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 C h a p t e r
6 GOVERNMENT
ACTIONS IN
MARKETS

Answers to the Review Quizzes

Page 130
1. What is a rent ceiling and what are its effects if it is set above the equilibrium rent?
A rent ceiling is a specific example of a price ceiling. A rent ceiling is a government imposed regulation
that makes it illegal to charge a rent higher than a specified level. If a rent ceiling is set above the
equilibrium rent, it has no effect because it does not make the equilibrium rent illegal.
2. What are the effects of a rent ceiling that is set below the equilibrium rent?
If the rent ceiling is set below the equilibrium rent, the quantity of housing units demanded by renters
exceeds the quantity supplied by landlords. Since landlords are not forced to supply more units than the
supply curve would indicate for the rent ceiling price, the quantity of housing units actually rented equals
the quantity supplied, rather than the quantity demanded. This causes a shortage in the rental housing
market.
3. How are scarce housing resources allocated when a rent ceiling is in place?
With an effective rent ceiling, some means for allocation of housing units (other than by price) becomes
necessary. Some housing is allocated by first-come, first-serve. Other housing is allocated by
discrimination. Black markets also develop, where housing units are allocated at a rent higher than the
regulated rent.
4. Why does a rent ceiling create an inefficient and unfair outcome in the housing market?
A rent ceiling creates inefficiency because at the quantity of apartments that are rented, the marginal social
benefit exceeds the marginal social cost. Rent ceilings are unfair under the “fair rules” approach because
rent ceilings prevent voluntary transactions. Rent ceilings are unfair under the “fair results” approach
because there is no assurance that apartments go to those with lower incomes. Indeed, rent ceilings lead to
discrimination, which is perhaps the antithesis to fairness.

Page 133
1. What is a minimum wage and what are its effects if it is set above the equilibrium wage?
A minimum wage is a price floor applied to the labor market. A minimum wage is a government imposed
regulation that makes it illegal to charge (or pay) a wage rate lower than a specified level. If the minimum
wage is set above the equilibrium wage, it creates a surplus of labor—unemployment—and decreases
workers’ and firms’ surplus.
2. What are the effects of a minimum wage set below the equilibrium wage?
If the minimum wage is set below the equilibrium wage, then the law has no impact on the labor market
equilibrium wage and quantity.
3. Explain how scarce jobs are allocated when a minimum wage is in place.
If a minimum wage is set above the equilibrium wage, the ability of the competitive market to allocate
resources is thwarted and other means must be used. Sometimes the method used is first-come, first-served
so that those who are first in line to apply for openings are given the jobs. Other times discrimination is
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
96 CHAPTER 6

used so that those from favored groups are allocated the jobs.
4. Explain why a minimum wage creates an inefficient allocation of labor resources.
A competitive labor market allowed to reach its equilibrium creates an efficient allocation of resources. At
the equilibrium, the amount of employment is such that the marginal social cost of labor to workers equals
the marginal social benefit from labor to firms. A minimum wage set above the equilibrium wage rate
creates a surplus of labor—the quantity of labor supplied exceeds the quantity of labor demanded. The
minimum wage reduces employment so that it is less than the efficient amount.
5. Explain why a minimum wage is unfair.
Workers who receive wage hikes and retain their jobs gain from the minimum wage but workers who lose
their jobs and workers who must extensively search for a job lose. Those who keep (or find) jobs are not
necessarily the least well off, so the minimum wage fails the fair results approach to fairness. And the
minimum wage also fails the fair rules approach to fairness because the minimum wage blocks voluntary
transactions that otherwise would occur.

Page 138
1. How does the elasticity of demand influence the incidence of a tax, the tax revenue, and the
deadweight loss?
The more elastic the demand for a given supply, the smaller the increase in the price paid by the buyers
and the greater the decrease in the price received by the sellers, which means that the incidence on buyers
is smaller. Additionally, the more elastic the demand, the smaller the quantity bought so the smaller the
tax revenue; and the larger the deadweight loss.
2. How does the elasticity of supply influence the incidence of a tax, the quantity bought, the tax
revenue, and the deadweight loss?
The more elastic the supply for a given demand the larger the increase in the price paid by the buyers and
the smaller the decrease in the price received by the sellers, which means that the incidence on buyers is
larger. Additionally, the more elastic the supply, the smaller the quantity bought so the smaller the tax
revenue and the larger the deadweight loss.
3. Why is a tax inefficient?
The imposition of a tax on a market causes a wedge to be driven between the price received by the seller
and the price paid by the buyer. This causes the marginal social benefit from the last unit sold to be higher
than its marginal social cost, and the market will under-produce the good or service being taxed. If more of
the good or service were produced, the marginal social benefit gained would be greater than the marginal
social cost incurred, and the net benefit to society would increase.
4. When would a tax be efficient?
A tax is efficient, that is, creates no deadweight loss, when demand is perfectly inelastic or supply is
perfectly inelastic. In both these cases a tax does not change the quantity produced and so creates no
deadweight loss.
5. What are the two principles of fairness that are applied to tax systems?
The two principles of fairness are the benefits principle and the ability-to-pay principle. The benefits
principle asserts that people should pay taxes equal to the benefits they receive from the government
provided services. The ability-to-pay principle asserts that people should pay taxes according to how easily
they can bear the burden of the tax.

