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Statistical Analysis of Word Formation by Affixation between Two

PhD., Rahimov Abror Ahmadovich,

Abstract: This article discusses statistical analysis and methods of word formation in Uzbek
and English by affixation. Every language has its own rules of word formation. Uzbek word formation
methods are different from English.
Key words: Language, derivation, affixation, composition, abbreviation, phonetic, semantic,
prefixes, suffixes, conversion, affixal morpheme, morphemics, morphology.

Introduction: The main attention of the teacher should be focused on students' pronunciation,
understanding of lexical meaning, morphological structure, grammatical signs, construction and use in
speech and writing. The teacher should explain to the students that the word serves as a noun, the
morphological structure, and the influence of the lexical meaning on each other. The task of the
teacher is to help students not only understand the lexical meaning of the word, but also to form the
skills of consciously using words in the context, to develop the mental abilities of students, especially
to consciously learn the word as a language unit. It consists of formation of necessary special mental
skills, creation of conditions that form the skills of abstraction, analysis, and comparison, which
develop mental activity in students with the assimilation of knowledge in the educational process.
[11,48].

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The lexical meaning of a word and its usage are known in a phrase or a sentence. Morphological
analysis according to word composition is an important tool that helps students understand its lexical
meaning and write morphemes correctly. In the science of linguistics, a general definition of a word
has not been created. cannot have meaning, - writes V.A. Zvegintsev [11,78].
The meaning of the word is strengthened as a result of a certain generalization, and as long as this
process of generalization does not stop during the entire life and development of the language, it is
impossible to generalize in several directions in one word. Therefore, the word does not have more
than one meaning. The word is the most meaningful unit of the language and has the feature of free
recovery in speech. The word is the most important unit of the language, because all the main elements
of the language structure are united in the word. The English language also has simple, basic, artificial
and compound words, which serve to enrich the vocabulary of the English language. English words
that have become part of our language can be divided into social-political, economic, cultural-
educational and sports thematic groups.
Research Methods: The lexical meanings of the language always have a certain relation to each other.
Some words are close to each other in terms of their meanings, while others negate each other and
have opposite meanings. From this point of view, synonyms and antonyms are different. Words are
different from the point of view of form. 'lum will relate. Sometimes in languages there are words that
are similar in form, i.e. similar in form. In linguistics, it is accepted to study such words by dividing
them into two types: homonyms and polysemantic words. From the comments about the word, it
follows that a word is a unit of language that has independence, expresses certain meanings and
emotions, is formed phonetically and grammatically, and has completeness. So, the word has unity and
specificity in terms of meaning and formation, it is a semantic, phonetic, grammatical whole.
The phenomenon of word formation has been one of the current problems in linguistics and is still a
controversial debate that has not lost its complexity. Word formation is the creation of new lexical
units based on the possibilities and materials available in the language. The lexicon of the language is
constantly enriched due to the factors of the change of dictionary meanings, the formation of words
and the creation of new words. These factors, which interact with each other, serve to determine the
development of the language. Their interrelationship is that new words in the language are associated
with word acquisition, while word acquisition plays an important role in the differentiation of lexical
units. There is a need to change meanings in cases where the content of lexical units does not
contradict the meaning of the emerging new word or concept. [Khairullayeva, 2022: 7].
Word formation, in general, is the creation of a word with a new lexical meaning by any means. Word
formation, as a branch of linguistics, examines the formation of words, the rules and tools of creating
new lexical units, and the structure of word formation. So, the object of this field is an artificial word.
"Each language grows and improves according to its own laws of development based on its vocabulary
and grammar structure. In addition, as a result of economic, cultural and political relations between
peoples, units specific to the construction of one language (mainly lexical units, only partially phonetic
and grammatical units) are transferred to the second language, assimilated into this language and
become its wealth. Approaching from this point of view, two layers are distinguished in the vocabulary
of the current Uzbek literary language: 1) own layer, 2) assimilated layer" [Rahmatullayev, 2006: 34].
It is permissible to mention the works of scientists A.I.Smirnitsky, I.V.Arnold, and T.I.Arbekova, who
included the phenomenon of word formation in the department of lexicology, as a proof of the above
ideas. The topic of word formation in English was researched by a number of linguists such as H.
Marchand, L. Bauer, A. Hatcher, A. I. Smirnitsky, Z. A. Kharitonchik, O. D. Meshkov, A. N. Ilina.

