SEMESTER-VI

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONIC SCIENCE

Category I
(B.Sc. Honours in Electronics)

DISCIPLINE SPECIFIC CORE COURSE – 16: Digital Signal Processing

CREDIT DISTRIBUTION, ELIGIBILITY AND PRE-REQUISITES OF THE COURSE

Course Credits Credit distribution of the Eligibility criteria Pre-

title & course requisite
Code Lecture Tutorial Practical/ of the
Practice course
(if any)
Digital 4 3 - 1 Class XII passed with Signals
Signal Physics + and
Processing Mathematics/Applied Systems
Mathematics + (DSC 9,
Chemistry Sem III)
OR
Physics +
Mathematics/Applied
Mathematics +
Computer
Science/Informatics
Practices

Learning Objectives

The Learning Objectives of this course are as follows:

To introduce the techniques of modern digital processing that are fundamental to a wide
variety of application areas. Special emphasis is placed on the basic concepts related to
discrete-time signals and systems, the analysis of signals in time and frequency using
Fourier and Z transform. Introduction to techniques involved in the architecture and design
of digital filters.

Learning outcomes

The Learning Outcomes of this course are as follows:

• Grasp fundamentals of discrete time signals, linear time-invariant systems, Z-
transform and Fourier transform
• Analyze linear time-invariant systems using Fourier and Z transform

156
 • Understand the Design techniques of Digital FIR and IIR filters using direct
methods and methods involving conversion of the analog filter into the digital filter
by various transformations.
• Use DFT to perform frequency analysis of signals and application of FFT
algorithms.

SYLLABUS OF ELDSC-16 Total Hours- Theory: 45 Hours, Practicals: 30 Hours

UNIT – I ( 10 Hours)
Discrete Time Sequences and Systems: Introduction to Discrete Time sequences,
Properties of DT systems.
Fourier Transform: Fourier Transform, Properties of Fourier Transform, Inverse
Fourier Transform, Transfer Function of LSI systems.

UNIT – II (12 Hours)

Z-Transform: Definition, Unilateral Z- transform, Region of Convergence and its
properties, Properties of Z-Transform, Initial and final value theorem.
Inverse Z Transform: Long division, Partial fraction, and Residual methods. Parseval's
Theorem and applications.
System Function: Linear constant coefficient difference equation, Representation and
analysis of Discrete Time Systems, Stability, Causality, Realisation of Digital Linear
Systems: Block diagram, signal flow graph, structure for IIR and FIR systems

UNIT – III (12 Hours)

Discrete Fourier Transform: DFT assumptions and Inverse DFT, magnitude and phase
representation Matrix relations, relationship with Fourier Transform, Linear and
circular convolution, properties of DFT, Computation of DFT. FFT Algorithms-
Decimation in time FFT. Decimation in frequency FFT, FFT using radix 2 FFT — Butterfly
structure, Concept of Gibb’s phenomenon and word length effects.

UNIT – IV (11 Hours)

Digital Filters: Comparison of Analog and Digital Filters, Types of Digital Filters: FIR and
Hanning, Hamming, Blackman, Design of IIR Filters by Approximation of Derivates,
Impulse Invariant Method, Bilinear Transformation, Butterworth Filter.

Practical component (if any) – Digital Signal Processing

(Scilab/MATLAB/Python other Mathematical Simulation software)

Learning outcomes

The Learning Outcomes of this course are as follows:

• Simulate, synthesize and process signals using a software tool.

157
 • Apply transform methods for representing signals and systems in the time
and frequency domain.
• Simulation and design of FIR and IIR Filters

LIST OF PRACTICALS ( Total Practical Hours- 30 Hours)

1. Write a program to generate discrete time Unit Sample, Unit Step, Unit ramp
and Sinusoidal sequences.
2. Write a program to find the Fourier Transform of a sequence.
3. Write a program to find the pole-zero plot of a function.
4. Write a program to find a function's Z transform and inverse Z transform.
5. Write a program to find the circular convolution of two sequences.
6. Write a program to find the DFT of a sequence using the direct method.
7. Write a program to find the DFT of a sequence using FFT.
8. Magnitude Response of Low Pass Filter and High Pass Filter.
9. Design FIR Filter using Window Function.
10. Convert Analog Filter to Digital IIR Filter

Note: Students shall sincerely work towards completing all the above listed practicals
for this course. In any circumstance, the completed number of practicals shall
not be less than nine.

