ELECTRIC CHARGES AND FIELD

DAY 1

1 Two insulated charged copper sphere A & B of identical size have charges qA and qB respectively. A third
sphere C of same size but uncharged is brought in contact with the first & then in contact with the second
& finally removed from both. What are the new charges on them?

2 What do you mean by quantization of charge?

3 Figure shows three point charges, + 2q, —q and + 3q. Two charges + 2q and — q are enclosed within a
surface S’. What is the electric flux due to this configuration through the surface S’?
+ 3q

4 Two metallic spheres A and B kept on insulating stands are in contact with each other. A positively
charged rod P is brought near the sphere A as shown in the figure. The two spheres are separated from each
other, and the rod P is removed. What will be the nature of charges on spheres A and B

OR

A metal sphere is kept on an insulating stand. A negatively charged rod is brought near it, then the sphere is
earthed as shown. On removing the earthing, and taking the negatively charged rod away, what will be the
nature of charge on the sphere ? Give reason for your answer

5 How can you charge a metal sphere positively without touching it?

6 What do you mean by quantization of charge?

7 If 109 electrons move out of a body to another body every second, how much time is required to

get a total charge of 1 C on the other body?

8 What is the force between two small charged sphere having charges of 2x10 -7C and 3x10-7 C placed 30 cm
apart in air ?

DAY 2

9 If two charges of same magnitude is placed in air at a distance r & force acting on it is F. If magnitude of
each charge become half & separation become three times, then find the new force acting between them?

10 Three point charges q, – 4q and 2q are placed at the vertices of an equilateral triangle ABC of side ‘l’ as
shown in the figure. Obtain the expression for the magnitude of the resultant electric force

acting on the charge q.

11 Four point charges Q, q, Q and q are placed at the corners of a square of side ‘a’ as shown in figure. Find
the resultant electric force on a charge Q,

12 Coulomb’s law for electrostatic force between two point charges and Newton’s law for gravitational force
between two stationary point masses, both have inverse-square dependence on the distance between the
charges and masses respectively.

(a) Compare the strength of these forces by determining the ratio of their magnitudes (i) for an electron
and a proton and (ii) for two protons.
 (b) Estimate the accelerations of electron and proton due to the electrical force of their mutual attraction
when they are 1 Å (= 10-10 m) apart? (mp = 1.67 × 10–27 kg, me = 9.11 × 10–31 kg

DAY 3

13 A charged metallic sphere A is suspended by a nylon thread. Another charged metallic sphere B held by an
insulating handle is brought close to A such that the distance between their centres is 10 cm, as shown in
Fig. 1.7(a). The resulting repulsion of A is noted (for example, by shining a beam of light and measuring
the deflection of its shadow on a screen). Spheres A and B are touched by uncharged spheres C and D
respectively, as shown in Fig. 1.7(b). C and D are then removed and B is brought closer to A to a distance
of 5.0 cm between their centres, as shown in Fig. 1.7(c). What is the expected repulsion of A on the basis
of Coulomb’s law? Spheres A and C and spheres B and D have identical sizes. Ignore the sizes of A and B
in comparison to the separation between their centres.

14 Consider three charges q1,q2,q3 each equal to q at the vertices of an equilateral triangle of side l. What is the force
on a charge Q( with the same sign as q) placed at the centroid of the triangle, as shown in Fig.?
15 Draw electric field lines for - (i) Q > O (ii) Q < O

16 Write the properties of electric field lines.

17 Why do the electrostatic field lines not form closed loops ?

18 An electron falls through a distance of 1.5 cm in a uniform electric field of magnitude 2.0 × 104 N/C (Fig.
a)

Calculate the time it takes to fall through this distance starting from rest

If the direction of the field is reversed (fig. b) keeping its magnitude unchanged, calculate the time taken by
a proton to fall through this distance starting from rest.

