Migmatization and low-pressure overprinting metamorphism as record of

two pre Cretaceous tectonic episodes in the Santander Massif of the Andean
basement in northern Colombia (NW South America)

C.A. Zuluaga, S. Amaya, C. Urueña, M. Bernet

PII: S0024-4937(17)30004-X
DOI: doi:10.1016/j.lithos.2016.12.036
Reference: LITHOS 4197

To appear in: LITHOS

Received date: 29 August 2016

Accepted date: 30 December 2016

Please cite this article as: Zuluaga, C.A., Amaya, S., Urueña, C., Bernet, M., Migma-
tization and low-pressure overprinting metamorphism as record of two pre Cretaceous
tectonic episodes in the Santander Massif of the Andean basement in northern Colombia
(NW South America), LITHOS (2017), doi:10.1016/j.lithos.2016.12.036

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 ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT

Migmatization and low-pressure overprinting metamorphism as record of two pre Cretaceous

tectonic episodes in the Santander Massif of the Andean basement in northern Colombia (NW

South America)

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C.A. Zuluaga1* Amaya1, S., Urueña, C.1, & Bernet, M2.
1
Departamento de Geociencias. Universidad Nacional de Colombia. Bogotá. Colombia.

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2
Institut des Sciences de la Terre, Université Joseph Fourier, Grenoble, France

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*
Corresponding author: [email protected]

ABSTRACT
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The core of the Santander Massif in the northern Andes of Colombia is dominated by

migmatitic gneisses with a < 1.71 Ga protolith and were affected by continuous interactions
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of oceanic plates to the west and the northwestern corner of the South American continental
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plate. The exposed metamorphic core of the massif offers a unique opportunity to understand

the tectonic evolution of northwestern South America. We present new metamorphic

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petrology and geochemistry data from the Bucaramanga Gneiss in the Santander Massif to
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document part of this tectonic evolution from late Proterozoic to Jurassic.

Metapelitic migmatite gneiss, quartz-feldspathic gneiss, and amphibolite from the

Bucaramanga Gneiss recorded metamorphic peak conditions in the range 660–850 °C at

pressures of > 7.5 kbar. Lithologies overprinted with a low pressure metamorphism, related to

extensive Jurassic intrusions and linked with growth of cordierite and equilibration of low-

pressure mineral assemblages, recorded metamorphic conditions of < 750 °C at pressures of <

6.5 kbar.

Observed leucosomes display significant compositional variations and can be grouped

in three groups: i) Group One leucosomes with high total REE content, high LREE/HREE,
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and negative Eu anomaly, ii) Group Two leucosomes with low total REE, low LREE/HREE,

and positive Eu anomalies, and iii) Group Three leucosomes with relatively low LREE/HREE

and strong positive Eu anomaly. Geochemical data support the interpretation that Group Two

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leucosomes crystallized from melts originated in a partial melting event affecting mostly

pelitic and quartz-feldspathic lithologies with fluid present melting reactions. The evaluation

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of mesosomes (amphibolite, pelitic and quartz-feldspathic rocks) as potential protoliths or

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restites indicates that at least two pelitic samples of the analyzed lithologies have

characteristics consistent with the occurrence of fluid-present melting reactions involving

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quartz and feldspar. The leucosomes produced by crystallization of modified partial melts
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contrast with several other leucosomes that were injected; however, in some cases the melts

that crystallized as injected leucosomes show consistent geochemistry with partial melting of

lithologies geochemically similar to the ones observed in the unit.

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The migmatization and the overprinting low pressure metamorphic events are interpreted here
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to be related to two main tectonic pulses: an early Paleozoic tectonic pulse produced by

subduction of the oceanic crust of the Iapetus Ocean beneath northwestern Gondwana, and an
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Upper Triassic to Lower Jurassic tectonic pulse produced by subduction of oceanic crust of
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the proto-Pacific ocean beneath western Pangaea.

Keywords: Bucaramanga Gneiss Migmatite; Trace element fingerprinting; NW South

America; Grenvillian; Famatinian.

INTRODUCTION

The Santander Massif in the Eastern Cordillera of the northern Andes (Colombia) is a

major component of the Northern Andean orogenic basement. The core of the massif is
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dominated by migmatitic gneisses for which a < 1.71 Ga protolith has been proposed on the

basis of U-Pb zircon dating and Sm-Nd Model ages (Cordani et al., 2005; Ordoñez-Carmona

et al, 2006). The age of metamorphism for these gneisses is interpreted by Cordani et al.

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(2005) as Grenvillian based on U-Pb zircon dating from one sample of the Bucaramanga

Gneiss with a range of discordant ages. Restrepo-Pace and Cediel (2010) also interpreted a

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Grenvillian metamorphic core based on discordant, multigrain U-Pb data from one sample.

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However, we concur with the interpretation of van der Lelij et al. (2015) of peak

metamorphism and migmatization occurring during the Early Ordovician based on their U-Pb

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zircon ages ranging from 490 to 450 Ma from gneisses, leucosomes in migmatites, and an
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associated orthogneiss.

The crystalline core recorded later events that affected northwestern South America

margin during subsequent active margin magmatism related to suduction of oceanic plates
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and offer a unique opportunity to study the events that affected the margin during the time
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interval late Proterozoic - Cretaceous; these events include (see Spikings et al., 2016 for a

review): i) Permian - Early Triassic arc magmatism (275-240 Ma) in a east-dipping

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subduction zone setting (Cochrane et al., 2014), ii) western Pangaea rifting starting at 240 Ma
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(Spikings et al., 2016), iii) arc magmatism during 209-104 Ma focused on the Santander

Massif (Bustamante et al., 2016; Dörr et al., 1995; Mantilla et al., 2012; Mantilla et al., 2013;

van der Lelij et al., 2016; Villagómez et al., 2011; Ward et al., 1973), iv) westward migration

of arc magmatism during 189-141 Ma (Bustamante et al., 2016; Spikings et al., 2016), v)

compression and obduction at ca. 115 Ma (Spikings et al., 2016), and vi) oblique convergence

of a oceanic plate with South America during 115-100 Ma (Pindell and Kennan, 2009).

Published zircon U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar plateau dates from the Santander Massif

(Cordani et al., 2005; Dörr et al., 1995; Mantilla et al., 2012; Mantilla et al., 2013; Restrepo-

Pace, 1995; van der Lelij et al., 2015; van der Lelij et al., 2016; Villagómez et al., 2011)
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document two main tectonic pulses prior to the Cretaceous. According to tectonic

reconstructions (e.g., Li et al., 2008 and references therein), the first tectonic pulse (early

Paleozoic) seems to correspond to subduction of the oceanic crust of the Iapetus Ocean

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beneath northwestern Gondwana, and the second tectonic pulse (Late Triassic - Early

Jurassic) corresponds to subduction of oceanic crust of the proto-Pacific ocean beneath

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western Pangaea.

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The lower Palaeozoic pulse is known as the Famatinian orogenic event in South

America and the Caparonensis-Quetame orogeny in Colombia and has also been

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referred/related to the Caledonian orogeny and the Taconic orogeny (Dalla Salda et al., 1992;
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Forero, 1990; Mantilla et al., 2012; Megard, 1987; Ordóñez-Carmona et al., 2006; Restrepo-

Pace, 1995). The Upper Triassic - Lower Jurassic pulse has been interpreted recently as the

cause of a low-lying orogen with numerous shallow granitoids (van der Lelij et al., 2016;
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Zuluaga et al., 2015). Associated to this orogen, there was a low-pressure metamorphic event
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that generated low-grade metamorphism of Early Devonian sedimentary rocks and

overprinted the pre-Devonian basement as proposed here.

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This study seeks to illustrate the relationship between high-grade metamorphism,

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migmatization and partial melting in the Bucaramanga gneiss (NE Colombia) and how this

migmatites were affected by an overprinting low-pressure metamorphism. The origin and

evolution of the Bucaramanga Gneiss is up for debate since petrological and microstructural

studies that support tectono-metamorphic interpretations are still incomplete. During recent

fieldwork carried out in several localities, in the northern, central and southern Santander

Massif, several migmatite outcrops were characterized in order to constrain evolution of the

migmatitic gneiss and relate this to the evolution of the northern Andes in Colombia. The

main focus of this contribution is on geochemistry, petrography, and thermobarometry of the

mesosomes and leucosomes of the Bucaramanga gneiss. This study has implications for the
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timing and characteristics of orogenic episodes during the late Proterozoic to Jurassic

evolution of northern South America.

Migmatites provide direct evidence for partial melting of continental crust and the

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composition and distribution of partial melt may indicate melt migration pathways and

heterogeneities in the bedrock, since rock composition appears to play a dominant role in the

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quantity and composition of melt produced (e.g., Johannes & Gupta, 1982). In many cases,

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mass balance calculations and textural evidence suggest that anatexis is commonly driven by

introduction of aqueous fluids and/or the result of the injection of molten material (e.g.,

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Weber & Barbey, 1986). However, partial melts can be modified by several mechanisms: (1)
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melting and mixing between phases or between locally generated melts and injected magmas

(Weber & Barbey, 1986); (2) fractional crystallization of a granitic melt (Sawyer, 1998); (3)

disequilibrium melting (Watt & Harley, 1993); and (4) retrograde reactions between melt and
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host rock (Kriegsman, 2001). Therefore, petrological and geochemical heterogeneities

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displayed by crystallized partial melts can be related to the melting processes and/or to

secondary processes that modify the melt; identifying these processes in migmatites can help
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to understand the evolutive history of an orogen. This study presents data for new localities
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which support models of migmatite formation by a complex interaction of several of the

processes mentioned above.

GEOLOGICAL SETTING

The general view of Colombian geology accepts an Andean province separated from the

Guiana shield by a major NE–SW trending fault system (Borde Llanero fault; Forero, 1990).

In Colombia, the northern Andes branches into three ranges separated by narrow valleys

(Western Cordillera, Central Cordillera, and Eastern Cordillera; Figure 1). It is commonly
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accepted that the Andean system in Colombia was built by successive discrete orogenic

episodes, which began in the Late Cretaceous and climaxed during the Neogene Andean

Orogeny. The pre-Mesozoic core in the Colombian Andean system is exposed along the

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eastern and central ranges; particularly, these ranges have several isolated Proterozoic

basement blocks with diversity in age and crustal evolution (Tschanz et al., 1974; Restrepo-

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Pace et al., 1997). The Santander Massif crystalline basement is one of these blocks located

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close to where the Eastern Cordillera branches to the Merida Andes of Venezuela (Figure 1).

The massif is an uplifted block located between mayor faults, on the west the bounding fault

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is a sinistral strike slip fault with an inverse west vergent component (Bucaramanga fault) and
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on the east the massif is bounded by an east vergent thrust system (e.g., Pamplona, Labateca,

Chitaga, Mercedes, and Perchiquez faults) that places the Santander Massif over the southern

Venezuelan Mérida Andes and also over the hydrocarbon-rich Catatumbo basin.
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The basement block consists of a complex assembly of a sillimanite-cordierite-garnet

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bearing gneiss, hornblende gneiss and amphibolite collectively called the Bucaramanga

Gneiss, presumably of Grenvillian age (Cordani et al., 2005), Paleozoic biotite-garnet-

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staurolite schist (Silgará Schist) locally with andalusite, Ordovician deformed granitoids
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(―Orthogneiss unit‖, Restrepo-Pace et al., 1997; Mantilla et al., 2012; Mantilla et al., 2013;

van der Lelij et al., 2016), Paleozoic undeformed granitoids (Ward et al., 1973), Devonian (?)

low-grade metasedimentary phyllite (Guaca-La Virgen), and late Triassic to early Jurassic

granitoids (Dörr et al., 1995; van der Lelij et al., 2016; Pescadero Granite, Santa Barbara

Quartz-monzonite, La Corcova Quartz-monzonite, and several unnamed bodies in the

northern part of the massif). The late Triassic to early Jurassic intrusive rocks have similar

modal compositions, i.e., an association of quartz, plagioclase, K-feldspar, and variable

content of biotite, muscovite, and hornblende. The contact between the Bucaramanga Gneiss

and the overlying medium-grade metamorphic Silgará Schist is not well exposed, so their
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exact relationship remains unclear. However, Ward et al. (1973) and Restrepo-Pace et al.

(1997) consider the contact between the Bucaramanga Gneiss and the Silgará Schist along the

sillimanite isograd.

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The complex array of faults and deformational styles observed in the Santander massif

and its present elevation is probably an outcome of the evolution of the Bucaramanga fault, an

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inverse-sinistral fault whose evolution in the north is tied to the Santa Marta fault (Figure 1),

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these two faults form a system with a 100 to 110 km of horizontal displacement (Campbell,

1965; Tschanz et al., 1974). The Bucaramanga fault is currently interpreted as a paleosuture

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with deep crustal penetration (Cediel et al., 2003).
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PARAGENESIS AND STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY OF THE BUCARAMANGA

GNEISS
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Migmatites in the field are usually seen as a continuous transition from metamorphic
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rocks to plutonic rocks and their description is facilitated by simple and non-genetic

terminology; with this in mind, we use the definitions "sensu stricto" of the proposal of the
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Subcommittee on Systematics of Metamorphic Rocks of the International Union of

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Geological Sciences, IUGS SCMR (Fettes et al., 2007), especially the following key terms are

extensively used in this contribution:

Migmatite: ―A composite silicate rock, pervasively heterogeneous on a meso- to

megascopic scale. It typically consists of darker and lighter parts. The darker parts usually

exhibit features of metamorphic rocks while the lighter parts are of plutonic appearance‖.