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

 GOVERNMENT ACTIONS IN MARKETS 97

Page 141
1. Summarize the effects of a production quota on the market price and the quantity produced.
A production quota set below the equilibrium quantity raises the price and decreases the quantity.
2. Explain why a production quota is inefficient.
A production quota is inefficient because it decreases production. As a result the marginal social benefit of
the last unit produced exceeds the marginal cost. Because the marginal benefit exceeds the marginal social
cost, there is a deadweight loss.
3. Explain why a voluntary production quota is difficult to operate.
A voluntary quota is difficult to operate because a production quota results in a massive incentive to
“cheat” on the production quota by increasing production. A production quota decreases the quantity
produced. By decreasing the quantity produced, a production quota raises the price and reduces the
marginal social cost of the last unit produced. Because the price exceeds the marginal social cost, producers
have an incentive to increase their production (beyond the quota amount) to boost their profit.
4. Summarize the effects of a subsidy on the market price and the quantity produced.
A subsidy increases the price received by sellers, shifts the supply curve rightward, and places a wedge
between the marginal social benefit and marginal social cost of producing the good. The subsidy creates a
deadweight loss, a higher equilibrium quantity sold, over-production, and a lower price paid by the
consumers. The subsidy increases farm revenues to all farmers.
5. Explain why a subsidy is inefficient.
A subsidy creates inefficiency because a subsidy leads to a lower price and increased production. Marginal
social benefit equals the price and so the lower price signals that the marginal social benefit falls. And the
increased production means that the marginal social cost of production rises. So at the level of production
with a subsidy, the marginal social benefit is less than the marginal social cost and inefficiency is created.

Page 143
1. How does the imposition of a penalty for selling an illegal drug influence demand, supply,
price, and the quantity of the drug consumed?
If the penalty is levied on the seller, the penalty is added to the minimum price required for supplying the
good or service. The demand curve remains unchanged but the supply curve shifts leftward, so that the
vertical distance between the initial supply curve and the supply curve with the penalty equals the dollar
value of the penalty. In this case, the equilibrium price of the good rises and the equilibrium quantity
decreases.
2. How does the imposition of a penalty for possessing an illegal drug influence demand, supply,
price, and the quantity of the drug consumed?
If the penalty is levied on the buyer, the penalty is subtracted from the maximum willingness to pay for the
good. The supply curve remains unchanged and the demand curve shifts leftward, so that the vertical
distance between the initial demand curve and the demand curve with the penalty equals the dollar value
of the penalty. In this case, the equilibrium price of the good falls and the equilibrium quantity decreases.
3. How does the imposition of a penalty for selling or possessing an illegal drug influence
demand, supply, price, and the quantity of the drug consumed?
If buyers and sellers face penalties, both the demand and supply curves shift leftward. If the shift of the
supply curve is larger, the equilibrium price rises and quantity decreases; if the shift of the demand curve is
larger, the price falls and quantity decreases; if the shifts are the same magnitude, the price is unchanged
and the quantity decreases.

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

98 CHAPTER 6

4. Is there any case for legalizing drugs?

To reduce the consumption of drugs, they can be legalized and taxed. Legalizing and then taxing drugs has
the benefit of raising funds for the government that could be used to help educate people about the danger
of consuming drugs. However, if very high taxes are necessary to reduce the consumption of illegal drugs
to the level of use when they were banned, this will cause buyers and sellers to engage in unreported trade
in the black market and avoid the tax through tax evasion.

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

 GOVERNMENT ACTIONS IN MARKETS 99

Answers to the Study Plan Problems and Applications

Use Figure 6.1, which shows the market for rental
housing in Townsville, to work Problems 1 and 2.
1. a. What are the equilibrium rent and equilibrium
quantity of rental housing?
The equilibrium rent is $450 a month and the
equilibrium quantity is 20,000 housing units.
b. If a rent ceiling is set at $600 a month, what is
the quantity of housing rented and what is the
shortage of housing?
The quantity of housing rented is equal to 20,000
units. If the rent ceiling is set at $600 per month, it
is above the equilibrium rent and so is ineffective.
The rent stays at $450 per month and the quantity
rented remains at 20,000 housing units. There is no
shortage of housing units. Because the rent ceiling is
ineffective, the market remains at its equilibrium so
there is no shortage of housing units.
2. If a rent ceiling is set at $300 a month, what is
the quantity of housing rented, the shortage of housing, and the maximum price that someone
is willing to pay for the last unit of housing available?
The quantity rented is 10,000 housing units. The quantity of housing rented is equal to the quantity
supplied at the rent ceiling. The shortage of housing is 20,000 housing units. At the rent ceiling, the
quantity of housing demanded is 30,000, but the quantity supplied is 10,000, so there is a shortage of
20,000 housing units. The maximum price that someone is willing to pay for the 10,000th unit available
is $600 a month. The demand curve tells us the maximum price that someone is willing to pay for the
10,000th unit.
Use the following news clip to work Problems 3 to 6.
Capping Gasoline Prices
As gasoline prices rise, many people are calling for price caps, but price caps generate a distorted
reflection of reality, which leads buyers and suppliers to act in ways inconsistent with the price cap.
By masking reality, price caps only make matters worse.
Source: Pittsburgh Tribune-Review, September 12, 2005
Suppose that a price ceiling is set below the equilibrium price of gasoline.
3. How does the price cap influence the quantity of gasoline supplied and the quantity
demanded?
If the price ceiling is set below the equilibrium price, the quantity of gasoline supplied decreases and the
quantity of gasoline demand increases.
4. How does the price cap influence
a. The quantity of gasoline sold and the shortage or surplus of gasoline?
With the increase in the quantity demanded and the decrease in quantity supplied, a shortage of gasoline is
created. The quantity of gasoline sold decreases from the equilibrium quantity before the price ceiling to
equal the quantity supplied at the capped price.

