts Q.113 Bulletin board is an example of-
through utilization of more than one sensory (a) Audio teaching aid
channel, is as- (b) Visual teaching aid
(a) Lesson plan (c) Audio visual aid
(b) Teaching aids (d) Projected teaching aid
(c) Unit plan Q.114 Brief account of any incident that has been
(d) Curriculum occured, termed as-
Q.104 In following which is not a project teaching (a) Audit
aid- (b) Anedotal
(a) O.H.P. (c) Checklist
(b) Slide with slide projectors (d) Evaluation
(c) Television
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MCQ
Q.115 For effective teaching by lecture method, change their attitude towards female child?
maximum number of students in the [RPSC - Nsg Tutor - Exam. 2009]
classroom should not be more than- (a) Role play
(a) 10 - 12 (b) 30 - 40 (b) Lecture
(c) 70 - 80 (d) 100 - 110 (c) Discussion
Q.116 For effective teaching, duration of one (d) Symposium
lecture should not be more than- Q.125 In India, first M.Sc. nursing programme was
(a) 8 - 10 min started in RAK college in the year-[RUHS
(b) 15 - 20 min M.Sc. (Nsg) - 2013]
(c) 25 - 30 min (a) 1959
(d) 60 - 70 min (b) 1947
Q.117 The teaching which is presented in a (c) 1946
dramatical way, is known as- (d) 1968
(a) Demonstration Q.126 To increase awareness of rural populations
(b) Role play towards small family norm, the best method
(c) Symposium is- [RUHS M.Sc. Nursing - 2013]
(d) Lecture (a) Film Show
Q.118 In following which teaching method will be (b) Charts and exhibits
most effecting for educating illiterate (c) Role playing
villagers- (d) Television
(a) Lecture Q.127 Retaining permanent change in behaviour
(b) Symposium that occures as a result of prior experiences,
(c) Conference is known as-
(d) Role play (a) Education
Q.119 No. of experts in panal discussion are- (b) Aptitude
(a) 1 - 2 (c) Learning
(b) 2 - 4 (d) Intelligence
(c) 4 - 6 Q.128 In an interview, the types of questions
(d) 8-10 which give the complete freedom the
Q.120 Teaching is based on-[RPSC - Nsg Tutor - respondents to frame their answer is-
Exam. 2009] [AIIMS Patan - 2015]
(a) Spiritual capacity (a) Multiple choice questions
(b) Physical capacity (b) Open ended questions
(c) Intellectual capacity (c) Close ended questions
(d) Social capacity (d) Objective type questions
Q.121 When learner learn through his/her own Q.129 The first step of the Research Process is to:
active response to teaching is called-[RPSC (a) Prepare the Research Design
- Nsg Tutor - Exam. 2009] (b) Complete Data Collection and Analysis
(a) Creative learning (c) Formulate the Research Questions
(b) Individual learning (d) Prepare the Report
(c) Self active learning Q.130 Who is the first nurse researcher?
(d) Purposive learning (a) Martha Rogers
Q.122 Communication process is influenced by (b) Dorethea Orem
except-[RPSC - Nsg Tutor - Exam. 2009] (c) Florence Nightingale
(a) Motivation (d) Sr. Callista Roy
(b) Attitude Q.131 Which of the following is not the purpose of
(c) Anger pilot study?
(d) Culture difference (a) Tool refinement
Q.123 The most commonly used method in (b) Fine tune the data collection process
teaching is- [RPSC - Nsg Tutor - Exam. (c) Help in sample size collection.
2009] (d) Drawing final inferences.