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According to A.Gulomov, word formation is one of the effective ways to enrich the language lexicon.
The basis of word formation is the vocabulary of the language, which includes all basic words as its
core. In the literature, there are different views on the formation of words and the formation of words
in word groups. In most of the literature, it is emphasized that word formation is characteristic of
independent word groups. The phenomenon of word formation is mainly characteristic of independent
categories. The composition of nouns, adjectives, verbs and adverbs is always enriched with new
formations.
V. Vinogradov's opinion about the role of word formation in linguistics is also important. According to
him, while word formation is of great importance in the science of linguistics, it approaches lexicology
- the science of the vocabulary of the language, and grammar - the doctrine of form formation and
word combinations. is also related to syntax. The number of supporters of this point of view is
increasing day by day. So, the issues of word formation are always studied together with the fields of
lexicology, phonetics, and grammar in linguistics. The term word formation is used in two senses:
1) in general, word formation means the phenomenon of formation of a new word based on language
material;
2) refers to the branch of linguistics that studies phenomena and issues related to word formation.
Every language has its own system, just as other areas, such as morphology and syntax, have their own
system of word formation. It is this system that is analyzed in the word formation section
[Khairullayeva, 2022: 7].
Word formation is one of the most effective ways to enrich the language vocabulary. There are two
types of word formation in modern English, the first method is productive. The reason for this is that
even today, new words are created through these methods, and these include: 1) with the help of
affixes (affixation); 2) conversion; 3) abbreviation (abbreviation); 4) composition (by adding words or
bases). Affixation. Making words with the help of affixes, that is, by adding a suffix, is the most
productive method used throughout the long history of the English language. There are two types of
affixation: prefixation and suffixation.
The process of affixation is one of the most productive methods, which serves to create new words
from the past to the present. In this method, a new word is created by adding some suffix to the word.
This process has not lost its productivity by adding a suffix in front of the word or at the end of the
word.
Prefixes are additions that are added to the front of a word. In English, the phenomenon of prefixation
is more characteristic of verbs. Prefixes can be added to both independent word groups and functional
word groups. Prefixes added to independent word groups are linked to the stem, for example: –un-
unhappy. Prefixes used in adverbial words are semi-linked because they can also be used
independently: over -overhead [17,55].
The main function of prefixes is to change the lexical meaning of a word. Prefixes can be
classified according to different criteria.
Semantic, i.e., classification according to the aspect of meaning: a) prefixes with a negative meaning:
in- invaluable, non- nonformals, un- (unfree); b) prefixes denoting repetition of work: de- (decolonize),
re- (revegetation), dis- (disconnect); d) prefixes indicating the meaning of time, distance and degree:
inter– (interplanetary), hyper– (hypertension), ex– (ex–student), pre– (pre–election), over–
(overdrugging).

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We can see the following groups of the origin of prefixes: a) national (related to Germanic languages):
un–, over–, under– etc; b) concerning Romance languages: in–, de–, ex–, re– etc; d) related to the
Greek language: sym–, hyper. The main function of suffixes in English is to add new meaning to the
end of words. There are several types of suffixes according to the word formation, meaning, origin and
productivity.
In English, suffixes are divided into the following groups according to which word group they form
(where suffixes serve to form a word from one word group to another word group):
Noun-forming suffixes: -er (fight - fighter), -dom (free - freedom), - ist (biology - biologist);
Adjectives - able (eat - eatable), -less (symptomless), -ous (continuous);
Verb-forming suffixes: -ize (computerize), -ify (micrify);
Adverbial suffixes: – –ly (slowly), –ward (tableward); 5) numeral suffixes: teen (fourteen), -ty (sixty).
Suffixes in English are classified according to semantics, i.e. meaning, as follows: a) performer of
work: -er experimenter, -ist taxist, -ent (student); b) nationality: –ian (Russian), –ese (Chinese), – sh
(English); d) collectivity: -ry (peasantry), -ship (leadership), -ati (literature); e) diminutive–caress: –ie
(horsie), –let (booklet), –ette (kitchenette); f) quality: –ness (hopelessness), –ity (answerability);
According to the lexical-semantic feature of the stem, the suffixes added to certain stems are divided
into the following: a) suffixes added to the verb: –er (commuter), –ing (suffering), – able (flyable), –
ment (involvement), –ation (computerization); b) suffixes added to the noun: -less (smogless), ful
(roomful), -ism (adventurism), -ster (pollster), -nik (filmnik), -ish (childish); d) suffixes added to
adjectives: -en (weaken), -ly (pinkly), -ish (longish), -ness (clannishness).
According to the origin, we can distinguish the following groups of suffixes: a) national (related to
Germanic languages), -er, -ful, -less, -ly; b) concerning Romance languages: -tion, -ment, -able, -eer;
d) Greek: -ist, -ism, -ize; e) Russian -nik.
According to their productivity, suffixes can be divided into the following groups: a) productive: –er, –
ize, ––ly, –ness; b) semi-productive: -eer, -ette, -ward; d) non-productive: -ard (drunkard), -th (length).
The process of affixation is one of the most productive methods, which serves to create new words
from the past to the present. In this method, a new word is created by adding some suffix to the word.
This process has not lost its productivity by adding a suffix in front of the word or at the end of the
word.
In linguistics, "derivatio" from the Latin "derivatio" is the process of assigning, generating, creating
some linguistic units, called derivatives, on the basis of other units taken as a starting point. In a
narrower sense, derivation refers to simple processes of formation of linguistic units, such as affixation
or the "broadening" of a root due to word formation.
For example, in English, the word "blackboard" is formed by combining the words "black" and
"board".
Derivation is a separate branch of linguistics. He deals with issues such as word formation, its
diachronic and synchronic types, and methods of word formation. Word formation is a purely speech
phenomenon, a speech process. However, it has a linguistic basis. Therefore, word formation is a
phenomenon related to both language and speech. Word formation as a linguistic term has two
meanings: a) word formation process term; b) the field studying this process [Khojiyev, 1989: 18].