Essential/recommended readings

1. A.V. Oppenheim and Schafer, Discrete Time Signal Processing, Prentice Hall,
1999.
2. John G. Proakis and D.G. Manolakis, Digital Signal Processing: Principles,
Algorithms and Applications, Prentice Hall, 2007.

Suggestive readings
1. S. Salivahanan, Digital Signal Processing, McGraw Hill, 2015.
2. Tarun Kumar Rawat, Digital Signal Processing, Oxford University Press, 2015.
3. Monson Hayes, Digital Signal Processing: Second Edition, Schaum’s Outline
Series

Note: Examination scheme and mode shall be as prescribed by the Examination

Branch, University of Delhi, from time to time.

158
 DISCIPLINE SPECIFIC CORE COURSE – 17: Photonics

CREDIT DISTRIBUTION, ELIGIBILITY AND PRE-REQUISITES OF THE COURSE

Course Credits Credit distribution of the Eligibility criteria Pre-

title & course requisite
Code Lecture Tutorial Practical/ of the
Practice course
(if any)
Photonics 4 3 - 1 Class XII passed with Electro-
Physics + magnetics
Mathematics/Applied (DSC 14,
Mathematics + Sem V)
Chemistry
OR
Physics +
Mathematics/Applied
Mathematics +
Computer
Science/Informatics
Practices

Learning Objectives

The Learning Objectives of this course are as follows:

• This course introduces the student to the fundamental understanding of light as an
electromagnetic wave and various phenomenon like interference, diffraction and
polarization and their applications.
• Interaction between a photon and electron and its relevance to laser and various
other optoelectronic devices.
• Understand the propagation of wave in planar optical waveguides and optical fibers.
Learning outcomes

The Learning Outcomes of this course are as follows:

• Describe the optics and simple optical systems.
• Understand the concept of light as a wave and its propagation in optical fibres, and
relevance of this to optical effects such as interference , diffraction, polarization and
hence to lasers, holography and optical waveguides.
• Use mathematical methods to predict optical effects with e.g. light-matter
interaction, wave propagation in guided media, dispersion, wave optics

SYLLABUS OF ELDSC-17 Total Hours- Theory: 45 Hours, Practicals: 30 Hours

UNIT – I ( 12 Hours)

159
Light as an Electromagnetic Wave: Plane waves in homogeneous media, concept of
spherical waves. Reflection and transmission at an interface, total internal reflection,
Brewster‘s Law.
Interference :Interference by division of wavefront, Young‘s double slit, Division of
Amplitude, thin film interference, anti-reflecting films, Newton‘s rings.
Diffraction: Fraunhoffer Diffraction by a single slit, double slit, Diffraction grating:
Resolving power and Dispersive power

UNIT – II (11 Hours)

Holography: Basic Principle , Construction and reconstruction of hologram.
Polarization: Linear, circular and elliptical polarization, polarizer-analyzer and Malus‘
law; Double refraction by crystals, Half wave and quarter wave plates. Electro optic
Effect, Faraday Rotation
Liquid Crystal Displays: Types, Working Principle.

UNIT – III (11 Hours)

Light Emitting Diodes: Construction, materials and operation.
Lasers: Interaction of radiation and matter, Einstein coefficients, Condition for
amplification, Laser cavity , Examples of common lasers. The semiconductor injection
laser diode.
Photodetectors: Photo transistors and Photodiodes (p-i-n, avalanche), quantum
efficiency and responsivity.

UNIT – IV (11 Hours)

Guided Waves and the Optical Fibre: Maxwell’s Equations, TE modes in symmetric
step index planar slab waveguides, effective index, field distributions, Step index
optical fibre, total internal reflection, single mode and multimode fibres, attenuation
and dispersion in optical fibres.

Practical component (if any) – Photonics

(Hardware Lab augmented with virtual lab)

Learning outcomes

The Learning Outcomes of this course are as follows:

• Perform experiments based on the phenomenon of light/photons.
• Measure the parameters such as wavelength, resolving power, numerical
aperture etc. using the appropriate photonic/optical technique.
• Prepare the technical report on the experiments carried.