Leucosome: The lightest parts of a migmatite.

Mesosome: Rock portion in a migmatite, intermediate in color between leucosome and

melanosome. If present, the mesosome is mostly a more or less unmodified remnant of the

parent rock (protolith) of the migmatite.

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Melanosome: The darkest parts of a migmatite, usually with prevailing dark minerals.

It occurs between two leucosomes or, if remnants of the more or less unmodified parent rock

(mesosome) are still present, it is arranged in rims around these remnants.

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The Santander Massif is cored by the Bucaramanga Gneiss, an amphibolite- to

granulite-facies (from temperature estimates, see below) migmatitic gneiss that extends N–S

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within the massif for more than 200 km (Ward et al.; 1973). Structures and microstructures in

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the gneiss contrast with this general trend (Figure 2). In the south (Cepita and Mogotes;

Figures 2a and 2e), there are two identified foliations (i) Sn+1, a N–S to NW–SE trending

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metamorphic foliation with dipping angles of less than 50 ° towards the E and (ii) Sn+2, axial
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planes of asymmetric cm to m scale folds affecting the Sn+1 foliation, the fold axes range from

W trending axes and S dipping axial planes in Mogotes to NE trending axes and SE dipping

axial planes in Cepita. The Sn+1 foliation trends E–W dipping towards the S near
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Bucaramanga (Figure 2c) and NW – SE dipping towards the NE near Berlin (Figure 2b); in
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both cases dipping angles are > 50 °. Sn+2 foliation is not seen in the Bucaramanga area; near

Berlin, Sn+2 axial planes are E–W trending dipping toward the N. In the north (Abrego; Figure
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2d), Sn+1 is NE–SW trending dipping towards the NW with angles > 50 ° and Sn+2 is
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characterized by NW trending axial planes dipping towards the SW. The overall geometry of

the massif hints at a dome-like structure with the deepest part of the metamorphic core in the

Berlin area (Figures 1 and 2b).

Large leucosomes have a tabular geometry and variable thickness, from centimeters to

meters, and a range in composition from tonalites to granites, they also differ in

microstructures and crosscutting relations with mesosomes (Figures 3a and 3b, Table 1).

Small leucosome lenses and patches are observed mostly in pelites and quartz-feldspathic

lithologies (Figure 3c) and in some cases they are observed as thin layers in stromatic

migmatites (Figure 3d); these leucosomes are abundant in the Berlin area in the core of the
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dome-like structure (Figure 1 and 2b). Most outcrops have one to two types of leucosomes;

however, some outcrops have up to four types of leucosomes as observed in the central zone

(locality BSACZ). In the mentioned locality, the four types of leucosomes are a good

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representation of the variability in the unit: i) L1 is a foliated concordant granodioritic

leucosome, ii) L2 is a foliated concordant to slightly discordant granodioritic to granitic

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leucosome, iii) L3 is a foliated concordant to slightly discordant granitic leucosome, and iv)

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L4 is a non-foliated slightly discordant to discordant granodioritic to granitic leucosome that

also cuts L2 and L3 leucosomes. A very thin layer (< 5 mm) of strongly oriented hornblende

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and/or biotite around leucosomes and locally parallel to the dominant mesosome foliation Sn+1
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is associated to some leucosomes (Figure 3b).

In general, mesosomes range in modal composition between mica rich gneiss/schist

and quartz–feldspar rich gneiss with variables amounts of cordierite, sillimanite, and garnet;
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hornblende bearing gneiss/schist; and amphibolite (Figures 3 and 4, Table 2); these lithologies
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have regional continuity in elongated packets. The mesosome packet orientation follow a

NW–SE trend in the southern zone and central zone, and a NE–SW trend in the northern
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zone.
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Mica rich gneiss/schist and quartz–feldspar rich gneiss are compositionally layered

(alternating biotite rich and biotite poor layers) medium- to coarse-grained with quartz,

plagioclase, biotite, and variable garnet, sillimanite, muscovite, cordierite, and K-feldspar.

When sillimanite is present it is observed mostly in the biotite-rich levels.

Amphibolite and amphibole-rich gneiss are subordinated to the lithologies above, however

they comprise a significant proportion of the outcrops in the central zone near the Berlin area.

These rocks are compositionally layered, medium- to coarse-grained, and contain quartz,

plagioclase, hornblende, and variable garnet, epidote, titanite, biotite, clinopyroxene, and K-
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feldspar. Foliated quartzite is present locally and they additionally contain garnet, biotite, and

K-feldspar.

Locally, around leucosomes, mica rich gneiss/schist and quartz–feldspar rich gneiss

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are observed enriched in biotite (>90 mode%; melanosome) and amphibolite and amphibole-

rich gneiss are observed enriched in hornblende (>90 mode%; melanosome).

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Although there are some differences in mineral grain microstructures between

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lithologies, there are a few shared characteristics of the observed minerals. Xenomorphic, 80

to 300 µm quartz grains are characterized by the presence of deformation bands and subgrain

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development. Subidiomorphic, 50 to 500 µm plagioclase grains commonly show exsolution
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microstructures with K-feldspar. Subidiomorphic to xenomorphic, 50 to 250 µm K-feldspar

are characterized by exsolution lamellae, simplectites, and/or deformation twins. Garnet is

characteristically 0.5 to 5 mm subidiomorphic to idiomorphic. Subidiomorphic garnet crystals

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have abundant quartz, plagioclase, and ilmenite inclusions and they are commonly elongated
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following rock foliation. In some crystals, rotation is evident due to the alignment of

inclusions at high angle to rock foliation, however pressure shadows are only occasionally
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observed. Elongated, prismatic, 30 to 100 µm sillimanite crystals are observed commonly in

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mica-rich levels, but sillimanite also occurs as fibrous fine crystals bundles (< 20 µm).

Subidiomorphic, 80 to 500 µm biotite grains contain zircon and ilmenite and can display

sillimanite-intergrowths along the edges. Idiomorphic, 300 µm to 3 mm muscovite grains are

rare and usually associated with biotite and sillimanite. Subidiomorphic to xenomorphic, 30

to 300 µm amphibole grains contain abundant inclusions of quartz and plagioclase.

Xenomorphic to idiomorphic, 80 to 200 µm cordierite contains abundant inclusions of quartz,

ilmenite and zircon and is found closely associated with sillimanite (Figures 4d and 4e).

Subidiomorphic clinopyroxene exists as intergrowths and coronas around amphibole. Epidote

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is < 15 µm xenomorphic grains in aggregates. Zircon and apatite are commonly found as

accessory minerals.

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ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES

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Migmatite samples were cut into 2–3 cm thick slabs. From these slabs, leucosome and

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melanosome components were sampled using a fine saw. Sample chips (200–500 g) were

cleaned and trimmed to remove weathering surfaces and veins and crushed in a tungsten-

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carbide swing-mill until a fine powder was obtained. Sample powders were analyzed at
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ACME Labs (Vancouver, Canada) for major oxides (using X-Ray fluorescence) and trace

elements (using Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry) after fusion in lithium

borate and acid digestion of a 0.2 g sample pulp. For major elements oxides, the detection
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limits are 0.01 wt% except for Fe2O3 (0.04 wt %). The detection limits for trace elements are
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typically < 0.1 ppm, except for Ba, Co, Ga, Nd, Sr, Th, and V; for some trace elements, they

are as low as 0.05 ppm. Analytical accuracy and reproducibility are estimated from
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measurements of international rock standards SO18/DS7 and a blank. The accuracy of the
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standards is within ±10 % of the working values, but generally better than ±4 % for rare earth

elements (REE). All blank analyses gave results below detection limit.

From the set of samples, a subset was selected for major-element mineral analysis by

electron microprobe; the primary criterion for sample selection was the presence of an in-

equilibrium well-preserved mineral association that most likely will be amenable for

quantitative thermobarometry. Quantitative mineral compositions were collected with a

Cameca SX-100 microprobe (Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, University of Arizona) and a

JEOL 8230 electron probe microanalyzer (Department of Geological Sciences, Universidad

Nacional de Colombia) using wavelength dispersion spectrometry. Major element analyses

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were collected with a 1 to 5 µm diameter beam, 20 nA beam current, 15 kV accelerating

potential, and 30 to 45 seconds collection times. Standards used for calibration include natural

pyrope, diopside, albite, anorthite, sanidine, hornblende, rutile, and kyanite and synthetic

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SiO2, Al2O3, MnTiO3, Fe2O3, and MgO.

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PETROLOGY AND GEOCHEMISTRY

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Mesosome Mineral chemistry

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Several mesosome samples from different lithologies were selected for chemical analysis of

garnet, plagioclase, K feldspar, amphibole, biotite, muscovite, and cordierite (Table 3). Note

that all analyzed minerals seem to be in equilibrium with their mineral association because
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there were not observed common disequilibrium features (e.g., replacement and corona
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mirostructures).

Garnets are predominantly almandine-rich (60–80%) with highly variable relative

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proportions of grossular, pyrope and spessartine (Figure 5, Table 3). Chemical zoning is
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variable and depends mostly on lithology and possibly on location relative to the core of the

dome-like structure. Strongly zoned garnets were observed in two samples from the Berlín

area (samples 12SACZ31a and 13SACZ17; Figure 5, Table 3), these garnets have a Ca and

Mn-rich core with typical bell-shaped profiles. Additionally, garnets from sample 13SACZ17

have a reverse Mn zoning near the rim. Garnet crystals from an amphibolite (Sample

12SACZ31b) display flat profiles with not chemical zoning and have grossular content higher

than spessartine content. Two analyzed garnet crystals from sample 13SACZ17 have a

reverse bell-shaped Mn zoning profile and spessartine content higher than grossular content

(Figure 5, Table 3). Garnet two from sample 13SACZ17 has a core with higher Mn content
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than garnet one from the same sample; rim Mn content of garnet two is lower than in garnet

one. The reverse Mn zoning profile is also observed in garnets from a quartzite (sample

10SACZ7a).

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Plagioclase compositions (Figure 6, Table 3) range from anorthite-rich in unzoned

grains and in rims of zoned plagioclase (12SACZ31b and 12SACZ31a) to intermediate to

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albite-rich plagioclase. Sample 12SACZ31a has plagioclase with continuous inverse zoning

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from An30 at the core to An80 at the rim. Plagioclase has very low orthoclase component (0.5–

1.5 mol %) as expected in metamorphic plagioclase. K feldspar has orthoclase component

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between 96–98 mol%, albite component between 2–4 mol%, and anorthite component < 0.35
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mol%. Note that sample 13SACZ17 has plagioclase with oscillatory zoning, a characteristic

that could have been originated by infiltration metasomatism (Yardley et al., 1991) or by

crystallization from a melt.

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Analyzed amphiboles (Table 3) fall in the OH, F, Cl amphibole group (Hawthorne et

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al., 2012) and range from pargasite (Ca subgroup, samples CLU1061 and PCM855) and

ferro-hornblende (Ca subgroup, sample 12SACZ31b) to cummingtonite (Fe-Mg-Mn

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subgroup, sample 12SACZ31a). Their chemical composition is relatively uniform without

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significant chemical zoning (Figure 7).

Two types of biotite were identified (Table 3, Figure 7). One set of samples has biotite

with Fe / (Fe+Mg) ratio (Fe#) between 0.37 - 0.45 (samples PCM855 and 12SACZ31a); the

other set has biotite with Fe# of ca. 0.60 (samples 201218CU and 13SACZ17). Muscovite

has transitional compositions between illite and phengite with low silica content and negative

correlations between total Al and Si and between total Al and Fe + Mg indicating

tschermakite substitution. The clinopyroxene observed in one sample (CLU1061) is Mg-rich

(Fe# of 0.19) and is classified as augite. Cordierite in sample 201218CU is Mg-rich (Fe# of

0.35).
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In summary, some mesosomes have garnets with grossular content higher than

spessartine content, anorthite-rich plagioclase, and relatively low biotite Fe# (e.g., locality

12SACZ31, note that these mesosomes contain amphibole). Other mesosomes have garnets

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with grossular content lower than spessartine content, albite-rich plagioclase, and relatively

high biotite Fe# (e.g., locality 13SACZ17).

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Leucosome Mineral chemistry

Plagioclase compositions in leucosomes (Table 3) range from albite-rich (unzoned

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grains in leucosome L3, 97 mol% albite component) to intermediate plagioclase (25–37 mol%
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anorthite component). Plagioclase from leucosomes L1 (BSACZ1 and NUCZ1d; Figure 6)

have up to 37 mol% anorthite component and less than 2 mol% orthoclase component.

Plagioclase from leucosomes L2 is albite-rich with up to 97 mol% albite component. K

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feldspar composition is slightly different from mesosomes, orthoclase component ranges

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between 88–94 mol% (lower than in mesosomes) and albite component between 6–11 mol%

(higher than in mesosomes).

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Geochemistry

Geochemical data of major, trace, and rare earth elements (REE) of mesosome and leucosome

samples of the Bucaramanga Gneiss migmatites are presented in this section (Table 4).