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Results: Word formation is the formation of new words based on other words. This is called creating
or inventing a new name. Every language always needs new words. This is mainly due to the
development of technology. Because of new structures and changes, a language must acquire or
incorporate new words because new technology requires new words. This is sometimes related to all
forms that change the type of word, such as suffixes that include morphology. The placement of the
word in a broader sense indicates the periods of creation of new lexical units. Although the contrast
between the morphological difference in one word and the formation of another term seems very
simple, the question arises whether mixing is still a morphological change or not. There are, of course,
different ways of forming words, which are not controversial and are the same as in most dialects.
Uzbek word formation methods include affixation, composition, semantic, phonetic methods. Forming
a new word by adding a word-forming affix to a word is called the affixation method. For example:
do„st+lik, ser+jilo, sinf+dosh. Making a new word by joining or combining more than one word or
word forms with independent meaning is called word making by composition method. For example:
asal+ari, rahm+dil, hozir+javob.
Word formation is a separate branch of linguistics, and it is used in two different ways: 1) creating a
word with a new lexical meaning; 2) refers to the branch of linguistics that studies phenomena related
to word formation. Word formation, in general, is the creation of a word with a new lexical meaning
by any method or means [Sapayev, 2009: 29].
In English, word formation is sometimes compared to semantic change. There are four main types of
word formation: prefixes, suffixes, conversions, and compounds. Prefixes are additions that you add to
the beginning of a word to create a new word with a different meaning. They can also express a
negative word or a relationship of time, place or manner. Here are some examples: impossible, untrue,
unacceptable, uncertain. Suffixes are letters or groups of letters added to the end of a word to form a
new word. For example: useful, forgetful, undestandable, responsible, accurate, familiar. Conversion
involves changing a word from one word group to another. A very effective process, the noun turns
into a verb - butter, vacation, bottle. [Gapporov, 2010: 37]. Verbs become nouns - words like guess,
spy. Phrasal verbs become nouns - to print out, to take over. Verbs become adjectives - to see through,
to stand up.
In conclusion, creating a new word in any way is called word formation. A language is not limited to
pre-existing possibilities. Because in the social life of the society, in production, economy, daily life,
new things, new concepts in spiritual, cultural, ideological spheres, the need to evaluate them, to
express their new aspects are emerging. Such a need objectively requires new words in the language.
In order to meet this communicative demand, the language acquires words from other languages or
creates new words from its internal possibilities. In both languages, compound words are distinguished
from word combinations. The difference between a compound word and a phrase is that the
components of a compound word are morphemes, and the components of a phrase are words.
Therefore, the components of a compound word as a whole represent the same lexical meaning and
there is no syntactic connection between the components. Compound word elements give a single
meaning, are closely connected and have a lexical relationship. The elements of the phrase maintain
their independence and are in a free state. There will be a syntactic relationship. Compound words are
orthographically similar in English and Uzbek. According to this aspect, they are divided into three:
compound words that are written together, written with a hyphen, and written separately. According to
their semantic features, compound words in English and Uzbek are divided into the following types. a)
fully justified; b) partially based; c) not justified. According to speech categories, compound words are
classified as follows: a) from the point of view of their function; b) the content of compound words in

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terms of connection; c) in terms of different joining methods. The compatibility of the possessive and
the participle, the nature of the connection, the compatibility of the contents, and the contents of the
compound words are of particular importance. The aspects of endocentric and exocentric compound
words are also worthy of special attention, endocentric means giving a new meaning from the sum of
the meanings of the components of the compound word, while exocentric means the meaning
contained in the elements. no is considered completely unrelated to the meaning of that compound
word.
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