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1. Which of the following describes Class I MHC molecules?

- A) They present large protein fragments to B cells.
- B) They have an open binding groove for peptide fragments.
- C) They present small protein fragments that fit within a closed binding groove.
- D) They are found only in certain immune cells like macrophages and dendritic cells.

**Answer: C) They present small protein fragments that fit within a closed binding groove.**

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2. In antigen presentation by Class I MHC molecules, what is the role of the proteasome?
- A) To transport peptides into the endoplasmic reticulum.
- B) To degrade proteins into smaller peptides for presentation.
- C) To bind peptides directly to the MHC molecule.
- D) To transport MHC molecules to the cell surface.

**Answer: B) To degrade proteins into smaller peptides for presentation.**

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3. Which cells are classified as antigen-presenting cells (APCs) in the immune system?
- A) Dendritic cells, macrophages, and B cells.
- B) T cells, B cells, and red blood cells.
- C) Only B cells and T cells.
- D) Neurons and dendritic cells.

**Answer: A) Dendritic cells, macrophages, and B cells.**

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4. The transport of peptides into the endoplasmic reticulum for Class I MHC presentation is
facilitated by:
- A) CD28 proteins.
- B) TAP1 and TAP2 transporter proteins.
- C) β2-microglobulin.
 - D) Co-stimulatory molecules.

**Answer: B) TAP1 and TAP2 transporter proteins.**

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5. Which type of antigen presentation involves the activation of killer T cells?

- A) Presentation by Class II MHC molecules.
- B) Presentation by Class I MHC molecules.
- C) Cross-presentation by non-classical MHC molecules.
- D) Presentation of lipid antigens.

**Answer: B) Presentation by Class I MHC molecules.**

Certainly! Here are additional questions to deepen understanding of the antigen presentation
process:

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6. Which protein pairs with the Class I MHC molecule to form its complete structure?
- A) CD28
- B) β2-microglobulin
- C) TAP1
- D) B7

**Answer: B) β2-microglobulin**

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7. What distinguishes Class II MHC molecules from Class I MHC molecules?

- A) Class II MHC molecules present antigens to B cells exclusively.
- B) Class II MHC molecules have a closed binding groove.
- C) Class II MHC molecules present antigens to helper T cells.
- D) Class II MHC molecules are only found on all nucleated cells.

**Answer: C) Class II MHC molecules present antigens to helper T cells.**

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8. During the Class I MHC antigen presentation pathway, peptides are typically how many amino
acids in length?
- A) 20-25 amino acids
- B) 15-20 amino acids

Certainly! Here are some more questions:

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9. The co-stimulatory molecule B7 on an antigen-presenting cell interacts with which molecule

on the T cell?
- A) CD4
- B) CD28
- C) TAP1
- D) β2-microglobulin

**Answer: B) CD28**

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10. What type of antigen-presenting cell is primarily responsible for activating naive T cells by
displaying antigen via Class II MHC molecules?
- A) Red blood cells
- B) Dendritic cells
- C) B cells
- D) Natural killer cells

**Answer: B) Dendritic cells**

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11. In the Class I MHC pathway, what is the primary function of the TAP1 and TAP2 transporter
proteins?
- A) To load lipid antigens onto MHC molecules
- B) To degrade proteins into peptides
- C) To transport peptide fragments into the endoplasmic reticulum
- D) To directly activate helper T cells
 **Answer: C) To transport peptide fragments into the endoplasmic reticulum**

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12. Cross-presentation is a mechanism by which:

- A) Class II MHC molecules present lipid antigens.
- B) Dendritic cells can present extracellular antigens via Class I MHC molecules.
- C) B cells activate cytotoxic T cells without co-stimulation.
- D) Macrophages directly activate B cells through lipid antigens.

**Answer: B) Dendritic cells can present extracellular antigens via Class I MHC molecules.**

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13. Which of the following is true about non-classical MHC molecules?

- A) They are primarily involved in lipid antigen presentation.
- B) They bind to the same peptide fragments as classical MHC molecules.
- C) They only activate natural killer cells.
- D) They are not involved in the immune response.

**Answer: A) They are primarily involved in lipid antigen presentation.**

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14. Why is the process of antigen presentation important for organ transplants?
- A) It helps detect pathogens in the donor organ.
- B) MHC proteins on donor cells can be recognized as foreign, leading to rejection.
- C) Antigen-presenting cells from the donor protect the organ from immune attack.
- D) Cross-presentation prevents rejection by presenting antigens through Class I MHC
molecules.

**Answer: B) MHC proteins on donor cells can be recognized as foreign, leading to rejection.**

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15. Which cell type can serve as an antigen-presenting cell but does not typically initiate a
primary immune response?
 - A) B cells
- B) Dendritic cells
- C) Macrophages
- D) Helper T cells

**Answer: A) B cells**

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Certainly! Here are additional questions to test comprehension of various aspects of antigen
presentation:

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18. Which of the following cells is NOT typically involved in antigen presentation?
- A) Macrophages
- B) Dendritic cells
- C) Red blood cells
- D) B cells

**Answer: C) Red blood cells**

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19. How do Class II MHC molecules acquire peptides for antigen presentation?
- A) By capturing peptides degraded by the proteasome
- B) By binding to intracellular antigens in the endoplasmic reticulum
- C) By binding peptides from extracellular sources within endosomes
- D) By utilizing TAP transporters to deliver peptides

**Answer: C) By binding peptides from extracellular sources within endosomes**

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20. Which type of T cell is activated when an antigen is presented by a Class I MHC molecule?
- A) Helper T cell
- B) Cytotoxic T cell
- C) Regulatory T cell
 - D) Memory B cell

**Answer: B) Cytotoxic T cell**

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21. In cross-presentation, dendritic cells can:

- A) Present extracellular antigens via Class II MHC only.
- B) Present extracellular antigens via Class I MHC molecules.
- C) Activate B cells directly without T cell involvement.
- D) Display antigens to suppress immune responses.

