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In a heated debate in biogeography, the field is divided between dispersalists and vicariancists. ______ there are those
who argue that dispersal is the most crucial determining factor in a species’ distribution, and those who insist that
vicariance (separation due to geographic barriers) is. Biogeographer Isabel Sanmartín counts herself among neither.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

A. Furthermore,

B. By contrast,

C. Similarly,

D. That is,
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In 1815, while in exile in Jamaica, Venezuelan revolutionary Simón Bolívar penned a letter praising England’s republican
government and expressing hope that Latin American nations seeking independence from Spain might achieve
something similar. The letter was addressed to a local merchant, Henry Cullen; ______ though, Bolívar’s goal was to
persuade political leaders from England and Europe to support his cause.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

A. additionally,

B. ultimately,

C. accordingly,

D. consequently,
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While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
The Million Song Dataset (MSD) includes main audio features and descriptive tags for popular songs.
Audio features include acoustic traits such as loudness and pitch intervals.
Many algorithms use these audio features to predict a new song’s popularity.
These algorithms may fail to accurately identify main audio features of a song with varying acoustic traits.
Algorithms based on descriptive tags that describe fixed traits such as genre are more reliable predictors of song
popularity.

The student wants to explain a disadvantage of relying on audio features to predict a song’s popularity. Which choice
most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A. Many popularity-predicting algorithms are based on a song’s audio features, such as loudness and pitch intervals.

Algorithms based on audio features may misidentify the main features of a song with varying acoustic traits, making
B. such algorithms less reliable predictors of popularity than those based on fixed traits.

Audio features describe acoustic traits such as pitch intervals, which may vary within a song, whereas descriptive
C. tags describe fixed traits such as genre, which are reliable predictors of popularity.

D. The MSD’s descriptive tags are reliable predictors of a song’s popularity, as the traits they describe are fixed.
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In hindsight, given the ideas about the natural world circulating among British scientists in the 1800s, the theory of
natural selection was an obvious next step. It may not have been a coincidence, ______ that Charles Darwin and Alfred
Wallace arrived at the concept independently. Indeed, contrary to the popular myth of the lone genius, theirs is not the
first paradigm-shifting theory to have emerged from multiple scholars working in parallel.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

A. however,

B. then,

C. moreover,

D. for example,
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While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
Some powerful works of literature have so influenced readers that new legislation has been passed as a result.
The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano (1789) is the autobiography of a man who endured slavery
on both sides of the Atlantic.
Equiano’s book contributed to the passage of the Slave Trade Act of 1807.
The Jungle (1906) is a fictional work by Upton Sinclair that describes unsanitary conditions in US meatpacking
plants.
Sinclair’s book contributed to the passage of the Pure Food and Drug Act in 1906.

The student wants to emphasize a difference between the two books. Which choice most effectively uses relevant
information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

Although both are powerful works of literature that contributed to new legislation, Equiano’s book is an autobiography,
A. while Sinclair’s is fictional.

B. They may have written about different topics, but Equiano and Sinclair both influenced readers.

The 1807 Slave Trade Act resulted in part from a book by Equiano, while the 1906 Pure Food and Drug Act resulted in
C. part from a book by Sinclair.

The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano and The Jungle are two works of literature that contributed to
D. new legislation (concerning the slave trade and food safety, respectively).
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A turtle shell appears external to the animal, protecting its body like armor. ______ the shell is often incorrectly assumed
to be an exoskeleton, a rigid outer casing like that of a crustacean or an insect, when in fact it is an endoskeleton, a part
of the turtle’s internal bone structure, more akin to a spine or a pair of ribs.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

A. That being said,

B. However,

C. For instance,

D. Hence,
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While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
The fifth Solvay Conference on Physics was held in 1927.
It brought together twenty-nine of the era’s preeminent scientists to discuss the emerging field of quantum
theory.
The conference famously featured a debate between physicists Albert Einstein and Niels Bohr.
Bohr proposed that subatomic entities like electrons had only probable realities until they were observed.
Einstein argued that subatomic entities like electrons had a reality independent of observation.
Bohr’s position, later called the Copenhagen interpretation, remains the most widely accepted theory of quantum
mechanics.

The student wants to place Einstein’s argument within its historical context. Which choice most effectively uses relevant
information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

During the dawn of quantum theory, Einstein maintained the independent reality of some subatomic entities, although
A. Bohr’s opposing interpretation would become the widely accepted view.

At the 1927 Solvay Conference on Physics, Einstein disagreed with Bohr’s argument that subatomic entities like
B. electrons had a reality independent of observation.

The attendees of the 1927 Solvay Conference were among the preeminent scientists of their era, including Einstein,
C. who opposed Bohr’s proposal.

In 1927, Einstein and Bohr engaged in a famous debate; Bohr’s argument, later called the Copenhagen interpretation,
D. would remain popular decades after.
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While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
One of history’s greatest libraries was the House of Wisdom in Baghdad, Iraq.
It was founded in the eighth century with the goal of preserving all the world’s knowledge.
Scholars at the House of Wisdom collected ancient and contemporary texts from Greece, India, and elsewhere
and translated them into Arabic.
Writings included those of the Greek philosopher Aristotle and the Indian mathematician Aryabhata.
The House of Wisdom used Chinese papermaking technology to create paper versions to be studied and shared.

The student wants to explain how the House of Wisdom preserved the world’s knowledge. Which choice most effectively
uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

The House of Wisdom was known for bringing together knowledge from around the world, including from Greece,
A. India, and China.

B. Founded in Iraq in the eighth century, the House of Wisdom employed many scholars as translators.

Writings from the Greek philosopher Aristotle and the Indian mathematician Aryabhata were preserved at the House
C. of Wisdom.

The House of Wisdom collected writings from different countries and created paper versions in Arabic to be studied
D. and shared.
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While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
The ancient Arab dhow was a sailing vessel distinguishable by its triangular sails and stitched hull construction.
Dhows were used primarily for trade along the coasts of Arab, South Asian, and East African countries.
Contemporary shipbuilders in Oman use a mix of modern and traditional materials to build replicas of ancient
dhows.
Most of the materials used are traditional.
Replica hulls are stitched together using the same traditional coconut palm fiber rope used on the hulls of ancient
dhows.

The student wants to make a generalization about the materials used in dhow replicas. Which choice most effectively
uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A traditional material that was used to stitch together the hulls of ancient dhows, coconut palm fiber rope is still used
A. by shipbuilders.

B. The ancient Arab dhow was a sailing vessel used primarily for trade and distinguishable by its triangular sails.

C. Although most materials used in dhow replicas are traditional, some modern materials are used.

Contemporary shipbuilders in Oman build replicas of the dhow, which was an ancient sailing vessel with a stitched
D. hull construction.
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Ugandan American professor Peter Nazareth believed that Elvis Presley’s music is best understood not as a
homogeneous collection but as an anthology (because Elvis showcased the contributions of a wide range of gospel,
blues, and rock artists). ______ Nazareth entitled his college course on Elvis and his music, which focused on Elvis’s many
musical influences, “Elvis as Anthology.”

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

A. To that end,

B. In sum,

C. That is,

D. In addition,