19 Define electric flux. Write it’s S. I. Unit.

1 1
20 The electric field component are Ex=∝ 𝑥 2 , Ey = 0, Ez=0 in which ∝=800 N/𝑐𝑚2. Calculate (a) the flux
through the cube & (b) the charge within the cube. Here a=0.1m.
 DAY 4

21 24. (a) Define electric flux. Is it a scalar or a vector quantity ? A point charge q is at a distance of 2 d
directly above the centre of a square of side d, as shown in the figure. Use Gauss’ law to obtain the
expression for the electric flux through the square.

(a) If the point charge is now moved to a distance‘d’ from the centre of the square and the side of the
square is doubled, explain how the electric flux will be affected.
22 A hollow cylindrical box of length 0.5 m and area of cross-section 20 cm2 is placed in a three dimensional
coordinate system as shown in the figure. The electric field in the region is given by E = 20xi , where E is
NC-1 and x is in metres. Find (i) Net flux through the cylinder. (ii) Charge enclosed in the cylinder.

23 Define electric flux and write its SI unit. The electric field components in the figure shown are : Ex = x1/2,
Ey = 0, Ez = 0 where  = 100 NCm-1/2 . Calculate the charge within the cube, assuming a = 0.1m.

24 Define electric dipole moment . Write it’s S. I. Unit.

25 Derive an expression for net electric field, due to an electric dipole at –

(i) Axial point (ii) Equatorial point

DAY 5
26 Two charges ±10μC are placed 5⋅0mm apart. Determine the electric field at (a) point P on the axis of
dipole15cm away from its center on the side of the positive charge. As shown in Figure and at (b) a point
15cm away form O on a line passing through O and a line passing through O and

normal to the axis of the dipole as shown in Fig.

27 A system has two charges qA = 2.5x10-7 C &qB=-2.5x10-7C located at points A (0,0,-15) cm & B (0,
0,+15)cm respectively. What are the total charge & electric dipole moment of the system?

28 A sphere S1 of radius R1 encloses a charge Q. if there is another concentric sphere of radius R2 (R2> R1) &
there be no additional charge between S1&S2, find the ratio of electric flux through S1& S2.

29 Two concentric metallic spherical shells of radius R & 2 R are given charges Q 1& Q2 respectively. The
surface charge densities on the outer surfaces of shells are equal. Determine the ration Q 1 : Q2.

30 Using Gauss’s law, derive an expression for electric field intensity at any points outside a uniformly
charged thin spherical shell of radius R & charge density 6c/m2.

DAY 6

31 Derive and expression for torque experienced by and electric dipole kept in uniform external electric field.

32 An electric dipole with dipole moment 4x10-9 Cm is aligned at 300 with the direction of a uniform electric
field of magnitude 5x104 N/C. Calculate the magnitude of the torque.
33 (a) A point charge (+Q) is kept in the vicinity of uncharged conducting plate. Sketch electric field lines
between the charge and the plate.(b) Two infinitely large plane thin parallel sheets having surface charge
densities 𝜎1 and 𝜎2 (𝜎1>𝜎2) are shown in the figure. Write the magnitudes and direction of the net fields in
the regions marked II and III.

34 (a) Define electric flux. Write its S.I. unit. ‘‘Gauss’s law in electrostatics is true for any closed surface, no
matter what its shape or size is.’’ Justify this statement with the help of a suitable example.

(b) Use Gauss’s law to prove that the electric field inside a uniformly charged spherical shell is zero.

35 (a) Use Gauss’ law to derive the expression for the electric field (E) due to a straight uniformly charged
infinite line of charge density  C/m.
(b) Draw a graph to show the variation of E with perpendicular distance r from the line of charge.
Find the work done in bringing a charge q from perpendicular distance r1 to r2(r2>r1).

ELECTROSTATIC POTENTIAL AND CAPACITANCE

DAY 7

1. Derive an expression for electrostatic potential energy due to a point charge Q at distance r.

2. Derive an expression for electrostatic potential due to a point charge at distance r.

3. Draw a plot showing the variation of (i) electric field (E) & (ii) electric potential (V) with distance r
due to a point charge.
4. (a) Calculate the potential at a point P due to a charge of 4 × 10–7C located 9 cm away.

(b) Hence obtain the work done in bringing a charge of 2 × 10–9 C from infinity to the point P. Does
the answer depend on the path along which the charge is brought?