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

100 CHAPTER 6

b. The maximum price that someone is willing to pay for the last gallon of gasoline available on
a black market?
The maximum price someone is willing to pay for the last gallon of gasoline available is determined by the
demand curve. The demand curve is upward sloping, so when the quantity of gasoline available decreases,
the maximum price that someone is willing to pay for the last gallon available increases.
5. Draw a graph to illustrate the effects of a price ceiling set below the equilibrium price in the
market for gasoline.
Figure 6.2 shows the effect of a price ceiling set
below the equilibrium price in the market for
gasoline. At the ceiling price there is a shortage
because the quantity of gasoline demanded, 100
million gallons per week in the figure, exceeds the
quantity of gasoline supplied, 98 million gallons per
week.
6. Explain the various ways in which a price ceiling
on gasoline that is set below the equilibrium
price would make buyers and sellers of gasoline
better off or worse off. What would happen to
total surplus and deadweight loss in this market?
A price ceiling set below the equilibrium price
benefits some consumers and harms others.
Consumers who are able to buy gasoline at the price
ceiling without too much search activity or have a
low cost of search are made better off. Consumers
who cannot buy, who must undertake extensive
search activity, or who have a high cost of search are made worse off. All producers of gasoline are made
worse off. The total surplus decreases and a deadweight loss is created.
Use the following data to work Problems 7 to 9.
The table gives the demand and supply schedules Quantity Quantity
of teenage labor. Wage rate demanded supplied
7. Calculate the equilibrium wage rate, the (dollars per hour) (hours per month)
number of hours worked, and the quantity 4 3,000 1,000
of unemployment. 5 2,500 1,500
The equilibrium wage rate is $6 an hour and 6 2,000 2,000
2,000 hours a month are worked. 7 1,500 2,500
Unemployment is zero. Everyone who wants 8 1,000 3,000
to work for $6 an hour is employed.
8. If a minimum wage for teenagers is set at $5 an hour, how many hours do they work and how
many hours of teenage labor are unemployed?
They work 2,000 hours a month. A minimum wage rate is the lowest wage rate that a teenager can be paid
for an hour of work. Because the equilibrium wage rate exceeds the minimum wage rate, the minimum
wage is ineffective. The wage rate will be $6 an hour and employment is 2,000 hours. There is no
unemployment. The wage rate rises to the equilibrium wage, the wage rate at which the quantity of labor
demanded equals the quantity of labor supplied. So there is no unemployment.

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

 GOVERNMENT ACTIONS IN MARKETS 101

9. If a minimum wage for teenagers is set at $7 an hour,

a. How many hours do teenagers work and how many hours are unemployed?
At $7 an hour, 1,500 hours a month are employed and 1,000 hours a month are unemployed. The
quantity of labor employed equals the quantity demanded at $7 an hour. Unemployment is equal to the
quantity of labor supplied at $7 an hour minus the quantity of labor demanded at $7 an hour. The
quantity supplied is 2,500 hours a month and the quantity demanded is 1,500 hours a month, so 1,000
hours a month are unemployed.
b. Demand for teenage labor increases by 500 hours a month. What is the wage rate paid to
teenagers and how many hours of teenage labor are unemployed?
The wage rate is $7 an hour, and unemployment is 500 hours a month. At the minimum wage of $7 an
hour, the quantity demanded is 2,000 hours a month and the quantity supplied is 2,500 hours a month so
500 hours a month are unemployed.
Use the following news clip to work Problems 10 to 12.
India Steps Up Pressure for Minimum Wage for Its Workers in the Gulf
Oil-rich countries in the [Persian] Gulf, already confronted by strong labor protests, are facing
renewed pressure from India to pay minimum wages for unskilled workers. With five million
immigrant workers in the region, India is trying to win better conditions for their citizens.
Source: International Herald Tribune, March 27, 2008
Suppose that the Gulf countries paid a minimum wage above the equilibrium wage to Indian
workers.
10. How would the market for labor be affected in the Gulf countries? Draw a supply and demand
graph to illustrate your answer.
Figure 6.3 shows the outcome in the Gulf countries’
labor markets. In the figure, without a minimum
wage the equilibrium wage rate is $3 per hour and
90 million hours of labor are employed. The
minimum wage decreases the quantity of labor
demanded, in the figure to 60 million hours of
labor, and increases the quantity of labor supplied,
in the figure to 150 million hours of labor. As a
result, unemployment increases to 90 million hours
in the figure.

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

102 CHAPTER 6

11. How would the market for labor be affected in India? Draw a supply and demand graph to
illustrate your answer. [Be careful: the minimum wage is in the Gulf countries, not in India.]
The effect on the labor market in India is
ambiguous. On the one hand workers in India who
learn about the higher wage rates in the Persian Gulf
countries might leave India to work at these jobs. In
this case, labor supply in India decreases and the
labor supply curve in India shifts leftward. On the
other hand Indian workers in the Gulf countries
who are unemployed might return to India to gain
employment. In this case, labor supply in India
increases and the labor supply curve in India shifts
rightward. Presuming the second effect dominates,
Figure 6.4 shows that the increase in the supply of
labor lowers the wage rate and increases
employment in India. (If the first effect dominated,
in India the wage rate would rise and employment
would increase.)
12. Would migrant Indian workers be better off or
worse off or unaffected by this minimum wage?
Some migrant Indian workers are better off—those
who retain their higher paying job or find a higher paying job without much search activity. Other
migrant Indian workers are worse off—those who are fired when the wage rate rises, those who cannot
find a job, and those who find a job but only after incurring much costly search activity.
13. The table gives the demand and supply
Price Quantity Quantity
schedules for chocolate brownies.
(cents per demanded supplied
a. If brownies are not taxed, what is the price brownie) (millions per day)
of a brownie and how many are bought? 50 5 3
With no tax on brownies, the price is 60 cents
60 4 4
a brownie and 4 million a day are bought.
70 3 5
b. If sellers are taxed 20¢ a brownie, what is 80 2 6
the price? How many are sold? Who pays 90 1 7
the tax?
The price paid by buyers, including the tax, is 70 cents a brownie, and 3 million brownies a day are
bought. The price received by sellers, excluding the tax, is 50 cents a brownie. Consumers and sellers each
pay 10 cents of the tax on a brownie.
c. If buyers are taxed 20¢ a brownie, what is the price? How many are bought? Who pays the
tax?
The price received by sellers, excluding the tax, is 50 cents a brownie, and 3 million brownies a day are
consumed. The price paid by buyers, including the tax, is 70 cents a brownie. Consumers and sellers each
pay 10 cents of the tax.