Analyses of mesosome lithologies show significant major, trace, and REE

compositional variation. Ternary diagrams for six major elements reveal the broad range of

mesosome rock type and there exist nearly complete transition between amphibolite, pelitic,

and quartz-feldspathic rocks (Figures 8a and 8b); note that the AFM triangle shown here is

not technically an AFM diagram because compositions are not projected from a K bearing
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mineral, i.e., muscovite or K feldspar. Two general chemical groups are identified in the AFM

triangle of Figure 8. The first group is an Al-rich group (mostly sillimanite-garnet bearing

pelites and mica bearing quartz-feldspathic rocks) clustered around average chemical

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compositions of symilar rock types (AR-G, arenaceous; PE-G, pelite; and GR-G, granulite

from Gao et al., 1998; PE-S; pelite from Shaw, 1956). The second group is located between

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the A and the M corners in the diagram (mostly amphibolite and amphibole bearing rocks)

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clustered around the average chemical compositions of amphibolite (AMP-G) of Gao et al.

(1998). Note that three samples are isolated at the top of the AFM triangle. These samples

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correspond to two amphibolites and a sillimanite-rich pelite.
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Analyzed leucosomes also display significant major element compositional variation

(Figures 8c and 8d), i.e., SiO2 content from 63.9 to 78.4 wt%, relatively high Al2O3 (10.3–

18.7 wt %), and highly variable FeOt, MgO, CaO, Na2O, and K2O. A/CNK varies from 1.1 to
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1.6 while XMg values lie between 0.1 and 0.7. Several leucosome compositions (mostly L1
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and L2 leucosomes) fall in the range of the experimentally derived minimum melt

compositions of Inger & Harris (1993); however, four samples notably deviate from
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minimum melt compositions (Figure 8d). Two of these samples have very low orthoclase
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normative compositions (BSACZ5 and 10SACZ18, L4 leucosomes) and the plagioclase is

rich in albite component, the other two samples (07SACZ16 and CLU1071, L3 leucosomes)

have high orthoclase normative compositions.

Leucosome REE patterns classified rocks in three groups, all with LREE- relative

enrichment (Figures 9a and 9b). Group One samples (mostly L4 leucosomes) have a negative

Eu anomaly and a flat MREE to HREE profile. Group Two samples (all L1 and the majority

of L2 leucosomes) have a small positive Eu anomaly and slight HREE enrichment. One single

sample (07SACZ16) comprises Group 3 and has a different pattern from the two above; this

sample shows a strong positive Eu anomaly and HREE depletion. Group One has similar
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pattern and REE content to the average REE content of the upper continental crust while the

other two groups have lower REE contents. Note that L4 are all in Group One, L2 are all in

Group Two, L1 spans Group One and Group Two, and L3 spans Group One and Group

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Three.

Mesosome REE patterns also separate samples in three groups (Figures 9c, 9d, and

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9e). Group One, in which the majority of the samples lie, has a strong negative Eu anomaly

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and enrichment in LREE. This group has a broad range of REE content, above and below the

average REE content of the upper continental crust of Rudnick & Gao (2003). Group Two

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with predominance of amphibolites, have a negligible positive Eu anomaly and LREE
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enrichment; this group has lower REE content than the average REE content of the upper

continental crust. Group Three contains only two samples (CLU1052 and NUCZ1d) also with

a negligible positive Eu anomaly and LREE depletion; the LREE content of this group is
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notably lower than the average LREE content of the upper continental crust. Note that all
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groups have a flat MREE to HREE profile. With the exception of one sample (CLU1063),

Group Two samples belong to the group observed towards the middle of the AM edge in the
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AFM triangle of Figure 8a. For the first and third group of mesosome REE patterns, there is
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not clear correlation between rock type, major element composition, and REE pattern. The

flat REE profile of the analyzed melanosome (locality BSACZ5) shows similar HREE

contents than all three groups of mesosomes; however, its LREE content is located towards

the lower limit of Group One and Group Two mesosomes and is significant higher than that

of Group Three mesosomes.

Figure 10 shows REE patterns of leucosomes and mesosomes from the same outcrop.

Leucosome from locality 10SACZ18 (Abrego area) shows LREE enrichment with respect to

the mesosome; similarly, a leucosome from locality NUCZ (Berlín area) shows LREE

enrichment with respect to one of the sampled mesosomes. In the BSACZ and 07SACZ16
 ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT

localities (Berlín and Bucaramanga areas) leucosomes have lower REE content than

mesosomes from the same outcrops. In locality 07SACZ16, leucosome REE pattern is

characterized by LREE enrichment while mesosome REE pattern shows LREE depletion.

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GEOTHERMOBAROMETRY

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Figure 11 shows a summary of pressure and temperature estimates of four samples from the

Berlín area calculated using the AveragePT routine of Thermocalc (v. 3.3, Powell & Holland,

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1994) and the internally consistent thermodynamic database of Holland & Powell (1998;
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tcds55). Appendix A contains all relevant information of thermobarometry calculations. All

samples were selected from what is interpreted to be the core of a dome-like structure that

likely represents the deepest part of the unit. Two samples (13SACZ17, PCM855) yield P-T
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estimates in the range 660-850 ºC and 7.5-11 kbar; these estimates are above the pelite wet
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solidus (PWS) and within the pressure and temperature range of biotite and muscovite

dehydration melting (Bt-dm, Ms-dm). The garnet composition used for PT estimation in
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sample 13SACZ17 is that of garnet two, this garnet has a composition with higher Mn core
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and lower Mn rim composition than garnet one of the same sample. Although samples

13SACZ17 and PCM855 have sillimanite, this phase was not use in the assemblage used for

P-T calculations because it is present as very small modal proportions of fibrolite. However,

part of the range of P-T estimates is within the range of sillimanite stability, which is

consistent with abundant presence of sillimanite in other lithologies in the area. The P-T

estimates for these two samples are interpreted to represent the peak metamorphic conditions

reached by the migmatitic unit.

Two samples from the same outcrop but with different mineral assemblage yield P-T

estimates at considerable lower pressures than the interpreted peak conditions. Samples
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12SACZ31a and 12SACZ31b have mineral assemblages equilibrated at pressures below 6.5

kbar. Note that this locality is located at less than 2 km from one of the large Jurassic plutons.

Mineralogy and microstructures of the samples seems to indicate that the observed minerals

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represent equilibrium assemblages. There are two possible interpretations for the contrasting

P-T results from samples 12SACZ31a and 12SACZ31b and the estimated peak metamorphic

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condition: (i) samples are currently adjacent to each other due to extensive faulting and (ii) a

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low-pressure overprinting metamorphic event related to extensive emplacement of shallow

granitoids. The presence of cordierite in some lithologies throughout the massif nearby major

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Jurassic intrusions (e.g., Bucaramanga and Berlin areas) supports the interpretation of a low-
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pressure event, which is confirmed by the occasional presence of andalusite in the Silgará

Schist (Castellanos et al., 2008). The second scenario is also more consistent with the regional

geology and the overall evolution of the Santander massif and we discuss the possibility of an
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overprinting metamorphic event below.

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DISCUSSION
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Partial melting

There are two key factors to understanding partial melting using trace elements content in

migmatites: (i) identification of a proper source rocks and (ii) assessment of modification or

preservation of partial melt composition. Additionally, the data has to be evaluated with the

consideration of the uncertainty related to the mineral-melt partition coefficients, which are

dependent on many factors (e.g., melt composition; Mahood & Hildreth, 1983), and the

behavior of trace elements that do not occur as trace constituents of major phases, which

depends on the solubility, solution kinetics, and microstructural relations of accessory phases
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(Bea, 1996; Ayres & Harris 1997). Furthermore, the concentrations of trace elements in the

melt may not reach equilibrium with the accessories due to fast segregation or low melt

fraction (Bea, 1996). We do not attempt to do trace element modeling here; however, we

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present a qualitative assessment and interpretation of leucosome REE concentrations and

patterns based on published results from experiments, modeling, and natural sample

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interpretation. This assessment allows for the interpretation of migmatite formation processes

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in the studied lithologies.

In metapelitic rocks, a high proportion of bulk-rock REE are sited in zircon, apatite,

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monazite, and garnet (Ayres & Harris, 1997; Nehring et al., 2010). Dissolution or entrainment
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of these minerals into the melt results in high total REE, high LREE/HREE ratios, negative

Eu anomaly, and high Sm/Nd ratios in the melt relative to its metasedimentary protolith. In

mafic to intermediate compositions, the presence of amphibole and Ti-phases also dictates the
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resulting REE composition of melts during partial melting. For example Nehring et al. (2010)
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argue that low Nb/Ta (12–13; typical for the continental crust) are favored by low degrees of

melting and a high amount of residual amphibole, but equilibrium of partial melts with Ti-
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phases can lead to high Nb/Ta in the melt. Of particular importance is the Eu anomaly in
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leucosome samples (positive or negative) because it is related to feldspar involvement in the

formation of the leucosome. Whitney & Irving (1994) interpret plagioclase-rich leucosomes

as subsolidus segregations because of very low REE contents and large positive Eu anomalies

(see also Sawyer & Barnes, 1988). Note that in general, the Eu anomaly should decrease as

total REE increases, reflecting the incorporation into the leucosomes of increasing amounts of

accessory phases (e.g., apatite and monazite). Another important set of trace elements are Ba,

Rb, and Sr; according to Harris & Inger (1992), partial melts generated in the presence of an

aqueous fluid are low Rb/Sr (0.7–1.6) and high Sr/Ba (0.5–1.6) because residua are depleted

in feldspar, this type of melt must have a strong positive anomaly in Eu. Conversely, granitic
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melts resulting from vapor-absent biotite melting have high Rb/Sr ratios (2–6), low Sr/Ba

(0.2–0.7) ratios, and a negative (enhanced) Eu anomaly.

Table 5 summarizes the parameters discussed above for the analyzed leucosome

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samples. In the analyzed samples there appears to be no relationship between total REE

content and the Eu anomaly. Rb/Sr values for the three group of leucosomes are less than 2

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(Figure 9), Sr/Ba values range between 0.07 and 7.91, with seven of eleven samples having

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values higher than 0.4 and no correlation of Sr/Ba value with the Eu anomaly (i.e., high Sr/Ba

correlated with a positive Eu anomaly). In general, Sm/Nd values of leucosomes (0.15–0.35)

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are within the range of Sm/Nd values of mesosomes (0.15–0.61).
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Group One leucosomes (Figure 9b) are characterized by high total REE content, high

LREE/HREE, and negative Eu anomaly pointing to dissolution and/or entrainment of

monazite and apatite in the melt. Note also that two samples from this group have high Nb/Ta
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(Table 5) pointing to equilibration of melt with Ti-phases. This is consistent with trace
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element equilibrium melting (TEEM; see for example Villaros et al., 2009). However, they

show contrasting values for the parameters listed in table 5 (Rb/Sr 0.02–1.82, Sr/Ba 0.20–
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7.91, Nb/Ta 9.30–20.57, and Sm/Nd 0.15–0.21). Leucosome BSACZ4 has high Rb/Sr (1.82),
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low Sr/Ba (0.20), and low Nb/Ta (9.44). Characteristics consistent with fluid-absent partial

melting and equilibration of melt with Ti-phases in the source rock. Three leucosomes

(10SACZ6c, 10SACZ18, BSACZ5) have high Sr/Ba (> 0.5) and low Rb/Sr (< 1.6) that, if it

were not for the negative Eu anomaly, would indicate fluid-present melting. The above

discussion likely indicates that most leucosomes from Group One were originated from melts

whose composition was strongly modified by contamination, mixing, or other related

processes (e.g., back reactions, Kriegsman, 2001) situation that hinders interpretation of melt

forming processes.
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Group Two leucosomes (Figure 9b) have positive Eu anomalies, low total REE, and

low LREE/HREE. The parameters listed in Table 5 (Rb/Sr 0.18–1.52. Sr/Ba 0.19–1.85.

Nb/Ta 4.60–11.50. Sm/Nd 0.21–0.31) are internally consistent in the group (i.e., Rb/Sr values

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< 2 and a positive Eu anomaly) and indicate that these leucosomes were generated by fluid-

present melting. Additionally, lower REE contents relative to the average upper continental

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crust and relatively low Nb/Ta indicate not equilibration of melt with accessory phases in the

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residue.

In Group Three (sample 07SACZ16), the strong positive Eu anomaly, relatively low

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LREE/HREE, and low Rb/Sr (0.11) are indicative of fluid absent melting. However, sample
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07SACZ16 has an extremely high Ba content (12326 ppm, Sr/Ba 0.07), which points to

accumulation of K feldspar and suggests that this leucosome formed due to crystallization of

feldspar and quartz along melt migration pathways. This interpretation is supported by the
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high orthoclase normative composition of this leucosome (Figure 8d). The structural relations
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observed for this leucosome in outcrops (Table 1) preclude the interpretation of subsolidus

segregation as suggested for leucosomes with similar REE patterns (e.g., Sawyer & Barnes,
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1988; Whitney & Irving, 1994).

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Our interpretation is that all samples from Group Two leucosomes are the result of

crystallization of melts originated by local partial melting; modification of the melt by

contamination, accumulation, or other processes did not change significantly trace element

concentrations so as to obscure their origin. The Group Two leucosomes are remnants of a

melt phase that was produced by fluid-present melting. This interpretation is consistent with

the similarity of major element compositions of these leucosomes and minimum melt

compositions (Figure 8).