LIST OF PRACTICALS (Total Practical Hours- 30 Hours)

1. To determine Brewster’s angle.

2. To determine wavelength of sodium light using Newton‘s Rings.
3. To determine the resolving power and Dispersive power of Diffraction Grating.
4. Diffraction experiments using a laser.

160
 5. Viewing of different types of holograms.
6. To verify the law of Malus for plane polarized light.
7. Study of Faraday Rotation.
8. Study of Electro-optic Effect.
9. To determine characteristics of LEDs and Photo- detector.
10. To measure the numerical aperture of an optical fiber.

Note: Students shall sincerely work towards completing all the above listed practicals
for this course. In any circumstance, the completed number of practicals shall
not be less than nine.

In addition to the above hardware lab , teaching learning process can be further
augmented using following/any other ONLINE virtual labs:
• Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham Virtual Lab https://vlab.amrita.edu/
• Virtual Labs ofcvlab.vesit.ves.ac.in

Essential/recommended readings

1. Ajoy Ghatak, Optics, Tata McGraw Hill, New Delhi (2005)

2. E. Hecht, Optics, Pearson Education Ltd. (2002)
3. Ghatak A.K. and Thyagarajan K., ―Introduction to fiber optics, Cambridge Univ.
Press. (1998)

Suggestive readings
1. J. Wilson and J. F. B. Hawkes, Optoelectronics: An Introduction, Prentice Hall
India (1996)
2. S. O. Kasap, Optoelectronics and Photonics: Principles and Practices, Pearson
Education (2009)

Note: Examination scheme and mode shall be as prescribed by the Examination

Branch, University of Delhi, from time to time.

161
 DISCIPLINE SPECIFIC CORE COURSE – 18: Semiconductor Device Technology

CREDIT DISTRIBUTION, ELIGIBILITY AND PRE-REQUISITES OF THE COURSE

Course title & Credits Credit distribution of the Eligibility criteria Pre-
Code course requisite
Lecture Tutorial Practical/ of the
Practice course
(if any)
Semiconductor 4 3 - 1 Class XII passed with Semi-
Device Physics + conductor
Technology Mathematics/Applied Devices
Mathematics + (DSC 3,
Chemistry Sem I)
OR
Physics +
Mathematics/Applied
Mathematics +
Computer
Science/Informatics
Practices

Learning Objectives

The Learning Objectives of this course are as follows:

• The course deals with properties of materials required for Semiconductor Devices
• It deals with various processing steps
• It gives an account of how the Semiconductor Devices are fabricated (with details of
all processes involved)

Learning outcomes

The Learning Outcomes of this course are as follows:

• Summarize the developments in the field of microelectronics technologies
• Describe the crystal growth, diffusion, oxidation, lithography, etching and various
film deposition processes.
• Explain the process sequence for PN junction, BJT, CMOS and BiCMOS fabrication

SYLLABUS OF ELDSC-18 Total Hours- Theory: 45 Hours, Practicals: 30 Hours

UNIT – I ( 11 Hours)
Semiconductor materials: Single crystal, polycrystalline and amorphous forms.
Properties of Silicon and Gallium Arsenide. Materials used for doping Silicon and
Gallium Arsenide

162
Crystal growth techniques: Starting material (SiO2), MGS, EGS, Growth of bulk Silicon
single crystals using Czochralski (CZ) technique, Doping while crystal growth
(Distribution of dopants, Effective Segregation Coefficient), Float Zone (FZ) technique,
GaAs bulk single crystal growth by LEC technique, Bridgman-Stockbarger technique.
Wafer Cleaning Technology : Basic Concepts, Wet cleaning, Dry cleaning

UNIT – II (12 Hours)

Epitaxy Deposition: Vapor-Phase Epitaxy, Molecular Beam Epitaxy, Growth of GaAs
films by MOCVD.
Oxidation: Importance of Silicon Dioxide in Silicon, Thermal Oxidation Process,
Kinetics of Growth for thick and thin Oxide, Dry and Wet oxidation. Effects of high
pressure and impurities on oxidation rates, Impurity redistribution during Oxidation,
Oxide Quality, Chemical vapour deposition of silicon oxide, properties of silicon oxide,
step coverage, P-glass flow

UNIT – III (11 Hours)

Diffusion: Thermal Diffusion, Diffusion Equation, Diffusion Profiles. Extrinsic Diffusion
Concentration Dependent Diffusivity, Lateral Diffusion, Doping through Ion
Implantation, and its comparison with Thermal Diffusion.
Lithography: Clean room, Optical Lithography, Electron beam lithography,
Photoresist, Photo masks, Wet Chemical Etching, Common etchants