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

 GOVERNMENT ACTIONS IN MARKETS 103

14. Will Cuts on China’s Luxury Goods Tax Prevent Chinese from Buying Abroad?
Last year Chinese tourists bought almost two-thirds of luxury goods sold in Europe. If you
look at China’s luxury goods tax, it is easy to see why shopping overseas is so popular.
According to the Chinese Ministry of Commerce, prices for luxury goods in China are 45%
higher than in Hong Kong, 51% higher than the United States, and 72% higher than France.
Source: PRLog, March 21, 2012
a. Explain why it is “easy to see why shopping overseas is so popular” with wealthy Chinese
shoppers.
Shopping overseas is popular with wealthy Chinese because they pay a much lower price for luxury items
abroad rather than buying them in China. The law of demand implies that wealthy Chinese citizens will
purchase more of the luxury items abroad because the price is lower abroad.
b. Who pays most of the Chinese luxury tax: sellers or buyers? Explain your answer.
The demand for buying luxury goods in China has a good substitute, buying luxury goods abroad. This
substitute makes the demand for buying luxury goods in China more elastic, and thereby means that
Chinese sellers will pay most of the Chinese tax.
c. Explain how a cut in China’s luxury tax rate will change the quantity of luxury goods
purchased in China.
A cut in China’s luxury tax will lower the price of luxury goods in China and thereby increase the quantity
of luxury goods purchased in China.
15. How to Take a Gas Holiday
High fuel prices will probably keep Americans closer to home this summer, despite the gas-tax
“holiday” that would shave 18¢ off every gallon.
Time, May 19, 2008
Would the price of gasoline that consumers pay fall by 18¢ a gallon? How would consumer
surplus change? Explain your answers.
The price that consumers pay would not fall by the entire 18 cents. This result is simply the “flip” side of
the result that if an 18 cents per gallon tax is imposed, the price consumers pay does not rise by the entire
18.4 cents. The consumer surplus would increase. Consumers would pay a lower price and would buy a
greater quantity, both of which increase consumer surplus.
Use the following data to work Problems 16 and 17.
The demand and supply schedules for rice are in Price Quantity Quantity
the table. (dollars per demanded supplied
16. Calculate the price, the marginal cost of rice, box) (boxes per week)
and the quantity produced if the government 1.20 3,000 1,500
sets a production quota of 2,000 boxes a 1.30 2,750 2,000
week. 1.40 2,500 2,500
With a production quota of 2,000 boxes a week, 1.50 2,250 3,000
the price is $1.60 a box, the marginal cost $1.30 1.60 2,000 3,500
a box, and the quantity produced is 2,000 boxes
a week. The production quota decreases the quantity supplied to 2,000 boxes a week. The marginal cost of
producing 2,000 boxes of rice is given by the supply schedule and is $1.30 a box.
17. Calculate the price, the marginal cost of rice, and the quantity produced if the government
introduces a subsidy of $0.30 a box.
With a subsidy of $0.30 a box for rice, the price is $1.20 a box, the marginal cost $1.50 a box, and the
quantity produced is 3,000 boxes a week. The subsidy of $0.30 lowers the price at which each quantity in

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

104 CHAPTER 6

the table is supplied. For example, rice farmers will supply 3,000 boxes a week if the price is $1.50 minus
$0.30, which is $1.20. With a subsidy, the market equilibrium occurs at a price of $1.20 a box. At this
price, the quantity demanded is 3,000 boxes and the quantity supplied is 3,000 boxes. The marginal cost
of producing rice is given by the supply schedule and is $1.50 a box.
18. Figure 6.5 illustrates the market for a banned
substance. Calculate the market price and the
quantity consumed if a penalty of $20 a unit is
imposed on
a. Sellers only.
With a penalty of $20 a unit on sellers, the price is
$70 a unit and the quantity consumed is 100 units.
The $20 penalty on sellers decreases the supply. The
supply curve shifts leftward so that the vertical
distance between the initial supply curve and the
new supply curve is $20. In Figure 6.6, the supply
curve shifts to S1 and the demand curve remains D.
With this new supply curve, the equilibrium is at
point A in Figure 6.6, with an equilibrium price of
$70 a unit and an equilibrium quantity of 100
units.
b. Buyers only.
With a penalty of $20 a unit on buyers, the price is
$50 a unit and the quantity consumed is 100 units. The $20 penalty on buyers decreases the demand. The
demand curve shifts leftward so that the vertical
distance between the initial demand curve and the
new demand curve is $20. In Figure 6.6, the
demand curve shifts to D1 and the supply curve
remains S. With this new demand curve, the
equilibrium is at point B in Figure 6.6, with an
equilibrium price of $50 a unit and an equilibrium
quantity of 100 units.
c. Both sellers and buyers.
With a penalty of $20 a unit on sellers and on
buyers, the price is $60 a unit and the quantity
consumed is 90 units. The $20 penalty on sellers
decreases the supply. The supply curve shifts
leftward so that the vertical distance between the
initial supply curve and the new supply curve is
$20. The $20 penalty on buyers decreases the
demand. The demand curve shifts leftward so that
the vertical distance between the initial demand
curve and the new demand curve is $20. In Figure
6.6, the supply curve shifts to S1 and the demand curve shifts to D1. With these new supply and demands
curves, the equilibrium is at point C in Figure 6.6, with an equilibrium price of $60 a unit and an
equilibrium quantity of 90 units.