5. A point charge + Q is placed at point O as shown in figure. Is the potential difference V A-VB positive,
negative or zero ?

6. Figure shows the field lines on a positive charge. Is the work done by the field in moving a small
positive charge from Q to P positive or negative? Give reason.

DAY 8

7. The field lines of a negative point charge are as shown in the figure. Does the kinetic energy of a small
negative charge increase or decrease in going from B to A?

8. Three points A, B and C lie in a uniform electric field (E) of 5 × 103 NC–1 as shown in the figure. Find
the potential difference between A and C.
9. A 500 µC charge is at the centre of square of side 10 cm. Find the work done in moving a charge of 10
uC between two diagonally opposite points on the square

10. Two charges 5x10-8 C & -3x10-8 C are located 16 cm apart. At what points on the line joining the two
charges is the electric potential zero ?

DAY 9

11. Define equipotential surface. Draw equipotential surface due to (i) an electric dipole (ii) Two identical
positive charge.

12. Define an equipotential surface. Draw equipotential surfaces:

(i) In the case of a single point charge and

(ii) In a constant electric field in Z-direction.

Why the equipotential surfaces about a single charge are not equidistant?

(iii) Can electric field exist tangential to an equipotential surface? Give reason.
13. Answer the following questions
(i) Explain why, for any charge configuration, the equipotential surface through a point is normal to the
electric field at that point.
Draw a sketch of equipotential surfaces due to a single charge (– q), depicting the electric field lines
due to the charge.
(ii) Obtain an expression for the work done in formation and deformation the system of three charges
placed at the vertices of an equilateral triangle of side ‘a’ as shown alongside.

14. Derive an expression for electric field as a potential gradient that is E = -dv/dr.

15. Show that the equipotential surfaces are closed together in the regions of strong field and far apart in
the regions of weak field. Draw equipotential surfaces for an electric dipole.
16. Derive an expression for potential energy of an electric dipole placed in uniform external electric
field.Hence find out the amount of work done in rotating it from the position of unstable equilibrium to
the stable equilibrium.

17. (a) Determine the electrostatic potential energy of a system consisting of two charges 7 µC and –2 µC
(and with no external field) placed at (–9 cm, 0, 0) and (9 cm, 0, 0) respectively.

(b) How much work is required to separate the two charges infinitely away from each other? (c)
Suppose that the same system of charges is now placed in an external electric field E = A (1/r 2); A = 9
× 105 C m–2. What would the electrostatic energy of the configuration be?

18. Find the amount of work done in rotatin a dipole of dipole moment P= 3x 10-4C-m in a uniform
external electric field E= 5x 102N/C from (i)300 to 600 (ii) Umin to Umax (iii) stable to unstable ( iv) 600
to 1200

DAY 10

19. Explain the following-

(i) Inside a conductor, electrostatic field is zero

(ii)At the surface of a charged conductor, electrostatic field must be normal to the surface at every point

(iii)Electrostatic potential is constant throughout the volume of the conductor and has the same value
(as inside) on its surface
𝜎
(iv) Show that electric field at the surface of a charged conductor E = 𝜖0 n^

where σ is the surface charge density and ˆn is a unit vector normal

to the surface in the outward direction.

20. What is electrostatic shielding? How is this property used in actual practice? Is the potential in the
cavity of a charged conductor zero?

21. Define capacitance of a capacitor, write it’s S.I. unit. Derive an expression for the capacitance of a
parallel plate capacitor, whose plates are separated by a dielectric medium.

22. A slab of material of dielectric constant K has the same area as the plates of a parallel-plate capacitor
but has a thickness (3/4)d, where d is the separation of the plates. How is the capacitance changed when
the slab is inserted between the plates?
23. A metal plate is introduced between the plates of a charged parallel plate capacitor. What is its effect on
the capacitance of the capacitor?

24. Find the equivalent capacitance of the network shown in the figure, when each capacitor is of 1 μF.
When the ends X and Y are connected to a 6 V battery, find out (i) The charge and (ii) The energy
stored in the network.

