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dmslecture4

This lecture focuses on the importance of images in multimedia projects, emphasizing the need for graphic design skills. It covers digital image formats, the differences between bitmap and vector graphics, and the significance of color management in multimedia. Additionally, it provides insights into capturing, editing, and using clip art in presentations.

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morris
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2 views

dmslecture4

This lecture focuses on the importance of images in multimedia projects, emphasizing the need for graphic design skills. It covers digital image formats, the differences between bitmap and vector graphics, and the significance of color management in multimedia. Additionally, it provides insights into capturing, editing, and using clip art in presentations.

Uploaded by

morris
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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DISTRIBUTED MULTIMEDIA SYSTEMS

Lecture 4: Images
4.1 Introduction
Welcome to the fourth lecture on Images. Still images are the important element of a
multimedia project or a web site. In order to make a multimedia presentation look
elegant and complete, it is necessary to spend ample amount of time to design the
graphics and the layouts. Competent, computer literate skills in graphic art and design
are vital to the success of a multimedia project.

4.2 Lecture objectives


i) Create his own image
ii) Describe the use of colors and palettes in multimedia
iii) Describe the capabilities and limitations of vector images.
iv) Use clip arts in the multimedia presentations

4.3 Lecture Outline


Digital Image
A digital image is represented by a matrix of numeric values each representing a
quantized intensity value. When I is a two-dimensional matrix, then I(r,c) is the intensity
value at the position corresponding to row r and column c of the matrix. The points at
which an image is sampled are known as picture elements, commonly abbreviated as
pixels. The pixel values of intensity images are called gray scale levels (we encode here
the “color” of the image). The intensity at each pixel is represented by an integer and is
determined from the continuous image by averaging over a small neighborhood around
the pixel location. If there are just two intensity values, for example, black, and white,
they are represented by the numbers 0 and 1; such images are called binary-valued
images. If 8-bit integers are used to store each pixel value, the gray levels range from 0
(black) to 255 (white).

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Digital Image Format


There are different kinds of image formats in the literature. We shall consider the image
format that comes out of an image frame grabber, i.e., the captured image format, and
the format when images are stored, i.e., the stored image format.

Captured Image Format


The image format is specified by two main parameters: spatial resolution, which is
specified as pixels x pixels (eg. 640x480)and color encoding, which is specified by bits
per pixel. Both parameter values depend on hardware and software for input/output of
images.

Stored Image Format


When we store an image, we are storing a two-dimensional array of values, in which each
value represents the data associated with a pixel in the image. For a bitmap, this value is a
binary digit.

Bitmaps
A bitmap is a simple information matrix describing the individual dots that are the
smallest elements of resolution on a computer screen or other display or printing device.
A one-dimensional matrix is required for monochrome (black and white); greater depth
(more bits of information) is required to describe more than 16 million colors the
picture elements may have, as illustrated in following figure. The state of all the pixels
on a computer screen make up the image seen by the viewer, whether in combinations
of black and white or colored pixels in a line of text, a photograph-like picture, or a
simple background pattern.

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Where do bitmap come from? How are they made?


Make a bitmap from scratch with paint or drawing program.
Grab a bitmap from an active computer screen with a screen capture program, and
then paste into a paint program or your application.
Capture a bitmap from a photo, artwork, or a television image using a scanner
or video capture device that digitizes the image.
Once made, a bitmap can be copied, altered, e-mailed, and otherwise used in many
creative ways.

Clip Art
A clip art collection may contain a random assortment of images, or it may contain a
series of graphics, photographs, sound, and video related to a single topic. For
example, Corel, Micrografx, and Fractal Design bundle extensive clip art collection
with their image-editing software.

Multiple Monitors
When developing multimedia, it is helpful to have more than one monitor, or a single
high-resolution monitor with lots of screen real estate, hooked up to your computer.
In this way, you can display the full-screen working area of your project or presentation
and still have space to put your tools and other menus. This is particularly important in an
authoring system such as Macromedia Director, where the edits and changes you make in

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one window are immediately visible in the presentation window-provided


the presentation window is not obscured by your editing tools.