(a) Discussion method Q.132 Discrepancy between what is known and
(b) Demonstration method what ought to be known is described as
(c) Seminar method (a) Research results
(d) Lecture method (b) Research phenomenon
Q.124 Which teaching method would be most (c) Research objective
appropriate to teach to a group of women to (d) Research problem
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MCQ
Q.133 Which of the following is TRUE? (b) Inductive method
(a) Problem statement is why study is being (c) Hypothesis method
done (d) Pattern method
(b) Research purpose is what will be Q.142 A method of integrating the findings of
examined in the study prior research studies using statistical
(c) Research questions provide greater focus procedures is
to research (a) Meta-analysis
(d) Research feasibility ignores the money (b) Content analysis
aspect (c) Secondary analysis
Q.134 Which of the following is not the element of (d) Systematic analysis
a research statement? Q.143 All of the following are steps of quantitative
(a) Research design research EXCEPT
(b) Research instrument (a) Formulation of research problem
(c) Population (b) Formulation of research questions
(d) Setting (c) Data analysis
Q.135 Problem identification in the research (d) Systemic review
process would be equivalent to which step Q.144 The only step involved in qualitative
in the nursing process? research process is
(a) Nursing assessment (a) Getting entry into research setting
(b) Planning (b) Random selection of sample
(c) Implementation (c) Using structured questionnaire for data
(d) Evaluation collection
Q.136 The major objective of conducting a basic (d) Using inferential statistics for analysis of
research is to data
(a) Develop knowledge Q.145 A variable that is presumed to cause a
(b) Develop theories and principles change in another variable is called:-
(c) Make a decision (a) Dependent variable
(d) Provide a solution for existing problems (b) Independent variable
Q.137 The development of a solid foundation of (c) Intervening variable
reliable knowledge is typically built from (d) Active variable
(a) Action research Q.146 The variable in an experiment that is known
(b) Basic research from the start and does not change is called
(c) Development research the:
(d) Methodological research (a) Dependent variable
Q.138 Which of the following is characteristic of (b) Extraneous variable
qualitative research? (c) Independent variable
(a) Generalization to the population (d) Confounding variable
(b) Random sampling Q.147 The statement “to compare the knowledge
(c) Unique case orientation of primgravida and multigravida women
(d) Application of statistics for analysis regarding breast feeding practices” is
Q.139 The deductive approach in writing protocol described as research_____________
involves (a) Assumption (b) Hypothesis
(a) Moving from general concept to a (c) Objective (d) Problem
specific one Q.148 In research, how a variable or concept will
(b) Moving from specific and then expands be defined and measured in the study is
to overall plan termed as
(c) Moving from precise to wide-ranging (a) Assumption
(d) Moving from meticulous to specific (b) Hypothesis
Q.140 Which scientific method focuses on testing (c) Operational definition
hypotheses developed from theories? (d) None of the above
(a) Deductive method Q.149 Variable that changes due to the influence
(b) Inductive method of another variable is known as the
(c) Hypothesis method (a) Independent variable
(d) Pattern method (b) Dependent variable
Q.141 Which scientific method often focuses on (c) Extraneous variable
generating new hypotheses and theories? (d) Confounding variable
(a) Deductive method
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MCQ
Q.150 The variables that are not studied in the (b) IQ score of the patient
experiment but may affect the dependent (c) Gender of the patient
variable are known as (d) Hemoglobin level of the patient
(a) Independent variable Q.159 Marital Status and religion are measured on:
(b) Extraneous variable (a) Nominal scale of measurement
(c) Dependent variable (b) Ordinal scale of measurement
(d) Categorical variable (c) Interval scale of measurement
Q.151 Hypothesis does not (d) Ratio scale of measurement
(a) Explain the relationship between Q.160 Which of the following scale of
variables measurement has an absolute zero?
(b) Explain the differences between (a) Nominal (b) Ordinal
variables (c) Interval (d) Ratio
(c) Give direction to data collection Q.161 Which of the following design is involved
(d) Give direction to data analysis in Qualitative research?
Q.152 Which of the following is not true for (a) Emergent design
hypothesis? (b) comparative design
(a) It is a prediction for the study (c) Prospective cohort
(b) It is the researchers; anticipation (d) Quasi design
regarding the study Q.162 Phenomenological study involves all the
(c) A hypothesis is a tentative generalization following features, EXCEPT
(d) It cannot be tested (a) Bracket out (b) Manipulation
Q.153 „There is no difference in the anxiety level (c) Description (d) Analysis
of children of high IQ and those of low IQ‟ Q.163 The method that focuses on description and
is an example of a interpretation of cultural behavior is
(a) Directional hypothesis referred as
(b) Non-directional hypothesis (a) Phenomenology
(c) Null hypothesis (b) Ethnography
(d) Simple hypothesis (c) Grounded theory
Q.154 Which of the following statement best (d) Symbolic interactionism
describes the term „research hypotheses‟ Q.164 Which of the following research design
(a) It is formulated prior to a review of the mandatorily requires randomization, control
literature and manipulation?
