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Data Science

The document outlines important topics in data science, including definitions, data collection methods, preprocessing techniques, exploratory data analysis, and visualization tools. It also covers machine learning basics, model evaluation, feature engineering, big data technologies, and ethical considerations. Additionally, it emphasizes the importance of real-world applications and case studies in demonstrating data science skills.

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6 views3 pages

Data Science

The document outlines important topics in data science, including definitions, data collection methods, preprocessing techniques, exploratory data analysis, and visualization tools. It also covers machine learning basics, model evaluation, feature engineering, big data technologies, and ethical considerations. Additionally, it emphasizes the importance of real-world applications and case studies in demonstrating data science skills.

Uploaded by

toufiqkhan809
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Important Topics in Data Science (with Brief Explanation)

1. Introduction to Data Science

• Definition: Interdisciplinary field that uses scientific methods, algorithms, and systems
to extract insights from structured and unstructured data.

• Components: Statistics, Programming, Domain Knowledge, Data Analysis.

2. Data Collection and Data Sources

• Data is collected from APIs, databases, web scraping, surveys, IoT devices, etc.

• Importance: Reliable data sources determine the quality of insights.

3. Data Preprocessing

• Tasks: Cleaning (handling missing/duplicate data), transformation, normalization,


encoding categorical data.

• It is the most time-consuming yet critical step in a data science pipeline.

4. Exploratory Data Analysis (EDA)

• Goal: Understand the dataset using statistics and visualization.

• Techniques: Mean, median, mode, histograms, boxplots, correlation matrix, outlier


detection.

5. Data Visualization

• Helps to communicate findings clearly using graphs.

• Tools: Matplotlib, Seaborn, Plotly, Tableau, Power BI.

• Charts: Bar chart, line chart, scatter plot, heatmap, pie chart.

6. Probability and Statistics

• Core foundation for data interpretation and modeling.

• Key Concepts: Probability distributions, Bayes Theorem, Mean, Variance, Hypothesis


Testing, Confidence Intervals.
7. Machine Learning Basics

• Building predictive models using data.

• Supervised: Regression, Classification.

• Unsupervised: Clustering, Dimensionality Reduction.

• Reinforcement: Learning via rewards.

8. Model Evaluation and Validation

• Evaluate how well a model performs using:

o For Classification: Accuracy, Precision, Recall, F1 Score, Confusion Matrix.

o For Regression: MSE, RMSE, R² Score.

• Use Cross-Validation to ensure model generalization.

9. Feature Engineering

• Creating, transforming, or selecting the most important features for your models.

• Includes: Feature scaling, encoding, dimensionality reduction (PCA).

10. Big Data Technologies

• Hadoop: Framework for storing and processing big data.

• Spark: Fast, in-memory data processing engine.

• Tools handle volume, velocity, and variety of big data.

11. SQL and Databases

• Data scientists frequently use SQL to query relational databases.

• Key concepts: Joins, Aggregations, Subqueries, Window Functions.

12. Python/R for Data Science

• Python: Widely used with libraries like pandas, NumPy, Scikit-learn.

• R: Strong in statistical modeling and visualization.


13. Data Ethics and Privacy

• Ensuring ethical use of data: fairness, transparency, and user privacy (e.g., GDPR
compliance).

• Avoiding algorithmic bias and ensuring responsible AI.

14. Deployment of Models

• Taking ML models into production using:

o Flask, FastAPI for APIs.

o Docker for containerization.

o Cloud platforms like AWS, GCP, Azure.

15. Real-world Case Studies & Projects

• Examples: Customer churn prediction, recommendation systems, fraud detection,


sales forecasting.

• Showcases your ability to solve real problems using data.

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