25. The graph shows the variation of voltage ‘V’ across the plates of two capacitors A and B versus
increase of charge ‘Q’ stored on them. Which of the two capacitors has higher capacitance? Give reason
for your answer.

DAY 11

26. Derive an expression for the energy stored in a parallel plate capacitor C, charged to a potential
difference V. Hence derive an expression for the energy density of a capacitor.

27. Find the ratio of the potential differences that must be applied across the parallel and series combination
of two capacitors C1 and C2 with their capacitances in the ratio 1 : 2 so that the energy stored in the two
cases becomes the same.

28. In a parallel plate capacitor with air between the plates, each plate has an area of 6 × 10 –3 m2 and the
distance between the plates is 3 mm. Calculate the capacitance of the capacitor. If this capacitor is
connected to a 100 V supply, what is the charge on each plate of the capacitor?
29. Find the expression for the energy stored in the capacitor. Also find the energy lost when the charged
capacitor is disconnected from the source and connected in parallel with the uncharged capacitor.
Where does this loss of energy appear?

30. A capacitor of capacitance C is charged fully by connecting it to a battery of emf E. It is then

disconnected from the battery. If the separation between the plates of the capacitor is now doubled, how
will the following change?
(a) Charge stored by the capacitor. (b) Field strength between the plates. (c) Energy stored by the
capacitor. Justify your answer in each case.
31. A parallel plate capacitor is charged by a battery, which is then disconnected. A dielectric slab is then
inserted in the space between the plates. Explain what changes, if any, occur in the values of:
(i) Capacitance

(ii) Potential difference between the plates

(iii) Electric field between the plates, and

(iv) The energy stored in the capacitor.

32. Answer the following questions.
(i) Derive an expression for equivalent capacitance of three capacitors when connected in series
(ii) Derive an expression for equivalent capacitance of three capacitors when connected in parallel.

33. A network of four 10 µF capacitors is connected to a 500 V supply, as shown in Fig. Determine (a) the
equivalent capacitance of the network and (b) the charge on each capacitor. (Note, the charge on a
capacitor is the charge on the plate with higher potential, equal and opposite to the charge on the plate

with lower potential.)

34. Obtain the equivalent capacitance of the network in Fig. For a 300 V supply, determine the charge and
voltage across each capacitor.
35. A 600pF capacitor is charged by a 200V supply. It is then disconnected from the supply and is
connected to another uncharged 600 pF capacitor. How much electrostatic energy is lost in the process?

CURRENT ELECTRICITY

DAY 12

1. State ohm’s law. Define resistance and state its SI unit.

2. What are the factors on which the resistance of conductor depends? Define resistivity and write its SI
unit.

3. A potential difference V is applied across the ends of copper wire of length l and diameter D. What is
the effect on drift velocity of electrons if
(i) V is halved (ii) l is doubled. (iii) D is halved.

4. What are factors on which the resistance of conductor depends? Define resistivity and state its SI unit.

5. Plot a graph showing the variation of resistance of a conducting wire as a function of its radius, keeping
the length of the wire and its temperature as constant.

6. Two wires, one of copper and the other of manganin, have same resistance and equal thickness. Which
wire is longer? Justify your answer.

7. Define the terms current density, conductance and conductivity. Write its SI unit.

DAY 13

8. Define the term drift velocity and relaxation time. Deduce a relation between them.

9. How does the drift velocity of electrons in a metallic conductor very with the increase in temperature?

10. How does the drift velocity of electrons in a metallic conductor very with the increase in potential
difference ?

11. The no. of density of tree electrons in a copper conductor is 8.5x1028/m3. How long does an electron
take to drift from one end of a wire 3.0 m. long to its other end? The area of cross-section of the wire is
2.0 x 10-6 m2 and it is carrying a current of 3.0 ampere.

12. (a) Estimate the average drift speed of conduction electrons in a copper wire of cross-sectional area 1.0
× 10–7 m2 carrying a current of 1.5 A. Assume that each copper atom contributes roughly one
conduction electron. The density of copper is 9.0 × 103 kg/m3, and its atomic mass is 63.5 u. (b)
Compare the drift speed obtained above with, (i) thermal speeds of copper atoms at ordinary
 temperatures, (ii) speed of propagation of electric field along the conductor which causes the drift
motion.