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

 GOVERNMENT ACTIONS IN MARKETS 105

Answers to Additional Problems and Applications

Use this news clip to work Problems 19 and 20.
Despite Protests, Rent Board Sets 7.25% Increase
New York’s Rent Guidelines Board voted for a rent increases of up to 7.25 percent over the next two
years on rent-stabilized apartments. A survey reported that last year costs for the owners of rent-
stabilized buildings rose by 7.8 percent. In addition there is growing concern about the ability of the
middle class to afford to live in New York City.
Source: The New York Times, June 28, 2006
19. a. If rents for rent-stabilized apartments do not increase, how do you think the market for
rental units in New York City will develop?
If the rents do not increase, there will be a persistent shortage of apartments. The quality of the available
apartments decreases even more over time as owners do not have an incentive to keep up the maintenance.
b. Are rent ceilings in New York City helpful to the middle class? Why or why not?
The rent ceilings are helpful to middle-class New Yorkers who already have a rent controlled apartment
because they pay lower rents than otherwise. Rent ceilings definitely are not helpful to middle-class New
Yorkers who are looking for an apartment.
20. a. Explain the effect of the increase in the rent ceiling on the quantity of rent-stabilized
apartments.
The increase in the rent ceiling increases the quantity of apartments supplied.
b. Why is rent stabilization a source of conflict between renters and owners of apartments?
Current renters of apartments are made better off by rent ceilings because these regulations keep rents at
lower levels than their equilibrium. Apartment owners are made worse off by rent ceilings for the exact
same reason: These regulations keep rents at lower levels than their equilibrium. So renters lobby to retain
rent stabilization regulations and apartment owners lobby to remove them.
Use the following news clip to work Problems 21 and 22.
Malaysia Passes Its First Minimum Wage Law
About 3.2 million low-income workers across Malaysia are expected to benefit from the country’s
first minimum wage, which the government says will
transform Malaysia into a high-income nation.
Employer groups argue that paying the minimum
wage, which is not based on productivity or
performance would raise their costs and reduce
business profits.
Source: The New York Times, May 1, 2012
21. On a graph of the market for low-skilled labor,
show the effect of the minimum wage on the
quantity of labor employed.
Figure 6.7 shows the effect in the labor market.
Before the hike in the minimum wage, the
equilibrium wage rate was 3 ringgits per hour and
equilibrium employment was 3.4 million workers.
After the imposition of the minimum wage,
assumed to 5.5 ringgits an hour, employment falls
to 3.2 million and unemployment equals 0.3
million workers (the difference between 3.5 million

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

106 CHAPTER 6

workers, the quantity of labor supplied at a wage rate of 5.5 ringgits an hour, and quantity of labor
demanded at the same wage rate.)
22. Explain the effects of the minimum wage on the workers’ surplus, the firms’ surplus, and the
efficiency of the market for low-skilled workers.
Taking account of the cost of job search, workers’ surplus decreases. Firms’ surplus also decreases because
they must pay a higher wage rate. The labor market becomes less efficient and a deadweight loss is created.
23. Use the news clip in Problem 21.
a. If the Malaysian government cut the tax on business profits, would it offset the effect of the
minimum wage on employment? Explain.
The tax cut on small businesses would offset some of the harm imposed on small businesses but it would
not offset much of the decrease in employment. The higher wage rate leads firms to decrease the quantity
of labor they demand. If a tax cut increases firms’ profitability and they respond by increasing their
production, then the demand for labor increases. This increase would offset some of the initial fall in
employment. But the offset likely would be small because the cut in taxes will be shared between the
businesses and the consumers.
b. Would a cut in the Social Security tax that small businesses pay offset the effect of the higher
minimum wage on employment? Explain.
A cut in the Social Security Tax imposed on small businesses could offset the effect the minimum wage
hike had on decreasing employment. If Social Security Taxes are cut, firms’ demand for labor would
increase which would result in an increase in employment. Of course the size of the offset would depend
on the size of the cut in the Social Security Tax and the elasticity of demand for labor and the elasticity
supply of labor. Because the supply of labor is probably quite inelastic, most of the benefit of the cut in
Social Security tax would be received by workers, which also makes the potential offset small.
24. The demand and supply schedules for tulips
are in the table. Price Quantity Quantity
a. If tulips are not taxed, what is the price and (dollars per demanded supplied
how many bunches are bought? bunch) (bunches per week)
The price is $14 per bunch and 80 bunches are 10 100 40
purchased. 12 90 60
b. If tulips are taxed $6 a bunch, what are the 14 80 80
price and quantity bought? Who pays the 16 70 100
tax? 18 60 120
If tulips are taxed $6 a bunch, consumers pay
$18 per bunch, suppliers receive $12 per bunch, and 60 bunches per week are bought. Of the $6 tax,
consumers pay $4 in the form of a higher price paid and suppliers pay $2 in the form of a lower price
received.
25. Cigarette Taxes, Black Markets, and Crime: Lessons from New York’s 50-Year Losing
Battle
New York City has the highest cigarette taxes in the country. During the four months
following the recent tax hike, sales of taxed cigarettes in the city fell by more than 50 percent
as consumers turned to the city's bustling black market. The thriving illegal market for
cigarettes has diverted billions of dollars from legitimate businesses and governments to
criminals.
Source: Cato Institute, February 6, 2003
a. How has the market for cigarettes in New York City responded to the high cigarette taxes?
Consumers (and some suppliers!) have turned to the black market. In the black market taxes are not
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
 GOVERNMENT ACTIONS IN MARKETS 107