(b) It is a statement of predicted (a) Explorative study
relationships between two or more variables (b) Quasi-experimental design
(c) It is a statement of known fact (c) True experimental design
(d) All of the above (d) Pre-experimental design
Q.155 Those restrictions that the researcher places Q.165 The type of research that has a control over
on the study before gathering data are called variables, manipulates variables and uses
(a) Assumptions purposive sampling, is known as
(b) Limitations (a) Non-experimental
(c) Delimitations (b) Pre-experimental
(d) Hypothesis (c) Quasi experimental
Q.156 The purpose of a literature of review is to (d) True experimental
(a) Define the problem Q.166 Study participants (subjects) are randomly
(b) Identify strengths and weaknesses of assigned into two groups. One group of
previous studies subjects is administered a treatment and is
(c) Help in operation al definition then compared, on the dependent variable,
(d) All of the above with another group of subjects who did not
Q.157 Inductive theories are based on conclusion receive the treatment. This research design
drawn by:- is known as
(a) Testing theories (a) Pretest-posttest design
(b) Moving from general to specific (b) Posttest-only design
(c) Moving from specific to general (c) Randomized control design
(d) General observations (d) Time series design
Q.158 Which of the following variable can be
measured on a nominal scale?
(a) Height of the patient in cm
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MCQ
Q.167 A type of observational study that involves Q.176 Ex-post facto studies are known as
data collection from a population, or a (a) Experimental study
representative subset, at one specific point (b) Causal comparative
in time is known as (c) Cross sectional study
(a) Cross-sectional study (d) Retrospective
(b) Longitudinal study Q.177 „Lived experience of surviving an earth‟.
(c) Retrospective study This title would indicate which of the
(d) Prospective cohort study following types of qualitative research?
Q.168 A survey measuring individuals across a (a) Historical
period of time is called: (b) Ethnographic
(a) Longitudinal Survey (c) Grounded theory approach
(b) Cross-sectional Survey (d) Phenomenological
(c) Intervention Survey Q.178 The process of selecting a small group from
(d) Experimental Survey a larger group is known as
Q.169 The type of research focused on finding a (a) Triangulation
solution to an immediate practical problem (b) Cross matching
is termed as: (c) Sampling
(a) Basic research (d) Trimming
(b) Applied research Q.179 Whole group of people or objects to which
(c) Explanatory research the researcher wishes to generalize the study
(d) Descriptive research findings and which meet a set of criteria of
Q.170 A study of experiences is called: interest to researcher is known as
(a) Phenomenology (a) Study population
(b) Ethnography (b) Sample population
(c) Action research (c) Target population
(d) Grounded theory (d) Sampling frame
Q.171 Repeated-measures design is also known as: Q.180 Which of the following is NOT TRUE of
(a) Crossover design probability sampling technique?
(b) Solomon four-group design (a) Each unit has an equal chance of
(c) Time series design selection
(d) with-in subjects design (b) Generate unbiased estimation of
Q.172 The degree to which an instrument population
measures what it is supposed to be (c) Produce a sample that resembles
measuring is its: population as closely as possible
(a) Internal consistency (d) Avoids use of sampling frame
(b) Validity Q.181 Calculate the mean of 2,4,5,6,7
(c) Sensitivity (a) 4.2 (b) 4.4
(d) Reliability (c) 4.6 (d) 4.8
Q.173 The degree of consistency with which an Q.182 What is the median of the following
instrument measures the attribute it is ungrouped data: 18,6,12,10,14,5,9
supposed to be measuring is called: (a) 10 (b) 9
(a)Validity (b) Reliability (c) 12 (d) 18
(c) Sensitivity (d) Objectivity Q.183 Which of the following is NOT a measure
Q.174 Reliability is mostly a matter of _______ of dispersion?