13. Define the term ‘mobility of charge carriers in a conductor. Write its SI unit. What is its relation with
relaxation time?

14. Write the limitations of ohm’s law.

15. I – V graph for a metallic wire at two different temperatures, T1 and T2 is as shown in the figure. Which
of the two temperatures is lower and why?

16. Explain with graph how the resistivity of metals, semiconductor and insulations depends on
temperature.

17. Two materials Si and Cu, are cooled from 300 K to 60 K. What will be the effect on their resistivity?

18. Give an example of a material each for which temperature coefficient of resistivity is
(i) Positive, (ii) Negative.

19. An electric toaster uses nichrome for its heating element. When a negligibly small current passes
through it, its resistance at room temperature (27.0 °C) is found to be 75.3 Ω. When the toaster is
connected to a 230 V supply, the current settles, after a few seconds, to a steady value of 2.68 A. What
is the steady temperature of the nichrome element? The temperature coefficient of resistance of
nichrome averaged over the temperature range involved, is 1.70 × 10–4 °C–1.

20. The resistance of the platinum wire of a platinum resistance thermometer at the ice point is 5.0Ωand at
steam point is 5.39 Ω. When the thermometer is inserted in a hot bath, the resistance of the platinum
wire is 5.795 Ω. Calculate the temperature of the bath.

DAY 14
21. The emf of a cell is always greater than its terminal voltage. Why? Give reason.

22. A cell of emf ‘E’ and internal resistance ‘r’ draws a current ‘I’. Write the relation between terminal
voltage ‘V’ in terms of E, I and r.

23. Plot a graph showing variation of voltage Vs the current drawn from the cell. How can one get
information from this plot about the emf of the cell and its internal resistance?

24. A resistance R is connected across a cell of emf ε and internal resistance r. A potentiometer now
measures the potential difference between the terminals of the cell as V. Write the expression for ‘r’ in
terms of ε, V and R

25. A cell of emf ‘E’ and internal resistance ‘r’ is connected across a variable load resistor R. Draw the
plots of the terminal voltage V versus (i) R and (ii) the
current I.

26. A storage battery of emf 8.0 V and internal resistance 0.5 Ωis being charged by a 120 V dc supply using
a series resistor of 15.5 Ω. What is the terminal voltage of the battery during charging? What is the
purpose of having a series resistor in the charging circuit?

27.

28. Two cells of emfs E1 and E2 and internal resistances r1 and r2 are connected in parallel. Derive the
expression for the (i) emf and (ii) internal resistance of a single equivalent cell which can replace this
combination.

29. Two cells of emf’s 1.5 V and 2.0 V having internal resistances 0.2Ω and 0.3Ω respectively are
connected in parallel. Calculate the emf and internal resistance of the equivalent cell.

DAY 15

30. State Kirchhoff’s rules and explain on what basis they are justified.
31. Determine the current in each branch of the network shown in Fig.

32. Derive condition of balance of a Wheatstone bridge.

OR

Draw a circuit diagram showing balancing of Wheatstone bridge. Use Kirchhoff’s rules to obtain the
balance condition in terms of the resistances of four arms of wheat stone Bridge.

MOVING CHARGE AND MAGNETISM

DAY 16

1. Write the expression for Lorentz force on a particle of charge q, moving with velocity𝑣⃗ in magnetic field
⃗⃗.
𝐵

2. Write the expression for the magnetic force acting on a charged particle moving with velocity ν in the
presence of magnetic field B. (b) A neutron, an electron and an alpha particle moving with equal
velocities, enter a uniform magnetic field going into the plane of the paper as shown. Trace their paths in
the field and justify your answer.

3. If the magnetic field is parallel to the positive y-axis and the charged particle is moving along the
positive x-axis (Fig.), which way would the Lorentz force be for (a) an electron (negative charge), (b) a
proton (positive charge).
4. (a) A point charge q moving with speed v enters a uniform magnetic field B that is acting into the plane
of the paper as shown. What is the path followed by the charge q and in which plane does it move ?
(b) How does the path followed by the charge get affected if its velocity has a component parallel to →
B?
(c) If an electric field → E is also applied such that the particle continues moving along the original
straight line path, what should be the magnitude and direction of the electric field → E ?