UNIT – IV (11 Hours)

Metallization: Filament evaporation, e-beam evaporation, sputtering techniques used
for metals (Aluminium, Gold, Copper etc..) deposition on Silicon and GaAs
Process Integration (IC): Isolation techniques. Fabrication of Monolithic Resistor,
Inductor, Capacitor. PN junction, BJT, NMOS, PMOS, CMOS structures.
Concept of Bipolar Technology and MOSFET Technology for Devices

Practical component (if any) – Semiconductor Device Technology

(Scilab/MATLAB/other Simulation Software)

Learning outcomes

The Learning Outcomes of this course are as follows:

• Operate the advanced computer simulations tools as well as visit research
laboratories for better understanding of semiconductor fabrications processes.
• Perform the simulation of semiconductor crystal growth and device
fabrication processes like oxidation and diffusion.
• Perform experiments to calculate the electronic parameters like resistivity,
mobility, carrier concentration and band gap etc in semiconductors.
• Operate the deposition system for fabrications of thin films

LIST OF PRACTICALS (Total Practical Hours- 30 Hours)

1. To measure the resistivity of semiconductor crystal with temperature by four –

probe method.

163
 2. To determine the type (n or p) and mobility of semiconductor material using
Hall effect.
3. CZ technique Simulation
4. Float zone technique Simulation
5. Oxidation process Simulation
6. Diffusion Process Simulation
7. To design a pattern using photolithographic process and its simulation
8. Process integration simulation
9. Determination of Optical Bandgap through transmission spectra.
10. Visit to Research Lab/institutions to see the live demonstrations of the
processes and preparation of a report.

Note: Students shall sincerely work towards completing all the above listed practicals
for this course. In any circumstance, the completed number of practicals shall
not be less than nine.

Essential/recommended readings

1. Gary S.May and S.M.Sze , Fundamentals of Semiconductor Fabrication, John

Wiley& Sons(2004)

Suggestive readings
3. Ludmila Eckertova, Physics of Thin films, 2nd Edition, Plenum Press (1986).

Note: Examination scheme and mode shall be as prescribed by the Examination

Branch, University of Delhi, from time to time.

164
 DISCIPLINE SPECIFIC ELECTIVES (DSE-3)

CREDIT DISTRIBUTION, ELIGIBILITY AND PRE-REQUISITES OF THE COURSE

Course title & Code Credits Credit distribution of the Eligibility Pre-
course criteria requisite of
Lecture Tutorial Practical/ the course
Practice (if any)
Transmission Lines, 4 3 - 1 Class XII passed Electromag
Antenna and Wave with Physics + netics (DSC
Propagation Mathematics/A 14, Sem V)
pplied
Mathematics +
Chemistry
OR
Physics +
Mathematics/A
pplied
Mathematics +
Computer
Science/Inform
atics Practices

Learning Objectives

The Learning Objectives of this course are as follows:

• Fundamentals of propagation of electromagnetic waves.
• Basics of transmission lines along with its parameters.
• Wave propagation in different modes of the waveguides.
• Antenna parameters and its radiation mechanism.

Learning outcomes

The Learning Outcomes of this course are as follows:

• Understand reflection and transmission of uniform plane wave.
• Explain the functioning of transmission line and its performance
parameters.
• Understand wave propagation in waveguides and different modes of
propagation.
• Explain the radiation mechanism and characteristics of an antenna.

171
SYLLABUS OF ELDSE-4C Total Hours- Theory: 45 Hours, Practicals: 30 Hours

UNIT – I ( 11 Hours)
Electromagnetic Wave Propagation: Plane Wave reflection at Oblique Incidence:-
Laws of Reflection, Snell’s Law of Refraction, Parallel and Perpendicular polarisations,
Fresnel’s Equations and Brewster Angle, Wave propagation in dispersive media,
Concept of phase velocity and group velocity

UNIT – II (11 Hours)

Transmission Lines: Typical Transmission lines- Coaxial, Two-Wire, Microstrip and
Coplanar, Transmission Line Parameters, Transmission Line Equations, Wave
propagation in Transmission lines:- lossy, lossless and Distortionless lines, Input
Impedance, Standing Wave Ratio, Power, Shorted Line, Open-Circuited Line and
Matched Line, Quarter wave transformer as transmission line application.