Making Still Images


Still images may be small or large, or even full screen. Whatever their form, still images
are generated by the computer in two ways: as bitmap (or paint graphics) and as vector-
drawn (or just plain drawn) graphics. Bitmaps are used for photo-realistic images and for
complex drawing requiring fine detail. Vector-drawn objects are used for lines, boxes,
circles, polygons, and other graphic shapes that can be mathematically expressed in
angles, coordinates, and distances. A drawn object can be filled with color and patterns,
and you can select it as a single object. Typically, image files are compressed to save
memory and disk space; many image formats already use compression within the file
itself – for example, GIF, JPEG, and PNG. Still images may be the most important
element of your multimedia project. If you are designing multimedia by yourself, put
yourself in the role of graphic artist and layout designer.

Capturing and Editing Images


The image that is seen on a computer monitor is digital bitmap stored in video memory,
updated about every 1/60 second or faster, depending upon monitor’s scan rate. When the
images are assembled for multimedia project, it may often be needed to capture and store
an image directly from screen. It is possible to use the Prt Scr key available in the
keyboard to capture an image.

Scanning Images
After scanning through countless clip art collections, if it is not possible to find the
unusual background you want for a screen about gardening. Sometimes when you
search for something too hard, you don’t realize that it’s right in front of your face.
Open the scan in an image-editing program and experiment with different filters, the
contrast, and various special effects. Be creative, and don’t be afraid to try strange
combinations – sometimes mistakes yield the most intriguing results.

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Vector Drawing
Most multimedia authoring systems provide for use of vector-drawn objects such
as lines, rectangles, ovals, polygons, and text. Computer-aided design (CAD) programs
have traditionally used vector-drawn object systems for creating the highly complex and
geometric rendering needed by architects and engineers. Graphic artists designing for print
media use vector-drawn objects because the same mathematics that put a rectangle on your
screen can also place that rectangle on paper without jaggies. This requires the higher
resolution of the printer, using a page description language such as PostScript. Programs for
3-D animation also use vector-drawn graphics. For example, the various changes of
position, rotation, and shading of light required to spin the extruded.

How Vector Drawing Works


Vector-drawn objects are described and drawn to the computer screen using a fraction
of the memory space required to describe and store the same object in bitmap form. A
vector is a line that is described by the location of its two endpoints. A simple rectangle,
for example, might be defined as follows:
RECT 0,0,200,200

Color
Color is a vital component of multimedia. Management of color is both a subjective and
a technical exercise. Picking the right colors and combinations of colors for your project
can involve many tries until you feel the result is right.

Understanding Natural Light and Color


The letters of the mnemonic ROY G. BIV, learned by many of us to remember the colors of
the rainbow, are the ascending frequencies of the visible light spectrum: red, orange, yellow,
green, blue, indigo, and violet. Ultraviolet light, on the other hand, is beyond the higher end
of the visible spectrum and can be damaging to humans. The color white is a noisy mixture
of all the color frequencies in the visible spectrum. The cornea of the eye

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acts as a lens to focus light rays onto the retina. The light rays stimulate many
thousands of specialized nerves called rods and cones that cover the surface of the
retina. The eye can differentiate among millions of colors, or hues, consisting of
combination of red, green, and blue.

Additive Color
In additive color model, a color is created by combining colored light sources in three
primary colors: red, green and blue (RGB). This is the process used for a TV or computer
monitor

Subtractive Color
In subtractive color method, a new color is created by combining colored media such
as paints or ink that absorb (or subtract) some parts of the color spectrum of light
and reflect the others back to the eye. Subtractive color is the process used to create
color in printing. The printed page is made up of tiny halftone dots of three primary
colors, cyan, magenta and yellow (CMY).

Image File Formats


There are many file formats used to store bitmaps and vectored drawing. Following is
a list of few image file formats.

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4.4 End of lecture activities (self –tests)


1. Discuss the difference between bitmap and vector graphics.
2. Dithering is often used when converting grayscale images to monochrome. What
is the basic idea of dithering?
3. Different colour models are often used in different applications. What is the
CMYK colour model? Give an application in which this colour model is
mostly used and explain the reason.

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