Source rocks
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Of the three identified mesosome groups, Group One has total REE content and REE patterns

similar to the average upper continental crust. For a more local comparison, the REE pattern

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of the reported Silgará Schist compositions fall within Group One mesosomes, consistent with

no significant compositional modification during and after metamorphism. If lithologies from

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this group partially melted, either subsequent processes erased evidences of partial melting or

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the degree of partial melting was minimal; these lithologies are used below as protoliths. The

other two groups have lower total REE content than the average upper continental crust and

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no negative Eu anomaly; Group Three has also a significant depletion of LREE. These two
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groups might represent residuum from partial melting. Note that the analyzed melanosome is

similar to these two groups in HREE content and that it has no significant Eu anomaly;

however, it differs from both in that the melanosome has a flat REE profile.
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In order to identify which elements partitioned into the residue or into the melt, two
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geometric averages of rock chemical composition from the likely protoliths (Group One

mesosomes; metapelites + quartz-feldspathic rocks and amphibole-rich rocks) are used as

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normalization standards for residuum geochemistry in multi-element plots; for comparison

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purposes, residuum element concentrations are also normalized to the average upper

continental crust of Rudnick & Gao (2003) (Table 6, Figure 12). The more residual elements

in potential restitic lithologies are Sr and the relatively compatible elements Y and Yb. All

lithologies show evidence of significant depletion of Ba, Th, La, and Ce, and some rocks

show also depletion of U and Zr. The depletion of Ba indicates involvement of feldspar in

partial melting. Note that Zr and Hf are sited on zircon and LREE, Th, U, and Y are sited in

monazite; additionally these accessory phases contain a large portion of the Ce and La in the

rock (see for example Bea et al, 1994 and Nehring et al., 2010). The relative depletion of Th,

La, Ce, U, and Zr (Figure 11) may indicate dissolution or entrainment of zircon/monazite in
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the melt, which is inconsistent with melts from Group Two leucosomes not reaching

equilibrium with accessory phases in the residuum. However, Group Two leucosomes are

also depleted in these elements relative to the averages (Figure 12) and the pattern could be

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interpreted as depletion of protolith mesosomes before the partial melting produced Group

Two leucosomes and the residuum.

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Using the identified conservative elements Y and Yb, triangular compositional

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variation diagrams were constructed to study major element compositional variations (Figure

13). For amphibolites and amphibole-rich rocks there is a large spread of data and no clear

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compositional difference of possible restitic lithologies with the presumed protoliths (samples
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fall within the 95% confidence region of the compositional center). In the case of pelites,

potential restites have higher FeOtotal, MgO, CaO, and two samples have also higher TiO2 than

the 95% confidence region of the compositional center of presumed protoliths (samples CLU-
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1063 and 10SACZ13a). Additionally, one of the pelitic samples has total Na2O content
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towards the low end of the 95% confidence region. This suggests that the two TiO2-enriched

pelitic samples experienced removal of feldspar and quartz leading to relative enrichment of
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Fe-Mg rich minerals. This observation is consistent with fluid-present melting reactions
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involving quartz and feldspar generating the Group Two leucosomes.

Partial melting reactions

The interpreted melting reactions that formed Group Two leucosomes (L1 and L2) is the fluid

present melting reaction:

Qtz + Pl + H2O = melt (I),

and a fluid-present melting reaction that involves consumption of muscovite and

kyanite/sillimanite production (Patiño-Douce & Harris, 1998; White et al., 2001):

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Ms + Qtz + Pl + H2O = Ky/Sil + melt (II).

Reaction II is likely to have occurred if peak metamorphic pressures were considerably high

(in the muscovite stability region) as indicated by P-T conditions recorded in samples

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PCM855 and 13SACZ17 (Figure 11).

Several possible reactions can explain the origin of the melt phase that crystallized as

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leucosome BSACZ4 from Group One, a fluid-absent muscovite dehydration:

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Ms + Pl + Qtz = kKfs +Sil + Bt + melt (III) - Patiño Douce & Harris (1998),

or the biotite dehydration melting reactions:

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Bt + Pl + Qtz = Opx + oxide + melt (IV) - Patiño Douce & Beard (1995)
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Bt + Pl + Sill + Qtz = Grt + Kfs + melt (V) - Le Breton & Thompson (1988).

The paucity of leucosomes interpreted to have formed via dehydration melting

indicates that melt production via these reactions would be restricted. Note that our data
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indicates temperatures were not high enough for the hornblende dehydration melting reaction
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to have occurred. This is consistent with amphibolite and amphibole-rich rock geochemistry

that shows no clear compositional difference of possible residuum lithologies with the
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presumed protoliths. This is also consistent with the injected character of leucosomes in
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amphibolite outcrops (Figures 3a and 3b).

Metamorphic evolution and partial melting

The < 1.71 Ga protolith age of the Bucaramanga Gneiss (Cordani et al., 2005; Ordoñez-

Carmona et al, 2006), the peak metamorphism and migmatization occurring during the Early

Ordovician (van der Lelij et al., 2015) associated with the presence of ca. 470 Ma deformed

granitoids (Restrepo-Pace et al., 1997), and the presence of a late Triassic to early Jurassic
 ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT

magmatic belt (Dörr et al., 1995; van der Lelij et al., 2016) within the massif attest for a long

and complex tectonic history of the massif.

Data presented here support an interpretation with at least two stages during the

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metamorphic evolution of the Bucaramanga Gneiss. The first is an early Palaeozoic prograde

granulite facies stage; thermobarometry from equilibrium mineral assemblages point to a

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metamorphic peak conditions with temperatures up to ca. 800 °C. During this first stage,

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pelite compositions developed the stable mineral assemblage garnet ± plagioclase ± quartz ±

sillimanite ± biotite ± amphibole ± muscovite; this stage was also characterized by localized

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garnet homogenization by diffusion processes, appearance of clinopyroxene in amphibolites,
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and migmatite development. Field relationships among leucosomes and mesosomes and

geochemical evidence point to a partial melting event that affected mostly pelitic and quartz-

feldspathic lithologies. The above scenario links the Group Two leucosome generation event
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to the regional metamorphism, i.e., an extensive fluid-present melting event that consumed
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plagioclase and quartz and produce melt which crystallized as Group Two leucosomes. Note

that, as indicated by thermobarometry in samples 13SACZ17 and PCM855, temperatures

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could have been high enough to allow dehydration melting of muscovite (dehydration melting
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reaction of muscovite occurs at lower temperatures than biotite) to produce Group Three

leucosomes. However we don't have enough data to support this interpretation. Note that this

metamorphic event generated also the Silgará Schist, a pelitic to semipelitic metasedimentary

sequence with maximum ages of deposition as young as ca. 507 Ma (Mantilla et al., 2016)

and mineral associations that indicate epidote to amphibolite facies metamorphism.

The second is an overprinting low-pressure metamorphism that originated growth of

cordierite and equilibration of low-pressure mineral assemblages as indicated by

thermobarometry. What it is not clear is why the re-equilibration is restricted to some

lithologies. This might have been originated by a combination of a variety of processes such
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as: (i) partition of fluid flow during the event; (ii) localized metamorphism near large

intrusions; (iii) duration of the event; and (iv) variable exposure of different crustal levels

during exhumation.

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A likely event that caused low-pressure metamorphism is related to the development

of a Jurassic magmatic arc in western South America. Most authors agree that the Jurassic

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tectonic setting of NW South America and the geochemical characteristics of the intrusive

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rocks emplaced during that period of time (200–170 Ma) are strong arguments for the

presence of a regional magmatic arc in western Colombia (Tschanz et al., 1974; Sillitoe et al.,

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1982; Aspden et al., 1987; Dorr et al., 1995; Altenberger & Concha-Perdomo, 2005) and
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regionally in the rest of South America (e.g., Kennan & Pindell, 2009). Additionally, the

characteristics of the arc in the northern part of Colombia were recently interpreted as a low-

lying magmatic arc with its axis along the intrusive belt (Figure 14; Zuluaga et al., 2015). The
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low elevation of the arc, a result of extension product of the cold paleo-Pacific plate rolling
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back during subduction along the western margin of North and South America (e.g., Busby,

2012), is consistent with a regional low pressure metamorphic event which partially
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overprinted the granulite facies rocks of the Bucaramanga Gneiss. This interpretation is
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consistent with the possibility of Pb loss in zircons as a result of intrusions during the Jurassic

as suggested by van der Lelij et al. (2016) in the Berlin area and the early Jurassic K/Ar

(biotite) dates from a biotite gneiss in the same area (Goldsmith et al., 1971).

CONCLUSIONS

Petrological and geochemical data indicates that the metamorphic peak of the migmatitic

Bucaramanga Gneiss reached the granulite facies conditions at temperatures up to 800 ºC and

that a subsequent low-pressure metamorphic event overprinted the migmatites. P-T conditions
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estimated from four samples gave a broad range of conditions from low pressures subsolidus

conditions up to the pressure and temperature range of biotite and muscovite dehydration

melting. Migmatization of the unit likely occurred during the metamorphic peak represented

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by a mineral assemblage containing garnet ± plagioclase ± quartz ± sillimanite ± biotite ±

amphibole ± muscovite; this assemblage has microstructures characteristics of the granulite

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facies, such as garnet chemical homogenization (flat zoning profiles) and replacement of

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amphiboles by clinopyroxene.

Some leucosomes were likely originated by local partial melting; however, the unit

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contains several more leucosomes which could not petrogenetically linked to the local
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mesosome lithologies and likely represent modified melt compositions. Evaluation of

mesosome compositions using Y and Yb indicate that amphibole-rich rocks were not an

important source for partial melts and that most local partial melts were likely formed by
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fluid-present melting of pelites and quartz-feldspathic rocks involving quartz and feldspar.
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The low-pressure metamorphic event is interpreted here to be related to a low lying,

thermally weakened magmatic arc in the northwestern margin of South America, where
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extension was a product of the cold paleo-Pacific plate rolling back during subduction along
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the western margin of North and South America.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

This work received financial support from Colciencias (grant number 036-2013) and

Universidad Nacional de Colombia (grant numbers 17296 and 28170). We thank Carolina

Jimenez (Universidad Nacional) for helping with microprobe data acquisition. This

manuscript benefited from helpful reviews by R. van der Lelij and an anonymous reviewer.

We are also grateful to K. Dorfler for her comments on an earlier version of the manuscript.
 ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT

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Figure captions

Figure 1. Generalized geology of the Santander Massif showing basement crystalline rocks.

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Rectangles indicate locations of detailed maps shown in figure 2. Inset: tectonic framework of

the Santander Massif (Colombia). WC, Western Cordillera; CC, Central Cordillera; EC,

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Eastern Cordillera; SM, Santander Massif; SNM, Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta block; AG,

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Alta Guajira block; PR, Perija range; CB, Catatumbo basin; CAFS, Cauca-Almaguer fault

system; PF, Palestina fault; BLF, Borde Llanero fault system; SMBF, Santa Marta –

Bucaramanga fault; OF, Oca fault.

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Figure 2. Local geology of the Bucaramanga Gneiss around sample localities in the Santander

Massif: a) Cepita, b) Berlin, c) Bucaramanga, d) Abrego, e) Mogotes. The geology is taken

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from Ward et al. (1973). Our Sn+1 data is also shown in the figures.
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Figure 3. Outcrop photographs showing some characteristics of the Bucaramanga Gneiss (see
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Figure 2 for locations). a) and b) locality BSACZ, granodiorite to granite, injected concordant
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to slightly discordant leucosomes L1 and L2 and discordant leucosome L4, mesosome

lithology is amphibolite; c) locality 10SACZ8, thin stromatic migmatite with locally

discordant granite leucosome in a quartz feldspathic gneiss, discordant leucosome likely

indicate melt migration pathways along axial planes that feed leucosome sags, note

melanosomes locally adjacent to leucosomes; d) locality 16SACZ30, thin stromatic

migmatite; note melanosomes locally associated with leucosomes (left of scale), mesosome is

quartz feldspathic gneiss interlayered with amphibolite (not shown here).

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Figure 4. Thin section micrographs showing relevant characteristics of different lithologies

from the Bucaramanga Gneiss; a) 10SACZ8 (cross polars), granodiorite leucosome (see

Figure 3b), note plagioclase in the center of the image with well-developed crystal faces

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against quartz indicating crystallization from a melt (Vernon and Collins, 1988). b)

13SACZ17 (plane polarized light), Sil-Grt-Pl-Bt-Ms-Qtz schist; this image exemplifies one of

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the most commons mineral assemblages of the Bucaramanga gneiss metapelites; c)

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07SACZ17b (plane polarized light), Sil-Bt-Ms-Kfs-Qtz-Pl schist; metapelites also contain K-

feldspar as shown here, note also a prismatic sillimanite at the bottom; d) 07SACZ17d (plane

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polarized light), Sil-Cd-Bt-Ms-Kfs-Qtz-Pl schist; note at the center of the image a euhedral
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cordierite crystal cut by sillimanite; e) 14SACZ19 (plane polarized light), a big twinned

cordierite crystal with inclusions of sillimanite, quartz, and biotite; f) 12SACZ31a, Grt-Qtz-

Pl-Bt-Cum schist; g) NUCZ1d (plane polarized light), Ttn-Pl-Hbl amphibolite; h) CLU1061

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(plane polarized light), Qtz-Ttn-Cpx-Hbl-Pl gneiss; clinopyroxene appears closely related to

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hornblende. Mineral abbreviations after Kretz (1983).