UNIT – III (11 Hours)

Waveguides: Introduction to Parallel plate waveguide, Rectangular waveguide,
Transverse Electromagnetic (TEM), Transverse Magnetic (TM) and Transverse Electric
(TE) modes, cutoff frequency and dominant mode, Intrinsic Impedance, Power
transmission and attenuation:- conductor loss and dielectric loss and Rectangular
cavity resonator and its resonant frequency.

UNIT – IV (12 Hours)

Antenna: Concept of retarded potentials, Radiation Mechanism, types of antennas,
power radiated by Hertzian dipole and its radiation resistance, qualitative analysis of
half-wave dipole and quarter-wave monopole antenna, Antenna characteristics,
Radiation Pattern, Beamwidth, Bandwidth, Radiation Intensity, Directive Gain,
Directivity, Power Gain, Radiation Efficiency, Input Impedance, Effective Area and the
Friis Transmission Equation.

Practical component (if any) – Transmission Lines, Antenna and Wave Propagation
(MATLAB/SCILAB /Any other softwares)

Learning outcomes

The Learning Outcomes of this course are as follows:

• Understand the phasor and its graphical representation for
electromagnetic fields.
• Learn reflection and transmission of plane electromagnetic wave.
• Represent graphically various parameters of transmission line.
• Plot field configuration for different modes of the waveguide.
• Understand the radiation pattern and other characteristics of an antenna.

172
LIST OF PRACTICALS ( Total Practical Hours – 30 Hours)

1. Program to determine the phasor of forward propagating field

2. Program to determine the instantaneous field of a plane wave
3. Program to find the electric and magnetic fields of reflected and transmitted
wave at the interface of different types of media
4. Program to find the characteristic impedance and the phase constant of a
distortionless line
5. Program to find the power dissipated of the lossy transmission line
6. Program to find the total power transmitted through the lossless transmission
line
7. Program to plot the field configuration for TE and TM modes in waveguide
8. Program to determine the operating range of frequency for TE10 mode of air
filled rectangular waveguide
9. Program to determine Directivity, Bandwidth and Beamwidth of an antenna.
10. Program to plot the radiation pattern of a Hertzian dipole and calculate its
radiation resistance.

Note: Students shall sincerely work towards completing all the above listed practicals
for this course. In any circumstance, the completed number of practicals shall
not be less than nine.

Essential/recommended readings

1. M. N. O. Sadiku, Principles of Electromagnetics, Oxford University Press (2001)

2. Karl E. Longren, Sava V. Savov, Randy J. Jost., Fundamentals of Electromagnetics
with MATLAB, PHI
3. J. A. Edminister, Electromagnetics, Schaum Series, Tata McGraw Hill (2006)
4. N. Narayan Rao, Elements of Engineering Electromagnetics, Pearson Education
(2006)
5. G. S. N. Raju, Antennas and Propagation, Pearson Education (2001)
Transmission Lines,

Suggestive readings
1. W. H. Hayt and J.A. Buck, Engineering Electromagnetics, Tata McGraw Hill
(2006)
2. D. C. Cheng, Field and Wave Electromagnetics, Pearson Education (2001)

Note: Examination scheme and mode shall be as prescribed by the Examination

Branch, University of Delhi, from time to time.