5. Derive an expression for radius of charged particle moving in uniform magnetic field B

6. Draw the diagram of helical path when a charge particle moving with velocity v at an angle of 𝜃 with
magnetic field B.

7. When a charge particle q, moving with velocity v & enter in magnetic field B at an angle Ɵ, then draw
the trajectory of charge particle. Explain how it gain helical path ?

8. An ∝–practice & proton are projected with same speed in uniform magnetic field perpendicular to it.
Find the ratio of (i) radius (ii) time period.

9. A proton & α-particle enter at right angles into a uniform magnetic field of intensity B. Calculate the
radii of their paths when they enter the field with the same (i) momentum (ii) kinetic energy

10. (a) State the condition under which a charge particle moving with velocity v goes undeflected in a
magnetic field B.
 (b) An electron after being accelerated through a potential difference of 10 V, enter a uniform magnetic
field of 0.04T perpendicular to it’s direction of motion. Calculate the radius of curvature of it’s
trajectory.

DAY 17

11. State Biot Savart law, giving the mathematical expression for it in vector form. Use this law to derive
the expression for the magnetic field due to a circular coil carrying current at a point along its axis.

12. (a) Depict the magnetic field lines due to a circular current carrying loop showing the direction of field
lines. (b) A current I is flowing in a conductor placed along the x-axis as shown in the figure. Find the
magnitude and direction of the magnetic field due to a small current element lying at the origin at points
(i) (0,d,0) and (ii) (0,0,d)

13. Using Biot-Savart law derives the expression for the magnetic field due to a circular coil carrying
current at the center.

14. Use Biot-Savart law to derive the expression for the magnetic field due to a circular coil of radius R
having N turns at a point on the axis at a distance ‘x’ from its centre. Draw the magnetic field lines due
to this coil.

(b)A current ‘I’ enters a uniform circular loop of radius ‘R’ at point M and flows out at N as shown in
the figure. Obtain the net magnetic field at the centre of the loop
15. Derive the expression for the magnetic field due to a current carrying coil of radius r at a distance x from
the centre along the X-axis. (b) A straight wire carrying a current of 5 A is bent into a semicircular arc of
radius 2 cm as shown in the figure. Find the magnitude and direction of the magnetic field at the centre
of the arc.

16. Two identical circular wires P & Q each of radius R & carrying a current I are kept in perpendicular
planes such that they have a common centre as shown in the figure. Find the magnitude and direction of
the net magnetic field at the common centre of the two coils.

17. Two very small identical circular loops, (1) and (2), carrying equal currents I are placed vertically (with
respect to the plane of the paper)with their geometrical axes perpendicular to each other as shown in the
figure. Find the magnitude and direction of the net magnetic field produced at the point O.

18. Draw the magnetic field lines due to a current carrying circular loop.

19. Consider a tightly wound 100 turns coil of radius 10 cm carrying a current of 2A. What is the magnitude
of magnetic field at the centre of the coil ?

DAY 18
20. Two long straight parallel conductors carry steady current I1 and I2 separated by a distance d. If the
currents are flowing in the same direction, show how the magnetic field set up in one produces an
attractive force on the other. Obtain the expression for this force. Hence define one ampere.

21. A long straight wire of the circular cross –section of radius a carries a steady current I . The current is
uniformly distributed across the cross-section. Apply ampere’s circuital law to calculate the magnetic
field at a point r in the region for (i) r<a & (ii) r > a.

22. The figure shows three infinitely long straight parallel current carrying conductors.

Find the- (i) magnitude and direction of the net magnetic field at point A lying on conductor 1, (ii)
magnetic force on conductor 2.

23. Two long straight wires carrying currents of 2 A and 5 A in the same direction are kept parallel, 10 cm
apart from each other. Calculate the force acting between them and write its nature.