collected so the price to consumers is significantly lower. So the tax decreases the quantity demanded in
the legal market and increases demand in the black market.
b. How does the emergence of a black market impact the elasticity of demand in a legal market?
The black market is a close substitute for the legal market, so the emergence of the black market increased
the price elasticity of demand in the legal market.
c. Why might an increase in the tax rate actually cause a decrease in the tax revenue?
If the demand is elastic, then the decrease in the equilibrium quantity from the tax is large enough so that
the government collects less tax revenue. More specifically, if the magnitude of the percentage decrease in
the quantity exceeds the percentage increase in the tax rate, then the tax revenue collected by the
government decreases.
Use the following to work problems 26 to 28.
Crop Prices Erode Farm Subsidy Program
High corn and soybean prices mean farmers are making the most money in their lives. The reason:
Grain prices are far too high to trigger payouts under the U.S. primary farm-subsidy program’s
“price support” formula. The market has done what Congress couldn’t do and that is “slash farm
subsidies.”
Source: The Wall Street Journal, July 25, 2011
26. a. Why are U.S. soybean farmers subsidized?
The federal government subsidizes soybean farmers because of extensive farm lobbying. The subsidies help
farmers avoid low prices and low incomes.
b. Explain how a subsidy paid to soybean farmers affects the price of soybean and the marginal
cost of producing it.
A subsidy increases the supply of soybeans. The increase in supply lowers the price of soybeans and
increases the quantity produced. With the increase in the quantity produced the marginal cost of growing
soybeans rises.
27. Show in a graph how a subsidy paid to soybean farmers affects the consumer surplus and the
producer surplus from soybean. Does the subsidy make the soybean market more efficient or
less efficient? Explain.
In Figure 6.8, with no subsidy, the equilibrium price
is $16 per bushel and 350 million bushels are
produced. The total surplus is the triangular area abc.
The upper half of the triangle is the consumer surplus
and the lower half is the producer surplus. With the
subsidy the price falls to $12 per bushel and the
equilibrium quantity rises to 370 million bushels.
There is a deadweight loss, equal to the area of the
grey triangle. The total surplus with the subsidy is the
initial total surplus minus the total deadweight loss (in
Figure 6.8, the two areas are the same size, so the total
surplus—the sum of the consumer surplus plus the
producer surplus—is $0.) With the subsidy, the
expanded level of production means that marginal
social cost exceeds marginal social benefit so the
subsidy makes the market less efficient.

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

108 CHAPTER 6

28. In the market for corn with a price support, explain why the corn price has risen and ended up
being too high to “trigger payouts.”
The price supports are paid (“triggered”) only when the equilibrium price of corn falls below the support
price. In this case, the government will buy corn and make payments to raise the price to the support
price. In the market for corn, demand has increased by more than supply, so the equilibrium price of corn
has increased, and it has increased above the support price. Because the equilibrium price of corn exceeds
the support price, it doesn’t “trigger payouts” to farmers.
29. The table gives the demand and supply
Price Quantity Quantity
schedules for an illegal drug.
(dollars per demanded supplied
a. If there are no penalties on buying or unit) (units per day)
selling the drug, what is the price and how
50 500 300
many units are consumed?
60 400 400
The price is $60 per unit and 400 units are
consumed.
70 300 500
80 200 600
b. If the penalty on sellers is $20 a unit, what
90 100 700
are the price and quantity consumed?
The price is $70 per unit and 300 units are consumed.
c. If the penalty on buyers is $20 a unit, what are the price and quantity consumed?
The price $50 per unit and 300 units are consumed.

Economics in the News

30. After you have studied Reading Between the Lines on pp. 144–145, answer the following
questions.
a. Suppose the New York minimum wage rate had been raised to $7.25 an hour in 2007 and the
demand for and supply of labor were as shown in Fig. 1 on p. 145. Describe the situation in
the Buffalo–Niagara region labor market.
The minimum wage equals the equilibrium wage rate. With this situation, the equilibrium wage rate
remains $7.25 and the equilibrium quantity of employment remains 117,000 workers.
b. How does Assembly Speaker Sheldon Silver want to change the New York minimum wage
law?
Mr. Silver wants to raise the minimum wage from $7.25 an hour to $8.50 an hour in 2013. Afterwards,
Mr. Silver wants to adjust the minimum wage so that it rises in line with inflation.
c. How would Mr. Silver’s proposal change the minimum wage in 2013 and 2014 and how
would you expect the labor market to be influenced by the changes you’ve described?
In 2013, Mr. Silver’s proposal would set the minimum wage above the equilibrium wage rate. The
quantity of labor demanded would decrease and the quantity of labor supplied would increase.
Employment would decrease and unemployment would increase. In 2014, the minimum wage would rise
in line with the inflation rate. The minimum wage would continue to exceed the equilibrium wage rate, so
the situation in the labor in 2014 market would be similar to that in 2013: Employment is less than
equilibrium employment and unemployment results.

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

 GOVERNMENT ACTIONS IN MARKETS 109

d. Draw a graph of the Buffalo–Niagara region labor market in 2014 to illustrate your answer
to part (c).
Figure 6.9 shows the labor market in 2014. The
equilibrium wage rate is $7.50 and the minimum
wage is $8.75. Because the minimum wage exceeds
the equilibrium wage rate, the wage rate in the
market equals the minimum wage, $8.75. At this
wage rate, the quantity of labor employed is 105,000.
There number of workers unemployed equals 15,000
(the quantity of labor supplied is 120,000 workers
and the number employed is 105,000).

31. Hollywood: Organized Crime Hits the Movies

The Mexican army seized 1,180 disc burners and 3.14 million copies of movies and TV shows
from 23 warehouses in a move to fight piracy that costs Hollywood about $590 million a year.
Source: Bloomberg Businessweek, April 7, 2011
Assume that the marginal cost of producing a DVD (legal or illegal) is a constant $3 and that
legal DVDs bear an additional marginal cost of $5 each in royalty payments to film studios.
a. Draw a graph of the market for counterfeit
DVDs, assuming that there are no effective
penalties on either buyers or sellers for breaking
the law.
Figure 6.10 shows the market for illegal DVDs. With
no penalties the supply curve is S and the demand
curve is D. In the figure, the equilibrium price is
$3.00 per DVD and the equilibrium quantity is 5
million DVDs.
b. How do the events reported in the news clip
change the market outcome? Show the effects in
your graph.
The seizure of the (approximately) 3 million discs
decreases (at least temporarily) the supply. In Figure
6.10, the supply curve shifts from S to SSeizure. The
price rises, in the market to $6 per disc, and the
quantity decreases, to 2 million discs.
c. With no penalty on buyers, if a penalty for breaking the law is imposed on sellers at more
than $5 a disc, how does the market work and what is the equilibrium price?
The marginal cost of producing illegal discs increases from $3.00 per disc to $3.00 per disc + penalty. The
supply curve shifts upward by the amount of the penalty so it becomes a horizontal line at a price higher
than $8. For instance, if a $6 penalty was imposed, the supply curve would shift upward by $6 from the

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

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 THE BANKS OF THE MEUSE, THE CATHEDRAL AND ST. CROIX BRIDGE.
Photographed from the Military Club in May, 1919.

