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embeded assignment Microcontroller

The document provides an overview of the memory organization of the PIC16F877 microcontroller, detailing its three main memory types: Program Memory (FLASH), Data Memory (RAM), and EEPROM Memory. Each memory type has specific functions, sizes, and access methods, with Program Memory storing code, Data Memory holding temporary data, and EEPROM storing permanent user data. Additionally, it includes information on memory structure, bank switching, and stack management.

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2 views

embeded assignment Microcontroller

The document provides an overview of the memory organization of the PIC16F877 microcontroller, detailing its three main memory types: Program Memory (FLASH), Data Memory (RAM), and EEPROM Memory. Each memory type has specific functions, sizes, and access methods, with Program Memory storing code, Data Memory holding temporary data, and EEPROM storing permanent user data. Additionally, it includes information on memory structure, bank switching, and stack management.

Uploaded by

dawitsirak1221
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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EIT-M

ELECTRICAL AND COMPUTER ENGINNERING

STREAM OF COMPUTER
EMBEDDED INDIVIDUAL ASSIGNMENT

NAME ID
DAWIT SIRAK EIT-M/UR158093/11

SUBMITTED TO: INS. NEGASI

SUBMISION DATE 05/09/2017 EC

Microso
[Compa
[Date]
PIC16F877 Microcontroller — Full Memory
Organization
The memory system of the PIC16F877 is divided into three main types:

Memory Type Function


Program Memory (FLASH) ----- Stores your code (instructions)
Data Memory (RAM) -------- Stores temporary data (variables, flags)
EEPROM Memory --------- Stores permanent user data (even after power off)

Each one has its own size, access method, and purpose.
Let's explain each one now:

1. 📄 Program Memory (FLASH Memory)


➔ Purpose:

 It stores the compiled instructions of your program (like MOVLW, ADDWF, etc).
 Microcontroller reads program memory to know what to execute.

➔ Size:

 14 KB (8K x 14 bits).
o 8,192 words (each word = 14 bits).

➔ Structure:

 RESET Vector at address 0x0000


o When microcontroller resets (power on or reset button), it starts executing from
here.
1
 Interrupt Vector at address 0x0004
o If an interrupt happens, it jumps to this address.

➔ Memory Paging:

 Divided into 4 Pages (Page 0 to Page 3).


 Each page holds part of your program.
 If your program is big and crosses into another page, you have to manage the pages.

Page Number Address Range


Page 0 0x0000 to 0x07FF
Page 1 0x0800 to 0x0FFF
Page 2 0x1000 to 0x17FF
Page 3 0x1800 to 0x1FFF

🔵 Program Counter (PC):


A 13-bit register inside PIC that points to the current instruction address in program memory.

2. 🧠 Data Memory (RAM / SRAM)


➔ Purpose:

 Used during program execution for:


o Storing variables.
o Temporary storage.
o Working registers.
o Stack for subroutine calls.
o SFRs (Special Function Registers) to control peripherals (like I/O ports, timers,
ADC).

➔ Size:

2
 368 bytes of RAM available.

➔ Organized into Banks:

Because RAM is limited, it’s divided into four banks:

Bank Address Range Contents


Bank 0 0x00 - 0x7F GPRs + SFRs
Bank 1 0x80 - 0xFF GPRs + SFRs
Bank 2 0x100 - 0x17F GPRs + SFRs
Bank 3 0x180 - 0x1FF GPRs + SFRs

➔ Inside Each Bank:

1. GPR (General Purpose Registers)


o For your program variables.
o Example: storing a counter, flags, temporary results.
2. SFR (Special Function Registers)
o These control microcontroller hardware.
o Example:
 PORTA – Controls Port A pins.
 TMR0 – Timer0 Register.
 STATUS – Processor status (Zero flag, Carry flag, Bank Select bits).

➔ Bank Switching

 Since all SFRs don't fit in one bank, you have to switch banks when needed.
 Controlled by two bits in the STATUS register:
o RP1 and RP0.

RP1 RP0 Bank


0 0 Bank 0
0 1 Bank 1

3
RP1 RP0 Bank
1 0 Bank 2
1 1 Bank 3

Example:
If you want to access TRISB (data direction register for Port B), you must first switch to Bank
1.

assembly
BSF STATUS, RP0 ; Set RP0=1 (Bank 1)
BCF STATUS, RP1 ; Set RP1=0 (Bank 1)

➔ Stack Memory

 Stack is hardware-managed in PIC16F877.


 Used for saving return addresses when you call a function (CALL instruction).
 Depth: 8 levels (fixed).
 No PUSH or POP instructions; only automatic.

3. 💾 EEPROM Memory
➔ Purpose:

 To permanently store data even if the power is switched off.


 Used for:
o Passwords.
o Calibration data.
o Configuration settings.

➔ Size:

4
 256 bytes EEPROM.

➔ Access:

 EEPROM access is special:


o You must write to certain registers (EECON1, EECON2, EEADR, etc).
o There are specific steps to read/write EEPROM to prevent accidental writes.

(You must write two specific instructions sequence before EEPROM write is accepted.)

🧠 Final Overall Diagram (Text Version)


+------------------------------------+
| Program Memory |
| 14 KB FLASH (8K x 14 bits) |
| Pages (0,1,2 ,3), Reset, Interrupts |
+------------------------------------+

+------------------------------------+
| Data Memory |
| 368 bytes RAM (SRAM) |
| Banks (0,1 ,2, 3): GPRs + SFRs |
| Stack (8-level) |
+------------------------------------+

+------------------------------------+
| EEPROM Memory |
| 256 bytes Permanent Data Storage |
| Special read/write steps required |
+------------------------------------+

🎯 Important Points Summary

Concept Notes
Program Memory Holds the program, 14 bits wide instructions.
Data Memory Divided into banks, needs bank switching.
EEPROM Permanent storage, needs special handling.
Stack 8 levels deep, hardware managed.
Bank Switching Done with RP1 and RP0 bits in STATUS register.

🔥 Quick Example
5
Suppose you write a PIC program:

 It will be stored in Program Memory.


 When you define variables (int x;), they are stored in Data Memory (RAM).
 If you save a setting like a device password, you store it into EEPROM.

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