24. Use Ampere’s circuital to obtain the expression for the magnetic field inside a solenoid of length ‘l’,
cross-sectional area ‘A’ having ‘N’ closely wound turn and carrying a steady current ‘I’. Draw the
magnetic field lines of a finite solenoid carrying current I.

25. A solenoid of length 0.5 m has a radius of 1 cm and is made up of 500 turns. It carries a current of 5 A.
What is the magnitude of the magnetic field inside the solenoid?

26. A closely wound solenoid 80 cm long has 5 layers of windings of 400 turns each. The diameter of the
solenoid is 1.8 cm. If the current carried is 8.0 A, estimate the magnitude of B inside the solenoid near
its centre.

27. An observer to the left of a solenoid of N turns each of cross section area ‘A’ observes that a steady
current I in it flows in the clockwise direction. Depict the magnetic field lines due to the solenoid
specifying its polarity and show that it acts as a bar magnet of magnetic moment m = NIA.

28. State Ampere’s circuital law. Use this law to obtain the expression for the magnetic field inside an air
cored toroid of average radius ‘r’, having ‘n’ turns per unit length and carrying a steady current I.
 DAY 19

29. Deduce the expression for the torque experienced by a rectangular loop carrying a steady current I and
placed in uniform magnetic field B. Indicatethe direction of the torque acting on the loop.

30. A square coil of side 10 cm consists of 20 turns and carries a current of 12 A. The coil is suspended
vertically and the normal to the plane of the coil makes an angle of 30º with the direction of a uniform
horizontal magnetic field of magnitude 0.80 T. What is the magnitude of torque experienced by the coil?

31. (a) A current-carrying circular loop lies on a smooth horizontal plane. Can a uniform magnetic field be
set up in such a manner that the loop turns around itself (i.e., turns about the vertical axis).

(b) A current-carrying circular loop is located in a uniform external magnetic field. If the loop is free to
turn, what is its orientation of stable equilibrium? Show that in this orientation, the flux of the total field
(external field + field produced by the loop) is maximum.

(c) A loop of irregular shape carrying current is located in an external magnetic field. If the wire is
flexible, why does it change to a circular shape?

32. A 100 turn closely wound circular coil of radius 10 cm carries a current of 3.2 A. (a) What is the field at
the centre of the coil? (b) What is the magnetic moment of this coil? The coil is placed in a vertical
plane and is free to rotate about a horizontal axis which coincides with its diameter. A uniform magnetic
field of 2T in the horizontal direction exists such that initially the axis of the coil is in the direction of
the field. The coil rotates through an angle of 90° under the influence of the magnetic field. (c) What are
the magnitudes of the torques on the coil in the initial and final position?

33. Explain, using a labelled diagram, the principle and working of a moving coil galvanometer. What is the
function of (i) uniform radial magnetic field, (ii) soft iron core ? Define the terms (i) current sensitivity
and (ii) voltage sensitivity of a galvanometer. Why does increasing the current sensitivity not necessarily
increase voltage sensitivity ?

DAY 20

34. State the underlying principle of a moving coil galvanometer. (b) Give two reasons to explain why a
galvanometer cannot as such be used to measure the value of the current in a given circuit. (c) Define the
terms : (i) voltage sensitivity and (ii) current sensitivity of a galvanometer.

35. Describe the working principle of a moving coil galvanometer. Why is it necessary to use (i) a radial
magnetic field and (ii) a cylindrical soft iron core in a galvanometer ? Write the expression for current
sensitivity of the galvanometer. Can a galvanometer as such be used for measuring the current ? Explain.
36. An ammeter of resistance 0.6  can measure current up to 1.0 A. Calculate (i) The shunt resistance
required to enable the ammeter to measure current up to 5.0 A (ii) The combined resistance of the
ammeter and the shunt.

37. A galvanometer coil has a resistance of 12 Ω and the meter shows full scale deflection for a current of 3
mA. How will you convert the meter into a voltmeter of range 0 to 18 V?

38. A galvanometer coil has a resistance of 15 Ω and the meter shows full scale deflection for a current of 4
mA. How will you convert the meter into an ammeter of range 0 to 6 A?