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Figure 5. Garnet compositional maps and profiles. a) 10SACZ7a, b) 13SACZ17, c)

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12SACZ31a.

Figure 6. Compositional summary of analyzed feldspars and two compositional maps

showing analyzed feldspar compositions and zoning patterns. Note oscillatory zoning in

13SACZ17 and patchy zoning in 12SACZ31a.

Figure 7. Compositional summary of analyzed amphiboles (top, Na, Ca, and Fe in B site

triangle) and micas (A-NCK-FM triangle; diagrams at the middle correspond to biotite,

diagrams at the bottom correspond to muscovite). Most amphiboles are calcium-rich

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(pargasite and ferro-hornblende), only one sample (12SACZ31a) contains a cummingtonite

amphibole. Biotite from samples with amphibole are located toward the FM corner of the

triangle (PCM855, 12SACZ31a), while those without amphibole plot closer to the A corner

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(201218CU, 13SACZ17).

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Figure 8. Chemical composition of mesosomes and leucosomes. Left: two triangular diagrams

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revealing the chemical range observed on mesosomes from the Bucaramanga Gneiss (AFM

and CNK triangles). For reference, plots also show weighted average chemical compositions

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of rock types in central east China (AMP-G, amphibolite; AR-G, arenaceous; PE-G, pelite;
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GR-G, granulite; Gao et al., 1998) and range of pelite compositions (PE-S) from Shaw

(1956). Right: leucosome composition; top diagram is the R1-R2 classification diagram of De

La Roche et al. (1980), bottom diagram is a Qtz-Ab-Or triangular plot with normative
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leucosome compositions and minimum melt compositions from Inger and Harris (1993).
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Figure 9. Summary rare-earth element (REE) diagram for mesosome and leucosome rocks
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from the Bucaramanga Gneiss normalized to chondrite (normalizing values are from
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McDonough & Sun, 1995; average REE content of the upper continental crust from Rudnick

& Gao, 2003).

Figure 10. Selected rare-earth element (REE) diagram for mesosome (continuous lines) and

leucosome (broken lines) samples from the same locality (normalizing values as in Figure 9).

Figure 11. Plot illustrating P-T results in the Bucaramanga Gneiss. Aluminum silicate

stability (Ky, Sill, and And) from the THERMOCALC database (ds55; Holland and Powell,

1998) and a melting grid from a summary by Thompson and Connolly (1995) are plotted for
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reference. Average P-T estimates (THERMOCALC 3.36 and ds55) are shown using a 1-

sigma uncertainty ellipse (see Appendix A for details). PWS, pelite wet solidus; BWS, basalt

wet solidus; Ms-dm, muscovite dehydration melting; Bt-dm, biotite dehydration melting; Hbl-

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dm, hornblende dehydration melting in typical amphibolites. For details about activities and

the reactions considered in the calculations see appendix A.

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Figure 12. Multi-element diagrams of mesosomes and leucosomes normalized to average

protolith compositions (average Amp and average PQF from Group One Mesosomes of this

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study, Table 6) and to average upper continental crust (Rudnick & Gao, 2003; Table 6).
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Figure 13. Centered and scaled ternary diagrams for selected mayor elements (top corner) of

mesosome rocks with Y and Yb at the base of the triangle.

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Figure 14. Top, cartoon showing the interpretation of a low-lying magmatic arc during the

Middle Jurassic in northwestern South America. The elevation of the arc and likely associated
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low-pressure metamorphism is related to extension of a hot weakened continental crust and

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the old, cold paleo Pacific plate rolling back (modified from Zuluaga et al., 2015). Bottom,

plate reconstruction at ca. 190 Ma showing the probable location of the low-lying magmatic

arc in northwestern South America (redrawn from Pindell & Kennan, 2009).
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Figure 14
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Table 1. Location and summarized petrography of a set of leucosome samples from the
Bucaramanga Gneiss (Coordinates are in the reference system WGS84). C = concordant, SD =
slightly discordant occasionally cuts foliation at low angles and forms sags of leucosomes, D =

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discordant.
Sample LOCALITY Latitude (N) Longitude (E) Petrography

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07SACZ16 (L3) Bucaramanga -73.08397461 7.115115425 Foliated – SD – Granite
(Qtz-Plg-Kfs-Bt-Ms)
10SACZ6 (L2) Cepita -72.89588169 6.667014177 Foliated – SD – Granodiorite
(Qtz-Pl-Kfs-Bt-Hbl)

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10SACZ8 (L2) Cepita -72.95267249 6.77399968 Foliated – SD – Granodiorite
(Qtz-Plg-Kfs-Bt-Ms)
10SACZ13 (L2) Mogotes -72.86245181 6.5978545 Foliated – SD – Granodiorite
(Pl-Qtz-Kfs-Bt-Ms)
Non foliated – SD – Granodiorite

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10SACZ18 (L4) Abrego -73.3751996 8.11438555
(Pl-Qtz-Kfs-Bt-Ms)
16SACZ30 (L2) Berlín -72.86605363 7.25373382 Foliated – SD – Granodiorite
(Qtz-Plg-Kfs-Bt-Ms)
BSACZ1 (L1) Berlín -72.89577615 7.256867993 Foliated – C – Granodiorite
(Pl-Qtz-Kfs-Bt)
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BSACZ2 (L2) Berlín -72.89577615 7.256867993 Foliated – SD – Granite
(Pl-Qtz-Kfs-Bt-Ms)
BSACZ3 (L2) Berlín -72.89577615 7.256867993 Foliated – C – Granite
(Kfs-Qtz-Pl-Bt-Ms)

BSACZ4 (L4) Berlín -72.89577615 7.256867993 Non foliated – D – Granite

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(Pl-Qtz-Kfs-Bt-Ms)

BSACZ5 (L4) Berlín -72.89577615 7.256867993 Non foliated – D – Granodiorite

(Pl-Qtz-Kfs-Bt-Ms)
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CLU1071 (L3) Berlín -72.86669113 7.316212711 Foliated – C – Tonalite

(Pl-Qz-Hbl-Bt-Ttn)
NUCZ1d (L1) Berlín -72.89577615 7.256867993 Foliated – C – Granodiorite
(Qz-Pl-Kfs-Bt)
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Table 2. Location and summarized petrography of a set of mesosome and melanosome samples
from the Bucaramanga Gneiss and Silgara Schist (at the bottom of the table) (coordinates are in
the reference system WGS84). The samples from the Silgara Schist are included to compare
trace element compositions with the mesosome samples from the Bucaramanga Gneiss.

Sample LOCALITY Latitude (N) Longitude (E) Petrography

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07SACZ15 Bucaramanga -73.09586324 7.125691714 Sil-Cd-Ms-Bt-Qtz-Pl schist

07SACZ16 Bucaramanga -73.08397461 7.115115425 Ms-Pl-Bt-Kfs-Qtz gneiss

07SACZ17 Bucaramanga -73.06156814 7.109253322 Sil-Cd-Bt-Ms-Kfs-Qtz-Pl schist

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10SACZ10 Cepita -72.98361337 6.857200594 Bt-Ms-Pl-Kfs-Qtz gneiss

10SACZ13 Mogotes -72.86245181 6.5978545 Bt-Ep-Qtz-Pl-Hbl gneiss

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10SACZ18 Abrego -73.3751996 8.11438555 Qtz-Pl-Hbl-Bt gneiss

10SACZ7a Cepita -72.95514246 6.773607616 Grt-Ms-Kfs-Qtz quartzite

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12SACZ31a Berlín -72.89081573 7.253121356 Grt-Qtz-Pl-Bt-Cum schist

12SACZ31b Berlín -72.89081573 7.253121356 Grt-Pl-Qtz-Hbl schist

13SACZ17 Berlín -72.81721068 7.238069653 Sil-Grt-Pl-Bt-Ms-Qtz schist

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14SACZ19 Berlín -72.89764944 7.260615589 Sil-Cd-Ms-Bt-Pl-Qtz schist

201218CU Cepita -72.94126158 6.745793241 Ms-Sil-Kfs-Cd-Bt-Pl-Qtz schist

BSACZ5 Berlín -72.89577615 7.256867993 Ep-Kfs-Qtz-Pl-Hbl amphibolite

BSACZ5 (Mel) Berlín -72.89577615 7.256867993 Ep-Qtz-Pl-Hbl amphibolite

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CIII09NB06 Cepita -72.94130384 6.747059035 Bt-Ms-Pl-Kfs-Qtz gneiss

CIII09NB07 Cepita -72.92508863 6.708842248 Sil-Cd-Bt-Ms-Qtz-Pl schist

CIII09NB09 Cepita -72.9488683 6.760899892 Grt-Ms-Bt-Pl-Qtz-Kfs gneiss

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CLU1052 Berlín -72.85918444 7.313100656 Bt-Kfs-Pl-Qtz gneiss

CLU1055 Berlín -72.85989637 7.317667897 Ms-Qtz-Bt-Pl gneiss

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CLU1056 Berlín -72.85992324 7.317776452 Sil-Ms-Bt-Pl-Qtz gneiss

CLU1059 Berlín -72.87176948 7.32001424 Bt-Pl-Qtz gneiss

CLU1061 Berlín -72.88947825 7.313905005 Qtz-Ttn-Cpx-Hbl-Pl gneiss

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CLU1062 Berlín -72.88947825 7.313905005 Ms-Qtz-Kfs-Pl-Hbl gneiss

CLU1063 Berlín -72.88293531 7.316021163 Sil-Bt-Pl-Kfs-Qtz- gneiss

CLU1065 Berlín -72.8739834 7.318293491 Bt-Qtz-Pl-Hbl amphibolite

CLU1066 Berlín -72.87222166 7.313488388 Kfs-Qtz-Pl-Hbl granofels

CLU1070 Berlín -72.91867904 7.289346158 Bt-Kfs-Hbl-Pl-Qtz gneiss

CLU1072 Berlín -72.91457511 7.286795234 Ttn-Qtz-Pl-Hbl gneiss

CLU1073 Berlín -72.90324432 7.377983016 Ms-Bt-Pl-Qz-Kfs gneiss

NUCZ1b Berlín -72.89577615 7.256867993 Bt-Qtz-Pl-Kfs gneiss

NUCZ1d Berlín -72.89577615 7.256867993 Ttn-Pl-Hbl amphibolite

PCM855 Berlín -72.85773441 7.296950897 Grt-Sil-Bt-Hbl-Pl-Qtz gneiss

09CZS8 (Silgará Schist) Cepita -72.99557855 6.777921728 Grt-Chl-Ms-Pl-Qtz schist

09CZS9 (Silgará Schist) Cepita -72.99421801 6.771581061 Grt-Ms-Pl-Qtz quartzite

10SACZ1 (Silgará
Cepita -73.01717124 6.689043114 Pl-Qtz-Ms schist
Schist)

10SACZ4 (Silgará
Cepita -72.98394978 6.752888722 Grt-Bt-Ms-Pl-Qtz Schist
Schist)
 ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT

CIII09S19 (Silgará
Cepita -72.89924416 6.675041234 Ms-Pl-Qtz schist
Schist)

CIII09S29 (Silgará
Cepita -73.01399843 6.795953925 Ttn-Pl-Bt-Hbl amphibolite
Schist)

PT
RI
SC
NU
MA
ED
PT
CE
AC
 ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT

Table 3. Mineral chemistry (oxide weight percent) for selected samples of Bucaramanga Gneiss.
Tables show averages of several near-rim, compositional center, and whole grain analysis.

PCM855 10SACZ7a
Grt core - 7 anal.
Grt rim - 16 anal. Grt core - 17 anal. Grt rim - 2 anal.

Oxide s.d. Cat. Oxide s.d. Cat. Oxide s.d. Cat. Oxide s.d. Cat.