Take on the left, the Rue du Puty and the Rue des Tanneries, then
the Minimes Bridge (also on the left), at the end of which is St.
Saviour’s Church.
 ST. SAVIOUR’S CHURCH.

The church is modern, having replaced the old Église des Minimes
in 1830. It contains, however, some interesting stained-glass
windows, while at the entrance is the tomb of the founder of the old
church, Bishop Bousnard, deceased in 1584.
 THE INTERIOR OF ST. SAVIOUR’S CHURCH.

Return by the Rue des Tanneries to the Rue du Puty, turn to the
left, reaching the Place Chevert on the right bank of the Meuse
(see photo, p. 37).
There is a fine view of the upper town, bishop’s palace and
cathedral from this square. The latter was begun in 1552, after the
Church of St. Croix had been pulled down. A statue of General
Chevert, by the sculptor of the pediment of the Madeleine in Paris
(Lemaire), has been erected on the site of this church. In December,
1916, this statue was removed to the underground vaults of the
Citadelle.
CHEVERT SQUARE AND STATUE OF GENERAL CHEVERT.
(Born at Verdun in 1695, General Chevert captured
Prague in 1741. After a heroic defence, he capitulated in
1743, with the honours of War.)
 THE MEUSE (SEEN FROM CHEVERT SQUARE, 1916).

On the other side of Chevert Square is the Rue de l’Hôtel-de-Ville,

which ends on the right at St. Croix Bridge. Follow it on the left as
far as the Hôtel-de-Ville (see Itinerary, p. 31).
 FAÇADE OF THE HÔTEL-DE-VILLE OVERLOOKING THE GARDENS. (May 1919)

Hôtel-de-Ville

As one of the lofty windows bears the date 1623, the popular
belief that the building was erected by the famous Governor Marillac
is unfounded. It is possible, however, that tradition, according to
which Marillac sheltered Marie de Médicis there, after her flight from
Paris, is founded on fact.
It is a fine structure in the Medicis style. The façade which
overlooks the garden resembles that of the Luxembourg in Paris in
some of its lines.
At the side of the Hôtel-de-Ville, at No. 19, is the house of M.
Clément.
 MAIN ENTRANCE (REBUILT) TO THE ABBEY OF ST. VANNE,
IN THE COURT OF NO. 19 RUE DE L’HÔTEL-DE-VILLE

A learned amateur, Monsieur Clément, who was killed during the

bombardments of 1916, had collected a considerable number of
fragments of the Abbey of St. Vanne and rebuilt the principal
doorway of the latter (see p. 52) in the courtyard of his house. The
famous door of the Capitulary Room, described and drawn by Viollet-
le-Duc, was of curious 13th-century design. The lintel of the
tympanum was ornamented with foliage, which is an interesting
peculiarity, as the sculptural decoration of the tympanums of doors
was very rare at that time in civil architecture.
 RUINS IN THE RUE MAZEL AND RUE DU ST. ESPRIT.

Return to the Place Chevert, cross the St. Croix Bridge, and go to
the Place d’Armes via the Place and Rue Mazel, whose houses are in
ruins.
 THE PRINCERIE IN 1916, RUE DE LA BELLE-VIERGE, NOS. 16 AND 18 (see p.40).

Turn to the left into the Rue St. Pierre. In the Place d’Armes take
the Rue de la Belle-Vierge as far as the Hôtel de la Princerie,
former residence of the “primicerius,” first archdeacon of the
Cathedral.
Rebuilt in 1525, it has been divided in recent times into two
houses, Nos. 16 and 18. While the façade of No. 18 was modern,
that of No. 16, with its window-gratings, retained its ancient aspect.
The courtyard was ornamented on two of its sides with two-storied
Renaissance galleries (hist. mon.). Although of 16th-century
construction, the decoration of this cloister was inspired by the
Middle Age or Transition Period (note the crocketted capitals of the
pillars and the bases of the latter).
 THE PRINCERIE CLOISTER (hist. mon.) BEFORE THE WAR.

The house was destroyed by the bombardments, and the cloister

is almost entirely in ruins.
 THE PRINCERIE CLOISTER IN 1916.

The street took its name from a statue of the Virgin on the
monumental entrance-gate of the deanery.
 AN OBSERVATION-POST IN MAGDELEINE SQUARE (1916).

Take the Rue de la Magdeleine on the left, beyond the deanery,

as far as the Place de la Magdeleine.
At No. 2 of this square is an early 16th-century house (sometimes
called the “Maison de Jules II.”), with a carved triangular pediment
supported by two pillars. Built after the decease of Pope Julius II., it
was probably erected on the site of the house where he lived while
still Cardinal Julian de la Rovère.
 At No. 19 of the square, cross the house in ruins to a kind of
garden-terrace at the back, built on the site of the old ramparts,
vestiges of which are still visible. Fine view of the ruins in the Rues
Mazel, Châtel and St. Esprit.
Take the Rues Châtel and Belle-Vierge to the Cathedral (see
Itinerary, p. 31).

RUINS IN THE RUE CHÂTEL, SEEN FROM THE CATHEDRAL (1916).

THE CATHEDRAL (hist. mon.)