**Answer: B) Present extracellular antigens via Class I MHC molecules.**

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22. What is the role of the β2-microglobulin in the Class I MHC complex?
- A) It transports peptides into the endoplasmic reticulum.
- B) It stabilizes the MHC molecule structure.
- C) It presents lipid antigens to T cells.
- D) It binds directly to the peptide fragment.

**Answer: B) It stabilizes the MHC molecule structure.**

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23. Which feature distinguishes dendritic cells as highly effective antigen-presenting cells?
- A) They can activate naive T cells.
- B) They only present antigens to memory T cells.
- C) They do not require co-stimulatory signals to activate T cells.
- D) They only express Class I MHC molecules.

**Answer: A) They can activate naive T cells.**

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24. Which of the following best describes "co-stimulation" in antigen presentation?

- A) The process of peptides binding to MHC molecules in the ER.
 - B) The requirement for additional signals, beyond MHC-antigen interaction, for T cell
activation.
- C) The binding of β2-microglobulin to stabilize the MHC molecule.
- D) The degradation of proteins by the proteasome to create peptides.

**Answer: B) The requirement for additional signals, beyond MHC-antigen interaction, for T cell
activation.**

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25. In which organelle does the loading of peptides onto Class I MHC molecules occur?
- A) Lysosome
- B) Endoplasmic reticulum
- C) Golgi apparatus
- D) Nucleus

**Answer: B) Endoplasmic reticulum**

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Certainly! Here are more advanced questions to deepen understanding of antigen presentation.

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26. Which statement about antigen presentation by B cells is correct?

- A) B cells present antigens only through Class I MHC molecules.
- B) B cells do not require T cell interaction for antigen presentation.
- C) B cells can present antigens via Class II MHC molecules to helper T cells.
- D) B cells are primarily involved in cross-presentation.

**Answer: C) B cells can present antigens via Class II MHC molecules to helper T cells.**

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27. What is the primary function of Class I MHC molecules in immune surveillance?
- A) To activate helper T cells against bacterial infections
- B) To present viral and intracellular pathogen-derived peptides to cytotoxic T cells
- C) To signal extracellular pathogens to natural killer cells
 - D) To bind and display lipid-based antigens to B cells

**Answer: B) To present viral and intracellular pathogen-derived peptides to cytotoxic T cells**

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28. Which process is unique to the Class II MHC pathway compared to the Class I MHC pathway?
- A) Antigens are processed in the proteasome.
- B) Peptides are loaded onto MHC molecules in the endoplasmic reticulum.
- C) Antigens are captured and processed in endosomal/lysosomal compartments.
- D) Peptides are transported by TAP proteins.

**Answer: C) Antigens are captured and processed in endosomal/lysosomal compartments.**

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29. What role do activated macrophages play in antigen presentation?

- A) They primarily present antigens to cytotoxic T cells.
- B) They capture and process pathogens, then present them to helper T cells.
- C) They act only as secondary antigen-presenting cells.
- D) They require direct interaction with B cells for activation.

**Answer: B) They capture and process pathogens, then present them to helper T cells.**

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30. Which molecules are directly involved in stabilizing and holding peptides within the Class I
MHC binding groove?
- A) β2-microglobulin and CD28
- B) TAP proteins and B7
- C) β2-microglobulin and Class I MHC alpha chain
- D) Co-stimulatory proteins CD4 and CD8

**Answer: C) β2-microglobulin and Class I MHC alpha chain**

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31. Helper T cells are activated primarily through:

 - A) Antigens presented by Class I MHC molecules on infected cells.
- B) Antigens presented by Class II MHC molecules on antigen-presenting cells.
- C) Direct recognition of extracellular antigens.
- D) Lipid antigens presented by non-classical MHC molecules.

**Answer: B) Antigens presented by Class II MHC molecules on antigen-presenting cells.**

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32. Which of the following best describes "cross-presentation"?

- A) The ability of Class II MHC molecules to present intracellular pathogens.
- B) The presentation of antigens from extracellular sources via Class I MHC molecules.
- C) The direct activation of T cells without MHC molecule involvement.
- D) The exclusive presentation of lipid antigens by dendritic cells.

**Answer: B) The presentation of antigens from extracellular sources via Class I MHC
molecules.**

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33. What is the purpose of the closed-ended binding groove of Class I MHC molecules?
- A) To accommodate and stabilize large protein fragments.
- B) To allow the binding of various lipid molecules.
- C) To restrict peptide length to around 8-10 amino acids.
- D) To facilitate the binding of carbohydrate molecules.

**Answer: C) To restrict peptide length to around 8-10 amino acids.**

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34. Which characteristic is unique to non-classical MHC molecules in the immune system?
- A) They display peptides from pathogens to T cells.
- B) They are involved in the presentation of lipid and non-peptide antigens.
- C) They are responsible for co-stimulation of B cells.
- D) They exclusively bind long peptides for immune activation.

**Answer: B) They are involved in the presentation of lipid and non-peptide antigens.**
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35. The interaction between which two molecules is essential for co-stimulation in T cell
activation?
- A) CD4 and CD8
- B) TAP1 and TAP2
- C) B7 on APCs and CD28 on T cells
- D) β2-microglobulin and Class I MHC

**Answer: C) B7 on APCs and CD28 on T cells**

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