PT
SiO2 37.66 0.25 2.98 37.59 0.21 2.97 36.58 0.10 2.96 36.47 0.17 2.97
TiO2

RI
Al2O3 21.61 0.13 2.01 21.52 0.11 2.01 21.44 0.09 2.05 21.27 0.21 2.04
FeO 27.18 0.24 1.80 27.34 0.17 1.81 33.35 0.53 2.26 34.38 0.22 2.34
MnO 3.51 0.14 0.24 2.96 0.06 0.20 6.27 0.63 0.43 4.62 0.10 0.32

SC
MgO 4.31 0.10 0.51 4.26 0.06 0.50 1.69 0.12 0.20 1.90 0.05 0.23
CaO 5.73 0.31 0.49 6.24 0.06 0.53 1.29 0.03 0.11 1.28 0.02 0.11
Na2O

NU
K2O
Total 100.02 0.32 99.90 0.27 100.61 0.01 99.92 0.44
MA
12SACZ31a 12SACZ31b
Grt rim - 20 anal. Grt core - 9 anal. Grt rim - 6 anal. Grt core - 7 anal.
Oxide s.d. Cat. Oxide s.d. Cat. Oxide s.d. Cat. Oxide s.d. Cat.
SiO2 39.28 0.17 3.05 38.20 0.15 3.07 38.02 0.14 3.05 38.07 0.10 3.05
ED

TiO2
Al2O3 21.63 0.10 1.98 20.89 0.17 1.98 20.74 0.11 1.96 20.73 0.11 1.96
FeO 29.49 0.27 1.92 27.47 0.50 1.84 28.65 0.28 1.92 28.57 0.31 1.92
PT

MnO 1.07 0.21 0.07 2.99 0.26 0.20 3.27 0.06 0.22 3.22 0.05 0.22
MgO 5.43 0.17 0.63 4.34 0.18 0.52 2.67 0.05 0.32 2.64 0.05 0.32
CaO 3.66 0.34 0.30 3.88 0.42 0.33 5.57 0.35 0.48 5.77 0.30 0.50
CE

Na2O
K2O
Total 100.56 0.40 97.77 0.41 98.93 0.29 98.99 0.22
AC

13SACZ17 (grt 1) 13SACZ17 (grt 2)

Grt rim - 15 anal. Grt core - 14 anal. Grt rim - 11 anal. Grt core - 11 anal.
Oxide s.d. Cat. Oxide s.d. Cat. Oxide s.d. Cat. Oxide s.d. Cat.
SiO2 38.02 0.16 3.06 38.12 0.14 3.05 37.77 0.19 3.06 37.54 0.14 3.07
TiO2
Al2O3 21.04 0.13 2.00 21.12 0.09 1.99 20.81 0.11 1.99 20.73 0.10 2.00
FeO 31.12 0.40 2.09 32.52 0.18 2.18 31.17 0.46 2.11 27.56 0.29 1.88
MnO 5.69 0.47 0.39 4.04 0.05 0.27 4.55 0.40 0.31 6.11 0.09 0.42
MgO 2.52 0.11 0.30 2.95 0.05 0.35 2.76 0.06 0.33 2.23 0.05 0.27
CaO 1.26 0.10 0.11 1.20 0.12 0.10 1.55 0.08 0.13 3.28 0.22 0.29
Na2O
K2O
Total 99.65 0.37 99.94 0.18 98.60 0.43 97.44 0.30
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Table 3. cont.

CLU1061 201218CU
Pl band 1 - 7 anal. Pl band 2 - 9 anal. Pl rim - 14 anal. Kfs - 18 anal.

PT
Oxide s.d. Cat. Oxide s.d. Cat. Oxide s.d. Cat. Oxide s.d. Cat.
SiO2 56.79 0.49 2.54 55.28 0.43 2.48 60.36 0.37 2.69 64.03 0.37 2.98
TiO2

RI
Al2O3 27.70 0.33 1.46 28.81 0.27 1.52 25.22 0.24 1.32 18.66 0.12 1.02
FeO 0.12 0.02 0.00 0.15 0.03 0.01 0.10 0.20 0.00 0.03 0.02 0.00
MnO

SC
MgO
CaO 9.49 0.31 0.46 10.94 0.19 0.52 6.21 0.18 0.30 0.07 0.02 0.00
Na2O 5.99 0.12 0.52 5.24 0.14 0.45 7.71 0.11 0.67 1.78 0.20 0.16

NU
K2O 0.23 0.12 0.01 0.24 0.09 0.01 0.33 0.05 0.02 14.13 0.30 0.84
Total 100.33 0.37 100.65 0.45 99.93 0.48 98.70 0.43
MA
12SACZ31a 12SACZ31b 10SACZ7a
Pl rim - 23 anal. Pl core - 21 anal. Pl - 18 anal. Kfs - 17 anal.
Oxide s.d. Cat. Oxide s.d. Cat. Oxide s.d. Cat. Oxide s.d. Cat.
SiO2 48.97 1.03 2.23 56.31 0.66 2.54 47.47 0.44 2.20 63.63 0.69 2.96
ED

TiO2
Al2O3 32.76 0.79 1.76 27.44 0.38 1.46 33.07 0.23 1.80 19.27 0.15 1.06
FeO 0.13 0.07 0.01 0.09 0.03 0.00 0.23 0.11 0.01 0.07 0.12 0.00
PT

MnO
MgO
CaO 15.78 0.67 0.77 9.71 0.45 0.47 16.28 0.40 0.81 0.02 0.02 0.00
CE

Na2O 2.45 0.45 0.22 6.03 0.27 0.53 1.91 0.19 0.17 0.48 0.07 0.04
K2O 0.03 0.01 0.00 0.07 0.01 0.00 0.05 0.03 0.00 15.83 0.14 0.94
Total 100.12 0.63 99.66 0.49 99.01 0.45 99.32 0.75
AC

13SACZ17 PCM855 BSACZ5 (Mel)

Pl rim - 26 anal. Pl core - 19 anal. Pl core - 13 anal. Amp - 12 anal.
Oxide s.d. Cat. Oxide s.d. Cat. Oxide s.d. Cat. Oxide s.d. Cat.
SiO2 64.34 0.30 2.82 64.18 0.56 2.82 56.28 0.76 2.54 45.72 0.59 5.97
TiO2 0.57 0.06 0.18
Al2O3 22.74 0.11 1.18 22.70 0.20 1.18 27.76 0.49 1.48 9.79 0.70 3.03
FeO 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.03 0.03 0.00 0.13 0.02 0.00 13.29 0.75 1.67
MnO 0.35 0.06 0.01
MgO 13.46 0.55 2.25
CaO 3.71 0.08 0.17 3.73 0.06 0.18 8.90 0.24 0.43 11.85 0.22 1.78
Na2O 9.57 0.10 0.81 9.62 0.14 0.82 6.31 0.29 0.55 1.48 0.11 0.54
K2O 0.33 0.03 0.02 0.21 0.04 0.01 0.16 0.04 0.01 0.97 0.09 0.37
Total 100.69 0.39 100.47 0.84 99.57 0.71 98.17 0.44
 ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT

Table 3. cont.

12SACZ31a 12SACZ31b CLU1061 PCM855

Amp - 13 anal. Amp - 6 anal. Amp - 10 anal. Amp - 9 anal.
Oxide s.d. Cat. Oxide s.d. Cat. Oxide s.d. Cat. Oxide s.d. Cat.
SiO2 53.63 0.29 7.76 43.40 0.53 6.64 45.29 0.81 6.67 41.58 0.90 6.30

PT
TiO2 0.21 0.04 0.02 1.55 0.07 0.18 1.32 0.31 0.15 0.82 0.05 0.09
Al2O3 2.69 0.62 0.46 10.88 0.44 1.96 10.51 0.53 1.83 14.17 0.99 2.53
FeO 20.25 0.58 2.45 19.56 0.30 2.51 10.34 0.29 1.27 17.80 0.30 2.26

RI
MnO 0.65 0.03 0.08
MgO 19.37 0.23 4.18 9.03 0.34 2.06 14.96 0.44 3.29 9.27 0.51 2.09

SC
CaO 0.43 0.06 0.08 9.92 0.24 1.63 11.30 0.11 1.78 10.45 0.14 1.64
Na2O 0.24 0.09 0.05 1.21 0.11 0.36 1.35 0.09 0.39 1.52 0.12 0.45
K2O 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.40 0.04 0.08 0.74 0.08 0.14 0.55 0.11 0.11

NU
Cr2O3 0.04 0.02 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.16 0.08 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.00
Total 96.87 0.30 95.94 0.22 95.98 0.18 96.83 0.61

12SACZ31a PCM855 10SACZ27a 201218CU

MA
Bt - 15 anal. Bt - 10 anal. Ms - 12 anal. Bt - 20 anal.
Oxide s.d. Cat. Oxide s.d. Cat. Oxide s.d. Cat. Oxide s.d. Cat.
SiO2 37.14 0.18 2.73 36.05 0.57 2.77 45.50 0.45 3.04 35.29 0.25 2.68
TiO2 4.04 0.23 0.22 2.46 0.03 0.14 0.05 0.04 0.00 3.38 0.14 0.19
ED

Al2O3 16.35 0.13 1.42 15.83 0.15 1.43 36.33 0.38 2.87 19.32 0.16 1.73
FeO 15.17 0.24 0.93 17.71 0.25 1.14 1.63 0.20 0.09 20.73 0.16 1.32
MnO 0.02 0.02 0.00 0.17 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.19 0.02 0.01
PT

MgO 14.43 0.20 1.58 12.44 0.17 1.42 0.37 0.04 0.04 7.68 0.14 0.87
CaO 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.00
Na2O 0.50 0.06 0.07 0.25 0.10 0.04 0.63 0.09 0.08 0.31 0.02 0.05
CE

K2O 8.56 0.15 0.80 8.97 0.20 0.88 10.31 0.15 0.88 9.11 0.07 0.88
Total 96.26 0.37 93.90 0.57 94.84 0.51 96.01 0.32
AC

13SACZ17 CLU1061 2101218CU

Bt - 30 anal. Ms - 16 anal. Px - 6 anal. Cd - 6 anal.
Oxide s.d. Cat. Oxide s.d. Cat. Oxide s.d. Cat. Oxide s.d. Cat.
SiO2 35.48 0.32 2.69 46.13 0.23 3.12 52.86 0.26 1.98 48.04 0.48 3.05
TiO2 3.42 0.14 0.20 0.89 0.13 0.05 0.16 0.04 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.00
Al2O3 19.24 0.21 1.72 33.71 0.34 2.69 1.92 0.25 0.08 32.86 0.35 2.46
FeO 20.14 0.72 1.28 1.50 0.08 0.08 5.94 0.13 0.19 7.49 0.15 0.40
MnO 0.20 0.02 0.01 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.23 0.02 0.01 0.35 0.20 0.02
MgO 7.89 0.31 0.89 0.74 0.11 0.07 14.54 0.17 0.81 7.93 0.22 0.75
CaO 0.02 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 21.54 0.07 0.87 0.03 0.02 0.00
Na2O 0.30 0.02 0.04 0.88 0.02 0.12 0.50 0.05 0.04 0.38 0.12 0.05
K2O 9.05 0.11 0.88 9.82 0.06 0.85 0.01 0.01 0.00
Total 95.75 0.46 93.66 0.29 97.75 0.34 97.09 0.85
 ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT

Table 3. cont.

BSACZ1 (L1) BSACZ2 (L2)

PT
Pl core - 14 analysis Pl rim - 16 analysis Pl - 15 analysis
Oxide s.d. Cat. Oxide s.d. Cat. Oxide s.d. Cat.
SiO2 61.20 0.29 2.74 60.78 0.21 2.71 67.97 0.4 2.99

RI
TiO2 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Al2O3 24.03 0.25 1.27 24.59 0.15 1.29 19.49 0.22 1.01
FeO 0.08 0.02 0.00 0.07 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.00

SC
MnO 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
MgO 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
CaO 5.37 0.19 0.26 5.96 0.08 0.28 0.61 0.07 0.03

NU
Na2O 7.99 0.15 0.69 7.69 0.13 0.67 10.84 0.19 0.93
K2O 0.43 0.05 0.03 0.40 0.02 0.02 0.14 0.1 0.01
Total 99.11 99.49 99.06
MA
NUCZ1d (L1)
Pl band 1 - 11 analysis Pl band 2 - 13 analysis
Oxide s.d. Cat. Oxide s.d. Cat.
SiO2 58.91 0.32 2.65 59.46 0.3 2.67
ED

TiO2 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Al2O3 25.67 0.3 1.36 25.23 0.18 1.34
FeO 0.08 0.00 0.00 0.07 0.01 0.00
PT

MnO 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

MgO 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
CaO 7.16 0.26 0.34 6.67 0.11 0.32
CE

Na2O 7.04 0.13 0.61 7.33 0.11 0.64

K2O 0.35 0.03 0.02 0.39 0.02 0.02
Total 99.21 99.15
AC

BSACZ1 (L1) BSACZ2 (L2) NUCZ1d (L1)

Kfs - 16 analysis Kfs - 18 analysis Kfs - 19 analysis
Oxide s.d. Cat. Oxide s.d. Cat. Oxide s.d. Cat.
SiO2 64.44 0.27 3.00 63.99 0.53 3.00 64.20 0.23 3.00
TiO2 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Al2O3 17.70 0.12 0.97 17.55 0.21 0.97 17.50 0.11 0.97
FeO 0.02 0.01 0.00 0.03 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
MnO 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
MgO 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
CaO 0.06 0.02 0.00 0.05 0.02 0.00 0.03 0.02 0.00
Na2O 1.34 0.11 0.12 7.69 1.49 0.14 0.74 0.24 0.07
K2O 15.69 0.19 1.00 0.40 15.46 0.99 16.73 0.33 1.07
Total 99.15 99.49 99.10
 ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT

Table 4. Major (wt%), and trace element (ppm) compositions of leucosome and mesosome
samples discussed in the text; the BSACZ5 (Mel) melanosome composition is reported with the
mesosomes. Silgará Schist compositions are reported for comparison purposes.