while validity is mostly about__________ (a) Variance (b) Mode
(a) Consistency, accuracy (c) Standard deviation (d) Range
(b) Accuracy, consistency Q.184 Snowball sampling is also known as
(c) Similarity, dissimilarity (a) Chain sampling
(d) Similarity, consistency (b) Cluster sampling
Q.175 Which of the following differentiate true (c) Quota sampling
experimental research from quasi- (d) Stratified sampling
experimental research? Q.185 A non-probability sampling technique
(a) Manipulation of independent variable where research participants recruit other
(b) Use of non-probability sampling participants?
technique (a) Stratified (b) Convenience
(c) Random allocation of subjects to groups (c) Cluster (d) Snowball
(d) Large sample size
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MCQ
Q.186 In a study to establish “Relationship sample of population instead of entire
between hypertension and cardiac disease”, population is referred as
the samples are the inpatients of a Cardiac (a) Descriptive statistics
Clinic, who are willing to participate in the (b) Inferential statistics
study. The „Sampling Technique‟ should (c) Census statistics
be-- (D) Population survey
(a) Convenience Sampling Q.195 The statistical approach used to test whether
(b) Simple Random Sampling the outcome of the study is a result of
(c) Stratified Sampling factors planned within design of the study is
(d) Cluster Sampling called
Q.187 When each member of a population has an (a) Analytical statistics
equal probability of being selected for a (b) Descriptive statistics
sample, it is called: (c) Inferential statistics
(a) Convenient sampling (d) All of the above
(b) Purposive Sampling Q.196 Random sampling or probability sampling
(c) Simple Random Sampling includes all the following techniques,
(d) Cluster Sampling EXCEPT:
Q.188 For a research study, a total of 30 nursing (a) Simple random sampling
faculties are randomly selected from of a (b) Stratified random sampling
random sample of three nursing collages in (c) Cluster sampling
a region. This is an example of (d) Purposive Sampling
(a) Simple random sampling Q.197 A sample in which each element has an
(b) Cluster Sampling equal likelihood of inclusion is a:
(c) Purposive Sampling (a) Biased sample
(d) Snow ball Sampling (b) Snowball sample
Q.189 Which of the following is a non-probability (c) Probability sample
sampling? (d) Quota sample
(a) Cluster sampling Q.198 Which of the following is NOT a form of
(b) Systematic Sampling nonprobability sampling?
(c) Quota Sampling (a) Snowball sampling
(d) All of the above (b) Convenience sampling
Q.190 Which of the following sampling technique (c) Quota sampling
is least likely to draw a representative (d) Systematic sampling
sample from the population? Q.199 Cluster sampling technique is also known as
(a) Cluster sampling (a) Simple random sampling
(b) Convenience Sampling (b) Multistage sampling
(c) Systematic Sampling (c) Quota sampling
(d) Stratified random sampling (d) Snow ball sampling
Q.191 The power analysis is used to determine Q.200 Standard deviation is a measure of:
______in quantitative research studies. (a) Chance
(a) The level of significance (b) Central tendency
(b) The sample size (c) Deviation from mean value
(c) The Internal validity (d) None
(d) The reliability Q.201 Ethical issues in nursing research regarding
Q.192 In qualitative research, the sample size is rights of human subjects include following
determined by except-
(a) Power analysis (b) The „rule of 30‟ (a) Obtain informed consent
(c) The „rule of 60‟ (d) Data saturation (b) Subject is free to respond
Q.193 All of the following are the method of data (c) Participation of subject in research
collection EXCEPT process is compulsory
(a) Interviews (d) There should be guarantees of confidentiality
(b) Questionnaires Q.202 During research the characteristics or
(c) Experiments attributes under study, are called as-
(d) Biophysiological measurements (a) Assumptions (b) Variables
Q.194 The method of statistics that is used to draw (c) Hypothesis (d) Delimitation
conclusion from a data collected from a

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MCQ
Q.203 During starting of research, the things that Q.212 The restrictions that the researcher place
are believed by researcher to be true, are on the study before starting it, are called
known as- as-
(a) Variables (a) Delimitations (b) Limitations
(b) Pilot study (c) Hypothesis (d) Assumptions
(c) Assumptions Q.213 When a descriptive study seeks