The Cathedral of Verdun, like that of Angers, was one of the first
French churches to be dedicated to the Virgin. In the 7th or 8th
centuries its patronal festival was The Nativity, but this was changed
to The Assumption at the beginning of the 19th century.
It is an ancient edifice, but has often been restored and altered.
The original 5th-century church, which it replaced, was built on the
ruins of a Roman castrum, like those of Rheims, Metz and Trèves.
The Cathedral was consecrated in 1147 by Pope Eugenius III.,
assisted by eighteen cardinals and St. Bernard. The plans were
made by the Rhenish architect Garin, and, contrarily to French
practice, included two transepts and two apses. With its four similar
spires, two on each choir, it looked, according to a popular saying,
like a “bahut” (chest of drawers on legs), turned upside down.
The fire of 1755 caused important alterations to be made which,
without suppressing the main lines of the Cathedral, disfigured the
interior. These alterations explain the lack of harmony in the edifice.
The four Roman towers with spires disappeared after 1755. Only
the two western towers were replaced by the present large ones.
The Cathedral did not greatly suffer from the bombardment of
1916, during the German offensive, but that of April–May, 1917,
damaged it very seriously. The vaults were either pierced or brought
down, and the roof destroyed. Near the apsis a big shell tore open
the ground, bringing to light an unknown subterranean passage or
crypt.
 VERDUN SEEN FROM ONE OF THE CATHEDRAL TOWERS.

In the foreground: Roof of nave, east transept, and great choir

of Cathedral.
In the middle-ground: The Meuse; on the left, Chaussée Gate;
in the middle, Military Club.
In the background: Line of trees marking the ramparts; behind,
Belleville Village (on the left) and the Pavé Faubourg.
On the horizon: Belleville Hills.

The tourist, arriving at the Place de la Cathédrale, via the Rue de

la Belle-Vierge (see Itinerary, p. 31), finds himself in front of the
North Façade (photo below).
 THE CATHEDRAL.
In the middle: The towers around the old choir.
On the left: The North Front and Main Doorway.
On the right: Entrance to Margueritte College, leading
to the Bishop’s Palace and the Cloister (see pp. 49–51).

In the middle is the entrance portal; on the right, the Western

Transept and the Towers enclosing the remarkable, square-shaped
old Choir; on the left, the Eastern Transept and polygonal apsis of
the Great Choir (photo below).
In front of the Towers, on the right of this photograph, is the
entrance to Margueritte College, giving access to the Bishop’s Palace
and the Cloister (see pp. 49–51).
 The Entrance Portal
(North Front)

The Gable and Buttresses of the portal are 13th century. Its
secular ornamentation replaced, in the 18th century, Gothic statues,
which were destroyed as uncouth.
The portal is placed between two chapels; that on the right (16th
century) is called “The Chaplet,” on account of the chaplets carved
on the buttresses.

The Towers

The present bells weigh four and six tons respectively and date
from 1756. They were so cast as to have the same proportions and
tones as those of the St. Germain-des-Prés Church in Paris.

The Apse of the Great Choir

The basement is the remains of a Roman apse. The upper portion

dates from the end of the 14th century.
 APSIS OF THE GREAT CHOIR, SEEN FROM THE BANKS OF THE MEUSE (see
p. 34).

The bas-reliefs are Roman carvings, re-utilised in the Gothic

buttresses. From right to left they represent Adam and Eve; the
Annunciation (the Virgin and Angel are separated by a tree, whose
shape recalls the Tree of Life on the Chaldean cylinders reproduced
on the cloth-stuffs exported from Byzantium); Cain and Abel
(through an error in perspective, frequently to be found in Egyptian
art, the bust and trunk of the two patriarchs are shown in profile,
whilst the feet are facing frontwards); an unknown bishop.
 THE GREAT NAVE
In the background: The old choir and organ-loft (the organs had been removed).
In the foreground: The marble balustrade of the Great Choir protected by
sandbags

The Great Nave and two Choirs

The Great Nave was very seriously damaged by the

bombardments. Several bays of the vaulting fell in, leaving bare the
timber-work of the roof in ruins.
On entering the Cathedral by the Central Portal in the North Front
(see p. 43) the old Choir (photos, p. 44) is on the right, and the
Great Choir with ciborium (p. 45) on the left.
 THE GREAT NAVE BEFORE THE WAR
In the background: The Old Choir and the Great Organ.
In the foreground: The balustrade of the Great Choir
 THE GREAT NAVE SEEN FROM THE OLD CHOIR
In the background: The Great Choir and the Ciborium.
The ruined vaults have bared the damaged framework of the roof

The old square choir is intersected by the great organ, as at Albi.

The decoration of the Great Choir dates from 1760. The marble
balustrade (see p. 44) is a copy of that in the Jardin du Luxembourg,
Paris, and replaced the old lateral walls and rood-loft. The gilded
canopy, which is a transformation of the antique ciborium of the
Gallo-Roman churches, is supported by four twisted columns of grey
marble. It is a copy of that of St. Peter’s at Rome. Behind it are
eighty-six stalls in two superposed rows, and carved panelling (see
p. 46).

THE CIBORIUM
(The Ciborium was the canopy supported by columns which
covered the altars in the early Christian basilicas.)
 THE STALLS AND WOODWORK OF THE GREAT CHOIR

Stalls and Woodwork of the Great Choir.—Classed as an

historical monument in 1905, this Rococo-style woodwork by Lacour
of Toul is remarkable for its somewhat secular elegance and fine
finish. During the bombardment of Verdun in 1916–1918 it was
taken down and put in a place of safety.
 THE SHRINE OF ST. SAINTIN
Photographed with the woodwork of the Great Choir at the Exhibition
of the Evacuated Art Treasures held in Paris

St. Saintin’s Shrine.—This 14th-century shrine contains the

relics of the first bishop of Verdun, and is said to represent the
ancient church of the Premonstrants of St. Paul.
 The South Aisle and Holy Sacrament Chapel

The numerous collateral chapels are 14th, 15th and 16th century.
The most interesting is that of the Holy Sacrament. It was finished in
1402, and is Radial-Gothic in style.
In the neighbouring transept there was formerly a “puits” (well),
which offended Louis XIV. when he visited the Cathedral in 1687.
The Chapter had it filled up and covered with a stone, on which was
carved the letter “P.”
The Chapel of the Virgin contains an interesting mutilated
monument to Archdeacon Wassebourg, carved in the 16th century
to perpetuate the true image of Our Lady of Verdun seated and
crowned.
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