LEUCOSOMES

07SAC 10SAC 10SAC 10SAC BSACZ BSACZ BSACZ BSACZ BSACZ CLU10 NUCZ
Z16 Z6 Z13 Z18 1 2 3 4 5 71 1

PT
(L3) (L2) (L2) (L4) (L1) (L2) (L2) (L4) (L4) (L3) (L1)

SiO2 63.85 70.72 73.42 69.94 73.47 74.52 74.16 74.97 78.42 65.95 71.05

Al2O3 18.68 13.81 14.41 16.02 15.18 13.88 14.14 13.12 10.29 16.97 14.42

RI
Fe2O3 0.81 4.4 1.97 1.72 1.04 0.97 0.71 1.51 4.68 2.17 3.28

MgO 0.02 1.13 0.19 0.35 0.06 0.09 0.1 0.24 0.13 1.12 1.46

SC
CaO 1.27 2.92 2.83 3.28 2.4 1.36 1.29 0.97 2.87 0.43 2.99

Na2O 2.23 3.35 3.88 6.41 4.27 3.1 3.19 3.22 3.1 0.92 4.03

K2O 10.51 1.67 2.33 0.35 3.35 5.6 5.73 5.21 0.36 8.3 1.27

TiO2 0.01 0.42 0.06 0.23 0.03 0.05 0.05 0.14 0.14 0.41 0.36

NU
P2O5 0.01 0.09 0.06 0.3 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.06 0.02 0.27 0.03

MnO 0.01 0.05 0.03 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.03 0.06

Cr2O3 B.D. 0.003 0.002 B.D. B.D. B.D. B.D. B.D. B.D. 0.003 0.004
MA
LOI 1.1 1.3 0.8 1.3 0.1 0.3 0.6 0.4 -0.1 3.1 1

TOT. C 0.06 B.D. 0.05 0.07 0.03 0.06 0.03 B.D. 0.1 B.D. B.D.

TOT. S B.D. B.D. B.D. 0.05 0.02 B.D. B.D. B.D. B.D. B.D. 0.13

Ba 12326 338 514 158 448 610 249 438 41 1553 118
ED

Be B.D. B.D. 2 B.D. 3 B.D. B.D. 1 1 3 10

Ce 0.8 81.6 15 88.7 15.3 16 7.1 50.9 62.8 79.5 9.9

Co 2.7 7.9 1.7 5.3 1 0.6 0.4 1.2 2.7 3.3 10.7
PT

Cs B.D. 1.4 0.4 B.D. 2 1.8 2.6 2.8 0.7 5.7 4.9

Cu 7.9 10.5 4.8 5.8 5.7 2.3 1.1 1 13.7 178.3 62.4

Dy 0.21 5.19 3.91 5.13 1.78 2.25 1.64 3.85 7.12 2.45 2.93
CE

Er 0.08 2.75 3.17 2.08 1.1 1.7 1.42 2.94 5.07 1.66 1.21

Eu 0.44 1.13 0.91 1.65 0.37 0.44 0.36 0.62 0.71 1.12 0.59

Ga 7.9 15.7 12.6 12.3 15.5 12.4 12.9 12.4 10.2 21.6 16.4
AC

Gd 0.18 5.45 2.57 8.35 1.32 1.45 0.95 3.72 5.69 3.51 1.5

Hf 0.2 5.7 0.5 0.6 2.1 1.5 0.5 3.5 5.2 5.2 1.3

Ho 0.03 1.02 0.97 0.88 0.34 0.48 0.4 0.88 1.6 0.55 0.5

La 0.8 40.1 7.8 38.4 7.3 7.7 4.1 24.5 27.1 40.1 5

Lu B.D. 0.31 0.47 0.19 0.27 0.28 0.27 0.43 0.8 0.25 0.31

Mo 0.6 0.3 0.8 0.9 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.2 2 56.5 0.1

Nb 0.1 14.1 2.3 7.9 4.6 3 4.5 8.5 18.6 14.4 15.8

Nd 0.4 30.7 6.6 45.5 6 6.9 2.7 21.8 25.6 30.4 4.7

Ni 4.6 5.2 3.8 11.9 1.5 1.3 0.8 1.2 7.9 3.6 18

Pb 4.8 3.4 6.5 7 2.4 2.1 2.8 4.4 2.5 1.5 2.5

Pr 0.08 8.58 1.77 11 1.73 1.85 0.81 5.98 6.86 8.4 1.18

Rb 96 90 57.7 10.2 95.6 155.3 155.2 161.1 9.4 228.3 103.2

Sc B.D. 13 2 2 1 1 2 4 5 7 10

Sm 0.14 5.77 1.64 9.4 1.29 1.42 0.84 4.24 5.27 4.71 1

Sn B.D. 3 1 B.D. B.D. B.D. B.D. 3 3 B.D. 2

Sr 847.7 256.9 322.5 580.6 184.1 117.4 101.9 88.6 324.4 424.6 217.8

Ta B.D. 0.7 0.2 0.4 1 0.3 0.7 0.9 2 0.7 2.4

Tb 0.03 0.94 0.58 1.13 0.28 0.33 0.24 0.7 1.13 0.5 0.3
 ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT

Th B.D. 12.9 6.1 4 4 5.5 1.7 14.7 25.8 12.3 2.9

Tm 0.01 0.39 0.48 0.28 0.21 0.27 0.24 0.45 0.81 0.28 0.28

U B.D. 2.3 1.5 0.4 3.8 2.2 2.6 4.7 4.5 2.1 8.6

V B.D. 67 9 14 B.D. B.D. B.D. 9 27 83 32

W B.D. 0.5 B.D. B.D. 6.9 B.D. B.D. B.D. B.D. 1.6 0.6

Y 0.7 23.4 28.4 26.5 10.4 15.2 12.1 25.3 49 15.8 14.2

PT
Yb 0.07 2.12 3.07 1.47 1.52 1.88 1.78 3.1 5.22 1.82 1.87

Zn 23 57 8 15 52 15 22 24 15 27 50

Zr 3.4 180.4 13.8 26.8 62.5 45.3 9 100 134.6 167.3 46

RI
SC
NU
MA
ED
PT
CE
AC
 ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT

MESOSOMES

BSACZ5
07SACZ15 07SACZ16 07SACZ17 10SACZ10 10SACZ13 10SACZ18 13SACZ17 BSACZ5 (Mel) CIII09NB-6 CIII09NB07 CIII09NB09

SiO2 51.94 52.71 73.88 69.43 45.41 49.92 - 75.25 49.37 70.81 48.26 59.69

-
Al2O3
21.82 14.34 14.09 14.12 15.42 15.33 12.61 15.05 13.19 25.5 19.66

-
Fe2O3
11.14 11.21 2.15 3.28 11.4 8.85 1.96 9.36 4.51 10.78 5.54

PT
MgO 2.22 5.92 0.46 1.36 9.89 8.15 - 0.32 8.55 1.04 2.33 1.49

CaO 0.27 8.47 1.49 2.31 8.06 7.44 - 1.15 9.91 1.37 0.82 3.35

RI
Na2O 1.1 2.64 2.49 3.49 0.71 2.69 - 2.56 3.32 2.51 1.59 5.81

K2O 5.91 1.64 3.4 2.87 2.39 1.8 - 5.53 1.17 3.92 5.22 2.01

SC
TiO2 1.29 0.91 0.28 0.27 1.39 1.04 - 0.24 1.2 0.58 1.47 0.76

P2O5 0.08 0.05 0.08 0.07 0.12 0.21 - 0.04 0.07 0.16 0.14 0.12

MnO 0.14 0.19 0.04 0.06 0.23 0.15 - 0.03 0.21 0.08 0.1 0.06

NU
-
Cr2O3
0.015 0.028 0.003 B.D. 0.068 0.049 B.D. 0.045 0.006 0.019 0.018

LOI 3.8 1.6 1.5 2.6 4.6 4.1 - 0.2 1.5 1.6 3.5 1.3

-
TOT. C
B.D. 0.04 0.03 0.1 0.1 0.27 0.03 0.04 0.09 0.03 0.02
MA
-
TOT. S
B.D. 0.09 B.D. B.D. B.D. 0.11 B.D. B.D. B.D. B.D. B.D.

Ba 970 586 668 583 267 403 476 628 83 830 806 248

Be 1 B.D. 5 4 2 B.D. - 2 3 3 6 16
ED

Ce 165.7 5.7 44.8 71 11.3 41 103 88 11.8 95.9 158.3 137.7

Co 24.1 36.4 4.1 8.1 45.1 25.7 13 1.9 36.5 7.4 23.6 10.9

Cs 4.6 B.D. 1.8 2.3 1.4 0.5 3.6 1 0.9 1.7 4 4.2
PT

Cu 14.2 74.4 4.9 2 14.2 35.3 - 1.2 1.9 28.2 1.1 2.7

Dy 7.47 5.33 4.07 2.45 4.93 4.44 4.5 6.53 5.8 6.25 9.64 10.49

Er 3.49 3.21 3.12 0.73 3.3 2.59 3.2 4.42 3.95 4.49 5.77 6.66
CE

Eu 1.87 1.28 1.1 0.79 1.13 1.69 1.50 0.84 0.97 1.58 2.4 1.62

Ga 33.9 17.1 13.6 15.6 19.7 15.5 16.0 11.7 17.6 15.9 31.1 22.2

Gd 10.2 4.5 3.46 3.59 4.61 4.92 7.90 6.03 4.55 7.07 11.08 10.24
AC

Hf 8.1 2.3 4.3 3.7 2.6 3.3 - 5.6 2.2 8.3 7 9.6

Ho 1.42 1.18 1.02 0.46 1.12 0.93 0.92 1.44 1.29 1.31 2.03 2.34

La 82.1 1.7 21.4 38.8 4.5 17.2 50 43.5 4.8 42.4 75.8 63.6

Lu 0.54 0.48 0.42 0.13 0.48 0.39 0.68 0.57 0.65 0.61 0.74 1.03

Mo 0.1 0.3 B.D. 0.1 0.3 0.1 - B.D. 0.3 0.1 0.2 0.1

Nb 27.5 1.2 8.9 9.2 3.9 5 - 10 7 16.3 26.9 24.1

Nd 70.6 9.2 18.4 25.7 9.4 24 47 36.7 10.4 38.9 70.2 52.6

Ni 46.2 55.8 6.1 5.1 168.6 83.6 11 1.9 50.5 19.5 44.2 6.2

Pb 3.3 3.5 4.8 7.1 2.4 4.1 18 2.4 1.4 4.4 3.4 3.3

Pr 18.48 1.34 5.24 7.54 1.94 5.52 12 10.07 1.95 10.78 17.71 14.43

Rb 152.2 30.9 119.5 108.5 125.5 71.6 131 159.6 48.1 110.6 184.9 116.8

Sc 21 36 4 9 34 29 11 5 35 9 26 27

Sm 12.62 3.43 3.89 3.81 3.61 5.01 8.90 6.63 3.23 8.29 12.6 10.64

Sn 7 1 1 3 5 1 - 2 3 2 7 6

Sr 290.2 359.7 202.4 231.6 220.9 400.3 104 106.1 320.5 222.6 124.4 250.4

Ta 2.3 B.D. 1.1 0.7 0.4 0.3 - 0.8 0.3 1.8 2.3 3.6
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Tb 1.49 0.86 0.66 0.42 0.87 0.8 0.94 1.1 0.91 1.19 1.77 1.79

Th 28 B.D. 7.8 22.6 0.9 2.4 14 26.3 1.3 13.1 22.4 22.6

Tm 0.6 0.52 0.39 0.13 0.49 0.38 0.51 0.66 0.63 0.64 0.74 1.09

U 3.6 B.D. 1.8 1.5 1.3 0.6 3.3 4.6 1.7 2.5 4.1 5.8

V 126 219 29 87 207 203 B.D. 19 204 64 158 90

PT
W 0.8 B.D. 0.6 B.D. 3.9 B.D. - B.D. B.D. B.D. 0.6 0.8

Y 36 32 26 9.9 32.1 26.3 23 40 39.9 36.3 51 60.2

Yb 3.79 3.17 3.2 1.11 3.32 2.56 4.0 4.06 4.23 3.58 4.96 6.15

RI
Zn 123 62 36 81 86 76 62 22 45 55 73 76

Zr 314.1 58.9 160.1 136.1 74.1 125.5 - 159.8 72.3 316.2 242.5 354.4

SC
NU
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MESOSOMES

CLU1052 CLU1055 CLU1056 CLU1059 CLU1061 CLU1062 CLU1063 CLU1065 CLU1066 CLU1070 CLU1072

SiO2 61.6 71.24 71.94 60.91 50.21 51.35 66.55 47.86 58.06 55.22 55.05

Al2O3
16.71 13.46 14.09 15.08 18.3 17.6 15.61 15.22 15.61 17.66 16.79

PT
Fe2O3
8.86 4.02 3.99 8.26 5.4 6.92 4.88 15.97 5.92 8 8.75

MgO 2.76 1.13 0.97 2.83 6.85 6.53 1.71 5.03 5.79 3.79 3.42

CaO 0.23 2.74 0.38 3.22 13.77 9.54 4.43 10.02 7.95 5.25 7.53

RI
Na2O 0.33 2.52 1.12 2.67 3.09 3.52 3.17 1.77 2.82 3 3.01

K2O 5.68 2.07 5.28 3.25 0.56 1.51 1.66 0.87 1.35 2.31 1.15

SC
TiO2 1.06 0.61 0.57 0.94 0.64 0.49 0.57 1.71 0.23 1.18 1.79

P2O5 0.14 0.06 0.06 0.22 0.03 0.02 0.27 0.11 0.03 0.34 0.19

MnO 0.17 0.06 0.04 0.1 0.1 0.17 0.08 0.2 0.15 0.14 0.11

NU
Cr2O3
0.013 0.006 0.005 0.012 0.049 0.035 0.011 0.003 0.031 0.005 B.D.