(d) Hypothesis relationship between variables, it is called
Q.204 The variables those to be studied during as-
research are known as- (a) Correlation survey
(a) Dependent variables (b) Comperative survey
(b) Independent variables (c) Developmental survey
(c) Intermediate variables (d) Case study
(d) Final variables Q.214 If a researcher wants to compare the
Q.205 A statement or declaration of the expected "nutritional needs of rural and and urban
outcome of a research study, is known as- women", this type of survey will be-
(a) Hypothesis (a) Correlated survey
(b) Assumption (b) Comparative survey
(c) Pilot study (c) Evaluative survey
(d) Operational definitions (d) Retrospective survey
Q.206 The pregnant women who receives teaching Q.215 The most powerful research method for
on care of new horn baby, their babies are establishing casual relationship is-
prone to development of less complications (a) Experimental method
after birth than the babies of ladies who do (b) Comparative method
not receive teaching during pregnancy" In (c) Correlation method
this example dependent variable is- (d) Descriptive method
(a) Pregnant women Q.216 The research method in which investigator
(b) Teaching on care of new born baby studies possible cause and effect
(c) Development of complications relationship by exposing one group to a
(d) Pregnancy treatment and another group with no
Q.207 Independent variable is also known as- treatment-
(a) Cause (b) Effect (a) Evaluative survey
(c) Free variable (d) Final variable (b) Correlation survey
Q.208 The person who is chosen for the study in (c) Comparative survey
research process and from whom datas are (d) Experimental method
collected, is known as- Q.217 A type of survey in which the researcher
(a) Variable (b) Subject may also like to investigate possible cause
(c) Hypothesis (d) Researcher and effect relationship by looking through
Q.209 What is purpose of review of literature in the data from the past as well as present-
research process- (a) Correlation survey
(a) To determine what is already known (b) Comparative survey
about the topic of (c) Retrospective survey
(b) To get backround for understanding (d) Longitudinal survey
what has been already done Q.218 During experimental approach of research
(c) Review of literature helps to plan the the group which has been exposed to
research methodology, design, selection of treatment, is known as-
tool, plan for statistical analysis etc. (a) Experimental group
(d) All of above (b) Control group
Q.210 Survey approach of research primarily (c) Research group
focuses on- (d) Evaluative group
(a) Past (b) Present Q.219 During experimental approach of research
(c) Future (a) All the group which has not been exposed to
Q.211 Historical approach of research primarily treatment, is known as-
focuses on- (a) Experimental group
(a) Past (b) Present (b) Control group
(c) Future (d) All (c) Research group
(d) Evaluative group

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MCQ
Q.220 An investigation is done in depth to find (d) Cluster sampling
out large variety of informations is known Q.229 If a researcher wish to perform study an
as- typical cardiac patients. Then he selects
(a) Case study cardiac patients as a sample. This is an
(b) Lesson - plan example of –
(c) Experimental survey (a) Simple random sampling
(d) Correlation survey (b) Purposive sampling
Q.221 If the distribution of scores is as follows- (c) Stratified sampling
2, 7, 5, 2, 4 3, 2 9, 5, 2, 7, 2. Then mode (d) Systematic sampling
will be- Q.230 Tool of data collection used during
(a) 2 (b) 4 observation method, includes-
(c) 6 (d) 7 (a) Check list
Q.222 The subset of a population selected to (b) Rating scale
participate in research study, is termed as- (c) Anecdotes
(a) Sample (b) Variable (d) All of the above
(c) Assumption (d) Researcher Q.231 Measurement performed within living
Q.223 The process of stretching the conclusions organism, is termed as-
from the sample findings to total (a) In vivo
population, is known as- (b) In vitro
(a) Sampling (b) Data analysis (c) Psychological
(c) Generalization (d) Confidentiality (d) Spiritual
Q.224 The type of sampling in which all the Q.232 Measurement performed outside the
elements have an equal chance of being organism's body, is termed as-
selected as a sample known as- (a) In vivo
(a) Probability sampling (b) In vitro
(b) Non - probability sampling (c) Psychological
(c) Equal sampling (d) Spiritual
(d) Adjustable sampling Q.233 Validity of a tool means it-