173
EC (1270) - 27.07.2024 Appendix-41
Resolution No. 5-18

Mandatory GE Courses to grant minor status in UG programmes: Electronics

Prog. Level 100 Level 200 Level 300 Remarks

Electronics • GE 1: .Fundamentals of • GE 5: Instrumentation • GE 14: Communication Systems Following GEs are mandatory
Electronics (Semester 1/2) (Semester 3/4/5/6) ( Semester 5/6/7/8) papers for minor in Electronics
• GE 2: Data Engineering • GE 6: Electronic Circuits • GE 15: Semiconductor Devices and discipline:
and Analytics (Semester and Interfacing (Semester their applications( Semester 5/6/7/8) GE 5: Instrumentation
1/2) 3/4/5/6) • GE 16: Embedded System ( Semester GE 6: Electronic Circuits and
• GE 3: Digital System • GE 7: Fundamentals of 8085 5/6/7/8) Interfacing
Design (Semester 1/2) Microprocessor (Semester • GE 17: Digital System Design using GE 14: Communication
• GE 4: Data Visualization 3/4/5/6) VHDL /Verilog ( Semester 5/6/7/8) Systems
Techniques (Semester 1/2) • GE 8: Microcontroller • GE 18: VLSI: Technology and Design
Systems(Semester 3/4/5/6) ( Semester 5/6/7/8)
• GE 9: Arduino/ Rpi App • GE 19: Digital Signal Processing
Development (2:2) (Semester ( Semester 5/6/7/8)
3/4/5/6) • GE 20: Process Control Systems
• GE 10: Modelling and ( Semester 5/6/7/8)
Simulation (Semester 3/4/5/6) • GE 21: Internet of Things ( Semester
• GE 11: Mobile Application 5/6/7/8)
Development (1:3) (Semester • GE 22: Neural Networks ( Semester
3/4/5/6) 5/6/7/8)
• GE 12:Signals and Systems • GE 23: Robotics ( Semester 5/6/7/8)
(Semester 3/4/5/6) • GE 24: Nanoelectronics ( Semester
• GE 13: Artificial Intelligence 5/6/7/8)
and Machine Learning
(Semester 3/4/5/6)

Page 1 of 1
 EC (1270) - 27.07.2024

DISCIPLINE SPECIFIC ELECTIVE COURSE: Research Methodology (ELDSE6C)

CREDIT DISTRIBUTION, ELIGIBILITY AND PRE-REQUISITES OF THE COURSE

Course title & Credits Credit distribution of the Eligibility Pre-

Code course criteria requisite
Lecture Tutorial Practical/ of the
Practice course
(if any)
Research 04 03 - 01 Course Basic
Methodology admission Statistics
(ELDSE6C) eligibility

Learning Objectives
The Learning Objectives of this course are as follows:
• To understand some basic concepts of research and its methodologies
• To select and define appropriate research problem and parameters
• To write a research report and thesis

Learning outcomes
The Learning Outcomes of this course are as follows:
● Acquire the basic knowledge of different types of research
● Understand various components of Research design
● Learn various paradigms in preparing a good quality research proposal/paper
● Learn various mathematical tools required for data collection and analysis as well as
modelling and simulation

SYLLABUS OF DSE
Unit -1 (10 hours)
Introduction: Meaning, objectives and motivations in research, Characteristics and
limitations of research – Components of research work - Criteria of good research,
Research process – Types of Research, Fundamental, Pure or Theoretical Research –
Applied Research –Descriptive Research – Evaluation Research –Experimental
Research –Survey Research – Qualitative Research – Quantitative Research – Historical
Research.

Unit – 2 (12 hours)

Research Design – definition – essentials and types of research design – errors and
types of errors in research design. Research problem: Selecting and analyzing the
research problem – problem statement formulation – formulation of hypothesis.
EC (1270) - 27.07.2024

Literature review: purpose, sources, and importance - literature review procedure.

Objectives: Learning Objectives; Definitions; Formulation of the research objectives.
Validation: Identify problem and experimental/theoretical data for comparison with
your model, learn how to extrapolate/scale data for validation with acceptable level
of error and justification

Unit -3 (11 hours)

Tools and Techniques: Various tools for literature survey-Searching journals, metrics
of Journals, e book, monograph, patents, Citations, Intellectual Property Rights.,
Reference Management Software like Zotero/Mendeley/others, Software for paper
formatting like LaTeX/MS Office/others, Layout of a research paper, Software for
presentation like MS Power point/Canva/ Others , Open Access publication, Ethical
issues related to publishing, Plagiarism and Self-Plagiarism, Software for detection of
Plagiarism
Mathematical tools in Electronics: Error estimation in instruments using descriptive
statistics, combined errors

Unit - 4 (12 hours)

Data Collection methods – primary and secondary data , Secondary data like XRD/UV-
Vis/FTIR/Raman/Others plotting and analysis using Origin/Ms Excel/other software
Curve Fitting Techniques: Interpolation, linear regression, higher order polynomial
form, exponential form using Origin/Ms Excel/other software
Modelling Techniques: Monte Carlo Method for static System, Discrete and
continuous Markov Models.
Simulation Techniques: Differential Equation System Specification DESS, Discrete
Event System Specification DEVS, Discrete Time System Specification DTSS.