LOI 2.2 1.9 1.4 2.2 0.8 2.1 0.9 1 1.9 2.8 1.9
MA
TOT. C
0.17 0.05 0.03 0.09 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.03 0.03 0.05 0.04

TOT. S
0.08 1.2 B.D. 1.5 0.03 B.D. B.D. 0.41 B.D. B.D. B.D.

Ba 707 362 790 682 68 132 393 147 384 807 257
ED

Be 3 5 7 3 1 B.D. 5 B.D. B.D. 5 1

Ce 97.5 84.8 99 118.5 10.8 54.4 18.5 22.9 8.3 123.9 57

Co 23.2 10.3 4.8 66.2 27.5 27.5 10.8 48.5 21 20 36.5

PT

Cs 5.6 4 1.8 2.7 0.5 1.7 1.4 0.3 0.4 1.2 1.2

Cu 10.7 29.3 13.4 122.3 83.6 18.4 3 52.1 24.4 10.1 49.3

Dy 6.4 4.72 4.81 3.32 2.56 3.34 3.16 3.67 2.81 6.48 3.33
CE

Er 3.75 2.25 2.84 1.44 1.57 2.19 1.72 2.38 2.33 3.52 1.82

Eu 1.56 1.13 1.14 1.06 0.89 0.88 0.96 0.93 0.73 1.94 1.14

Ga 23.1 14.9 18.3 19.9 15.9 19.3 18 20.3 15.2 22.2 22.8
AC

Gd 7.3 5.24 5.78 6.4 2.45 3.67 2.97 3.79 2.05 7.82 4.09

Hf 6.9 9.4 7.2 11.4 0.9 1.2 4.8 3 1.2 6.4 4.1

Ho 1.3 0.81 0.9 0.58 0.56 0.7 0.63 0.9 0.74 1.32 0.74

La 44.7 39.9 46.1 56.8 5 28.2 8.1 9.9 4.3 60.8 33.3

Lu 0.53 0.32 0.44 0.24 0.21 0.36 0.21 0.43 0.44 0.51 0.26

Mo 0.1 B.D. 1.1 16.5 0.2 B.D. 0.2 0.2 0.4 B.D. 0.3

Nb 19.3 14.5 17.8 13.8 1.7 3.6 9.1 4.5 4 12.6 9.1

Nd 40.5 32.7 37.4 49.2 6.8 22.2 9.4 13.6 5 51.9 22.3

Ni 50.7 15.9 16.6 40.5 17.7 20.8 17.9 25.7 24.3 9.4 10.4

Pb 1.1 2.3 0.7 1.4 1.5 17.7 3.5 2.3 1 5 4.4

Pr 10.91 8.94 10.81 12.62 1.45 5.83 2.34 2.9 1.11 13.89 6.16

Rb 232.4 110.3 140.3 127.7 7.3 57.2 77 20 28.5 90.4 48.4

Sc 20 10 9 13 47 40 7 42 27 21 20

Sm 7.98 5.85 7 7.71 1.9 3.52 2.5 3.35 1.55 9.68 4.38

Sn 4 1 4 3 1 2 2 2 2 3 2

Sr 33.1 243.9 95.1 307.2 460.9 440.2 305.7 176.3 282.9 626 587.3
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Ta 3.3 0.9 1 0.8 0.2 1.3 0.4 0.3 0.4 0.7 0.5

Tb 1.16 0.81 0.93 0.7 0.43 0.58 0.54 0.68 0.44 1.21 0.63

Th 16.2 16.3 21.6 19.4 1.3 4.1 2 1.6 0.6 11.5 6.2

Tm 0.57 0.33 0.46 0.21 0.21 0.34 0.24 0.41 0.39 0.55 0.29

U 2.7 3 3.2 2 0.6 1.2 1 1.2 0.4 2.1 1.1

PT
V 118 70 58 133 176 150 86 666 98 181 367

W 1.5 3.3 2.2 1.8 0.5 1 B.D. 0.8 0.5 0.7 1.5

Y 32.4 23.1 24 13.6 12.3 18.2 15.2 22.3 19.6 33.3 17.4

RI
Yb 3.54 2.08 2.64 1.25 1.3 2.31 1.39 2.35 2.7 3.28 1.84

Zn 110 53 55 105 24 29 57 70 46 91 104

SC
Zr 234.2 348.8 267.1 442.6 39.6 41.9 183.7 94.6 34 249.6 161.1

NU
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MESOSOMES

Detection
CLU1073 PCM855 NUCZ1b NUCZ1d 09CZS8 09CZS9 10SACZ1 10SACZ4 CIII09S19 CIII09S29 Limit

SiO2 61.27 62.78 72.55 48.33 73.6 61.6 58.47 52.71 47.65 50.36 0.01

Al2O3
16.04 15.67 14.13 14.17 11.69 17.55 21.97 14.77 15.57 26.59 0.01

PT
Fe2O3
8.96 7.34 1.84 9.92 5.56 7.33 7.73 10.82 10.69 5.77 0.04

MgO 1.04 2.46 0.47 10.12 1.74 2.57 0.86 5.85 9.36 2.19 0.01

CaO 0.09 5.34 1.08 10 0.74 0.96 0.01 6.8 10.63 0.78 0.01

RI
Na2O 0.11 2.99 3.4 2.17 1.93 1.96 0.78 2.08 1.63 4.16 0.01

K2O 7.89 1.25 5.17 1.88 1.85 4.03 5.16 1.7 0.56 5.32 0.01

SC
TiO2 1.82 0.76 0.17 1.06 0.64 0.75 1.03 1.22 0.4 0.94 0.01

P2O5 0.05 0.13 0.04 0.07 0.13 0.11 0.09 0.37 0.02 0.02 0.01

MnO 0.03 0.12 0.03 0.19 0.07 0.07 0.02 0.24 0.17 0.09 0.01

NU
Cr2O3
0.002 B.D. B.D. 0.078 0.008 0.011 0.011 0.027 0.023 0.016 0.002

LOI 2.5 1 1 1.7 1.9 2.9 3.6 3.1 3.1 3.5 0

MA
TOT. C
B.D. 0.04 0.03 0.03 0.02 0.02 B.D. 0.39 0.02 0.03 0.02

TOT. S
0.26 B.D. B.D. B.D. B.D. 0.06 B.D. B.D. B.D. B.D. 0.02

Ba 390 249 439 192 334 565 1251 350 92 943 1

ED

Be 6 B.D. 4 4 3 5 5 B.D. B.D. 6 1

Ce 70.8 49.9 31.6 3.9 67.9 78.3 128.1 129.3 10.6 103.1 0.1

Co 7.3 16 2.5 43.7 12.1 18.7 8.1 25.9 53.9 15.8 0.2
PT

Cs 2.1 0.6 3.4 1.6 2.4 4.2 7.6 6.7 0.6 4.7 0.1

Cu 9.4 51 2.7 0.7 58.9 55.2 16.8 6.6 101.8 2.1 0.1

Dy 11.43 3.87 4.63 4.43 5.38 4.34 7.82 4.92 1.38 7.4 0.05
CE

Er 7.85 2.43 2.4 2.87 2.87 2.72 4.9 2.67 0.8 4.2 0.03

Eu 2.52 1.02 0.52 1.17 1.13 1.43 2.11 2.1 0.37 1.74 0.02

Ga 24.1 16.2 15.3 17.8 15 22.5 26.7 16.8 14.9 36 0.5

AC

Gd 10.84 4.07 3.83 3.42 5.42 5.75 9.11 7.26 1.36 7.35 0.05

Hf 7.1 4.4 3.6 1.4 4.3 3.6 4.7 4.6 0.8 6 0.1

Ho 2.76 0.88 0.79 1.12 1.03 0.9 1.64 1.02 0.42 1.28 0.02

La 32.3 26.1 14.8 1.3 30.8 38.7 61.6 62.1 5.9 50.4 0.1

Lu 1.18 0.35 0.35 0.48 0.38 0.41 0.62 0.37 0.16 0.66 0.01

Mo 0.1 1 B.D. B.D. 0.4 B.D. 0.4 0.3 B.D. 0.1 0.1

Nb 8.4 9.2 11 4 11.8 14.8 19.6 14.3 1.3 17.9 0.1

Nd 39.3 22.3 13.5 4.2 30.8 34.5 53.2 54 4.6 43 0.3

Ni 2.4 10.2 1.4 77.9 26.8 42 16.7 27.1 66.6 34 0.1

Pb 5.8 1.8 4.6 3 8.6 11.2 1 2.4 2.5 5 0.1

Pr 8.64 5.94 4.11 0.82 7.69 8.88 14.18 13.78 1.04 11.86 0.02

Rb 368 49.1 174.1 117.7 86.4 164.3 191.9 99.6 19.2 252.6 0.1

Sc 26 21 7 31 9 15 22 26 39 27 1

Sm 9.88 4.22 4.24 2.55 6.37 6.69 10.49 9.15 0.93 7.95 0.05

Sn 5 1 B.D. 3 2 4 4 2 B.D. 5 1

Sr 52.5 147.1 210.4 161 110.1 195.9 186.9 303.2 164 266 0.5
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Ta 0.5 0.4 0.9 0.2 0.7 1.1 1.4 0.9 0.1 1.1 0.1

Tb 2.03 0.7 0.61 0.72 0.91 0.85 1.47 0.99 0.25 1.17 0.01

Th 14.2 7.2 13 B.D. 9.6 12.2 16 12.3 3.9 19.6 0.2

Tm 1.24 0.39 0.36 0.47 0.4 0.41 0.74 0.39 0.15 0.61 0.01

U 4 1.5 3.3 1.4 2.1 2.7 4.4 3.5 1.3 3.6 0.1

PT
V 220 148 33 210 67 102 125 189 232 143 8

W 21.1 B.D. B.D. B.D. 1.9 2 1.9 0.8 B.D. 7.5 0.5

Y 71 22.7 21.1 24.9 26.3 21.8 42.1 25 8 36.9 0.1

RI
Yb 7.66 2.53 2.17 2.72 2.49 2.58 4.23 2.56 1.13 4.39 0.05

Zn 25 76 60 45 77 96 72 153 55 120 1

SC
Zr 283.2 174.8 88.5 38.7 185.6 129.4 178 207 29.6 228.9 0.1

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Table 5. Parameters used for assessment of trace element patterns in leucosomes. Eu/Eu* = EuN
/ ((Sm+Gd)N/2) indicates the size of the Eu anomaly, the sign in parentheses in front of it
indicates if the anomaly is positive (+) or negative (-). (La/Yb)N is a measure of the slope of the
REE pattern in figure 8.

Rb/Sr Sr/Ba Nb/Ta Sm/Nd Eu* (La/Yb)N

PT
GROUP 1 LEUCOSOMES

RI
10SACZ6c (L2) 0.35 0.76 20.14 0.19 (-) 0.60 12.85

SC
10SACZ18 (L4) 0.02 3.67 19.75 0.21 (-) 0.56 17.75

BSACZ5 (L4) 0.03 7.91 9.30 0.21 (-) 0.39 3.53

BSACZ4 (L4) 1.82 0.20 9.44 0.19 (-) 0.47 5.37

NU
CLU1071 (L3) 0.54 0.27 20.57 0.15 (-) 0.80 14.97

GROUP 2 LEUCOSOMES
MA
10SACZ13d (L2) 0.18 0.63 11.50 0.25 (+) 1.35 1.73

BSACZ1 (L1) 0.52 0.41 4.60 0.22 (+) 0.86 3.26

BSACZ2 (L2) 1.32 0.19 10.00 0.21 (+) 0.93 2.78

ED

BSACZ3 (L2) 1.52 0.41 6.43 0.31 (+) 1.22 1.56

NUCZ1D (L1) 0.47 1.85 6.58 0.21 (+) 1.47 1.82

GROUP 3 LEUCOSOMES
PT

07SACZ16 (L3) 0.11 0.07 - 0.35 (+) 8.45 7.76

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Table 6. Normalization values for Figure 12. Average protolith compositions from Group One
Mesosomes and average upper continental crust from Rudnick & Gao (2003).

Normalizing values (ppm)

Upper Crust Protoliths

PT
Pelite and
Amphibole rich quartz-
rocks fledspathic

RI
Cs 4.9 0.8 2.4

Rb 84 68 118

SC
Ba 628 458 537

Sr 320 338 189

Eu 1 1.2 1.3

NU
La 31 23 32

Ce 63 46 68

Nd 27 22 32
MA
Sm 4.7 4.7 6.5

Tb 0.7 0.8 1

Y 21 26 29
ED

Yb 2 2.8 3

Lu 0.3 0.4 0.5

Sc 14 17.5 14
PT

Ti 3836 3931 3950

Th 10.5 4.9 16.1

CE

U 2.7 1.2 2.8

Hf 5.3 3.6 6

Zr 193 122 214

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Highlights

The migmatitic Bucaramanga Gneiss reached the granulite facies conditions at temperatures

up to 800 ºC.

PT
The above conditions are consistent with generation of local partial melts, likely formed by

fluid-present melting of pelites and quartz-feldspathic rocks, and an assemblage of garnet ±

RI
plagioclase ± quartz ± sillimanite ± biotite ± amphibole ± muscovite.

SC
A subsequent low-pressure metamorphic event overprinted the migmatites, this tectonic

episode produced growth of cordierite.

NU
The low-pressure metamorphic event is interpreted here to be related to a low lying, thermally
MA
weakened Jurassic magmatic arc in the northwestern margin of South America.
ED
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