Q.225 The type of sampling in which there is no (a) Measures what is supposed to be
assurance that every element has a chance measured
of being included in research study- (b) Measures consistently
(a) Probability sampling (c) Detects changes and differences
(b) Non - probability sampling (d) Free from bias
(c) Equal sampling Q.234 The process of categorizing ordering and
(d) Adjustable sampling summarizing the data statistically to
Q.226 In following which is not an example of obtain answers to research questions, is
non -probability sampling- termed as-
(a) Purposive sampling (a) Planning
(b) Convenience sampling (b) Tabulation
(c) Quota sampling (c) Analysis
(d) Simple random (d) Evaluation
Q.227 Type of sampling in which first of all Q.235 Application of research findings to
population is divided into two or more particular population from which the
subgroups then independent random sample is drawn, known as-
samples are selected from each subgroup (a) Interpretation
using a simple random sampling method- (b) Analysis
(a) Systematic sampling (c) Generalization
(b) Stratified random sampling (d) Hypothesis
(c) Purposive sampling Q.236 The systematic search for answers to
(d) Cluster sampling questions about facts and relationship
Q.228 Type of sampling in which the researcher between facts, is termed as-
selects C. sample that yields the same (a) Research
proportion as the population proportions on (b) Hypothesis
easily identified variables, is known as- (c) Administration
(a) Simple random sampling (d) Management
(b) Quota sampling
(c) Systematic sampling
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MCQ
Q.237 Importance of research in nursing (a) Case method
includes- (b) Functional method
(a) To increase nursing knowledge (c) Primary care method
(b) To improve nursing practive (d) Team method
(c) To improve health care delivery Q. 247 The number of people directly reporting to
system any one manager or officer is known as:-
(d) All (a) Line organization (b) Scalar chain
Q.238 The importance of research in nursing is (c) Span of control (d) Staffing
to provide- [RPSC Nursing Tutor-2009] Q. 248 An answerability of a subordinate to
(a) Quality nursing care his/her superior for performance of the
(b) Comprehensive nursing care assigned tasks is known as:-
(c) Evidence based nursing care (a) Responsibility (b) Accountability
(d) Individualized nursing care (c) Authority (d) Delegation
Q.239 The type of research focused on finding a Q. 249 The nurse manager requires several skills
solution to an immediate practical to be effective in her work which of the
problem is termed as- [RUHS M.Sc. following skills is the most important skill
Nursing - 2013] to be an effective nurse manager at all
(a) Basic research levels of management?
(b) Applied research (a) Technical skills
(c) Explanatory research (b) Conceptual skills
(d) Descriptive research (c) Human skills
Q.240 The principles of ethics in nursing (d) Supervisory skills
research include- RUHS M.Sc. Nursing - Q.250 A public health nurse in the health centre
2013] behaves like a dictactor and uses position
(a) Beneficence power to get her work done .she makes all
(b) Respect for human dignity the decision and does not involve her
(c) Justice subordinates in decision making. Which
(d) All of the above style of leadership BEST describe her?
Q.241 Facts generally accepted as true or correct (a) Autocratic (b) Democratic
are known as- RUHS M.Sc. Nursing - (c) Bureaucratic (d) Laissez faire
2014 Q.251 Which of the following is an example of
(a) Assumptions (b) Limitations dichotomous variable?
(c) Delimitations (d) Statistics (a) age (b) gender
Q.242 Best Method of variability is: [RUHS (c) educational status
M.Sc. Nursing - 2014] (d) occupation
(a) Mean (b) Median Q.252 The literature review should occur:-
(c) Range (a) Near the end of research process
(d) Standard deviation (b) Shortly before the analysis of the
Q.243 Which of the following level data can be problem
described by mean and median-[RHUS (c) Early in the research process
Post B.Sc. - 2015] (d) None of the above
(a) Nominal (b) Ordinal Q.253 Which of the following is the formula for
(c) Continuous (d) Ratio range:
Q.244 Which of the following measure will (a) H+L (b) L x H
information regarding how different the (c) L – H (d) H - L
data are within the sets- [RUHS Post Q.254 Which philosophical thought states that
B.Sc. - 2015] „ultimate reality is spiritual rather than
(a) Analysis of variance physical ,mental, rather than material?