Practical component: (30 hours)

Use latest software package for data plotting and analysis, curve fitting, modelling and
simulation, paper writing, presentation, referencing, plagiarism check etc. based on:

1. Error Estimation Problems using Descriptive Statistics

2. Secondary data plotting and analysis problems
3. Curve fitting using different techniques
4. Modelling and Simulation model implementation
5. Review writing of one book/research paper.
 EC (1270) - 27.07.2024

Essential/recommended readings

1. Ranjit Kumar, Research Methodology, A step by step guide for beginners, SAGE
Publications (2015)
2. D. C. Montgomery, Introduction to Statistical Quality Control, 8th edition, John
Wiley and sons (2019).
3. Business Research Methods – Donald Cooper & Pamela Schindler, TMH, 9th
edition
4. C.R Kothari, Research Methodology: Methods and Techniques, New Age
International Publishers (2015)
5. Bernard P. Zeigler, Alexandre Muzy, Ernesto Kofman, 3ed, Theory of Modelling
and Simulation, Academic Press : Elsevier 1985.

Suggestive readings

1. Prabhat Pandey, Meenu Mishra Pandey, Research Methodology: Tools and

Techniques, Bridge Center (2015)
2. S.P Gupta, Statistical Methods, 46th edition, Sultan Chand & Sons (2021)
3. Business Research Methods – Alan Bryman & Emma Bell, Oxford University
Press.
4. Leedy, P. D. and Ormrod, J. E., 2004 Practical Research: Planning and Design,
Prentice Hall.
5. Creswell, J.W. and Creswell, J.D., 2017. Research design: Qualitative,
quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. Sage publications.
6. Relevant Select references from the Internet

Note: Examination scheme and mode shall be as prescribed by the Examination

Branch, University of Delhi, from time to time.
 GE-6(iii)-Vide E.C.(1270)-27.07.2024, Appendix-47, Resolution No. 5-23, page 31
GE-6(iii): Abstract Algebra
(Passed in the syllabus of 4th semester DSC-A-4
of B.A. (Prog.), vide University of Delhi Notification number:
CNC-II/093/1(26)/2023-24/194) dated 14.09.2023)
Course title & Credits
Code I Credit distribution of the course !Eligibility
(rite1ia
�re-requisite
of the course
Lecture rrutorial PracticaV (if any)
Practice

Abstract 4 3 1 0 Class XII pass NIL

!\lgebra "ith
1\Iathematics

Learning Objectives: The primary objective of the course is to introduce:

• Modular arithmetic, fundamental theory of groups, rings, integral domains, and fields.
• Symmetry group of a plane figure, and basic concepts of cyclic groups.
• Cosets of a group and its properties, Lagrange's theorem, and quotient groups.

Learning Outcomes: This course will enable the students to:

• Appreciate ample types of groups present around us which explains our surrounding
better, and classify them as abelian, cyclic and permutation groups.
• Explain the significance of the notion of cosets, normal subgroups and homomorphisms.
• Understand the fundamental concepts of rings, subrings, fields, ideals, and factor rings.

SYLLABUS OF GE· 6(iii)

UNIT-I: Introduction to Groups (12 hours)

Modular arithmetic; Definition and examples of groups, Elementary properties of
groups, Order of a group and order of an element of a group; Subgroups and its examples,
Subgroup tests; Center of a group and centralizer of an element of a group.

UNIT-II: Cyclic Groups, Permutation Groups and Lagrange's Theorem (18 hours)
Cyclic groups and its properties, Generators of a cyclic group; Group of
symmetries; Permutation groups, Cyclic decomposition of permutations and its properties,
Even and odd permutations and the alternating group; Cosets and Lagrange's theorem;
Definition and examples of normal subgroups, Quotient groups; Group homomorphisms
and properties.

UNIT-Ill: Rings, Integral Domains and Fields (15 hours)

Definition, examples and properties of rings, subrings, integral domains, fields, ideals and
factor rings; Characteristic of a ring; Ring homomorphisms and properties.

Essential Reading
1. Gallian, Joseph. A. {2017). Contemporary Abstract Algebra (9th ed.). Cengage Learning
India Private Limited, Delhi. Indian Reprint (2021).
Suggestive Reading
• Beachy, John A., & Blair, William D. {2006). Abstract Algebra (3rd ed.). Waveland Press.

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