(b) Measures of central tendency (a) idealism (b) realism
(c) Measures of dispersion (c) pragmatism (d) spiritualism
(d) Measures of variability Q. 255 The international council of
Q.245 The skill required for managing an nurses(ICN)was established in the year?
institution is:- (a) 1869 (b) 1899
(a) Controlling (b) Dictating (c) 1928 (d) 1905
(c) Directing (d) Supervising
Q. 246 The type of nursing care assignment is
best suited in an intensive care unit:-
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MCQ
Q.256 Inventroy refers to:- Q.257 All of the following are the skills required
(a) detailed list of all articles on the ward, by the supervisor EXCEPT
their specification and standard quantity (a) Problem-solving
(b) list of articles borrowed from a central (b) Decision-making
supply (c) Manipulating employees
(c) list of articles for repair or replacement (d) Planning,organizing,staffing
(d) list of obsolete material

1 D 2 D 3 D 4 B 5 B 6 C 7 A 8 A 9 C 10 A
11 B 12 B 13 A 14 B 15 A 16 B 17 C 18 B 19 B 20 D
21 C 22 B 23 A 24 C 25 C 26 B 27 B 28 B 29 C 30 D
31 A 32 D 33 D 34 C 35 D 36 C 37 C 38 D 39 B 40 C
41 A 42 B 43 A 44 D 45 A 46 B 47 B 48 A 49 C 50 A
51 C 52 A 53 D 54 B 55 B 56 A 57 B 58 D 59 A 60 A
61 A 62 A 63 D 64 B 65 A 66 C 67 D 68 B 69 B 70 D
71 A 72 B 73 C 74 D 75 D 76 B 77 B 78 B 79 D 80 A
81 C 82 B 83 B 84 B 85 B 86 A 87 A 88 D 89 C 90 B
91 D 92 A 93 B 94 C 95 B 96 B 97 A 98 B 99 B 100 A
101 B 102 C 103 B 104 D 105 D 106 C 107 B 108 C 109 B 110 B
111 C 112 B 113 B 114 B 115 B 116 C 117 B 118 C 119 C 120 C
121 A 122 A 123 D 124 A 125 A 126 C 127 C 128 B 129 C 130 C
131 B 132 C 133 C 134 B 135 A 136 B 137 B 138 C 139 A 140 A
141 B 142 A 143 D 144 A 145 B 146 C 147 C 148 C 149 B 150 B
151 B 152 D 153 C 154 C 155 C 156 D 157 C 158 C 159 A 160 D
161 A 162 B 163 B 164 C 165 C 166 B 167 A 168 A 169 B 170 A
171 C 172 B 173 B 174 A 175 C 176 B 177 D 178 C 179 C 180 D
181 D 182 A 183 B 184 A 185 D 186 A 187 C 188 B 189 C 190 B
191 B 192 D 193 C 194 B 195 C 196 D 197 C 198 D 199 B 200 C
201 C 202 B 203 C 204 A 205 A 206 C 207 A 208 B 209 D 210 B
211 A 212 A 213 A 214 B 215 C 216 D 217 A 218 A 219 B 220 A
221 A 222 A 223 A 224 A 225 B 226 D 227 B 228 A 229 B 230 D
231 A 232 B 233 A 234 C 235 C 236 A 237 D 238 C 239 B 240 D
241 A 242 D 243 D 244 D 245 C 246 A 247 C 248 B 249 C 250 A
251 B 252 C 253 D 254 A 255 B 256 A 257 D

Gurjar Ki Thadi, Opp. Metro Pillar No. 67, New Sanganer Road, Jaipur Mb. 7426955591, 7426955593 60