VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

“Jnana Sangama”, Belagavi - 590018

Project Report on
Early Detection of Flood Monitoring and Alerting
System to Save Human Lives
Submitted in partial fulfilment for the award of degree of
Bachelor of Engineering
By
AFREEN TAJ 1VE16EC003
AKSHATA B M 1VE16EC009
SWATHI L R 1VE16EC103
YASHASWINI G R 1VE16EC114

Under the Guidance

of

Dr. SHIVASHANKAR
Professor and Head, Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering,
SVCE, Bengaluru

Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering

Sri Venkateshwara College of Engineering
Bengaluru – 562 157
2019 – 2020
 Sri Venkateshwara College of Engineering,
Bengaluru-562157
Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering

Certificate
Certified that the project work entitled “EARLY DETECTION OF FLOOD
MONITORING AND ALERTING SYSTEM TO SAVE HUMAN LIVES” was carried
out by Ms. Afreen Taj (1VE16EC003), Ms. Akshata B M (1VE16EC009), Ms. Swathi L

R(1VE16EC103), Ms. Yashaswini G R (1VE16EC114), who are bonafide student of 8th

Semester Electronics and Communication Engineering, Sri Venkateshwara College of
Engineering. This is in partial fulfillment for the award of Bachelor of Engineering in
Electronics and Communication of the Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi,
during the year 2019-20. It is certified that all corrections/suggestions indicated for Internal
Assessment have been incorporated in the report. The project report has been approved as it
satisfies the academic requirements in the respect of project work prescribed for the said
degree.

Dr. Shivashankar Dr. Shivashankar Dr. Suresha

Prof. & Head Prof. & Head Principal
Dept. of E&CE, SVCE Dept. of E&CE, SVCE SVCE, Bengaluru

EXTERNAL EXAMINERS

Name of the Examiners Signature with date

1.

2.
 Sri Venkateshwara College of Engineering,
Bengaluru-562157
Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering

DECLARATION
We Afreen Taj, Akshata B M, Swathi L R and Yashaswini G R, the students of
final semester B.E in Electronics & Communication Engineering, Sri Venkateshwara College
of Engineering, Bengaluru, hereby declare that the dissertation work entitled “EARLY
DETECTION OF FLOOD MONITORING AND ALERTING SYSTEM TO SAVE
HUMAN LIVES” has been carried out under the supervision of Dr.Shivashankar, Professor
and Head, Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering of Sri Venkateshwara
College of Engineering, Bengaluru, for the partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award
of the degree of Bachelor of Engineering in Electronics & Communication Engineering by
Visveswaraya Technological University, Belgaum during the academic year 2019-2020.
Further, the matter embodied in the dissertation has not been submitted previously by anybody
for the award of any degree or diploma to any other university.

Ms. AFREEN TAJ

Place: Ms. AKSHATA B M
Date: Ms. SWATHI L R
Ms. YASHASWINI G R

i
 ABSTRACT
The climate changes have an adverse effect on certain factors of nature like temperature,
humidity, rainfall etc. Also, because of convective activity, there is more rainfall in certain
areas during monsoon seasons which might flood the areas near rivers or dam. Another reason
for flood is cyclone. While cyclones appear to be natural calamities, they are in essence
required by nature to maintain the balance of temperature. It is when the oceans become warm
that cyclones form to cool them down. Our activities which are distorting the balance of nature,
we can expect more inclement weather, stronger storms to form. Climate change is real and
must seriously paid attention to. In the end, it is all about balance and our relationship with
nature. This paper deals with proactive measures taken to not be affected by flood and hence
give precaution to common man. Updates about the current weather and different parameters
that are related to water is continuously monitored. This paper also incorporates
communication of the information collected effectively by using ESP32 microcontroller, GSM
and IoT (Blynk).

ii
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The satisfaction that accompanies successful completion of any task would be in

complete without mentioning the people, who made it possible, whose constant guidance and
encouragement helped our efforts grow into success. We take this opportunity to express our
deepest gratitude and appreciation to all those who have helped us directly towards our success.
We are thankful to the management of this great institution for giving us the privilege of
studying in this college and of carrying out this project.

We are extremely grateful to Dr. SURESHA, Principal, Sri Venkateshwara College of

Engineering, Bengaluru, for providing all the needed infrastructure and help throughout the
course.
We are grateful to Dr. SHIVASHANKAR, Professor and Head, Departmemt of
Electronics and Communication Engineering, Sri Venkateshwara College of Engineering,
Bengaluru for providing the right ambience and environment for carrying out this work.
We consider it a privilege to express our heartfelt and sincere gratitude to Dr.
SHIVASHANKAR, Professor and Head, Department of Electronics and Communication
Engineering, Sri Venkateshwara College of Engineering, Bengaluru for being our guide, for
his integral and incessant support offered throughout the course and being the constant source
of inspiration.
Our deepest thankfulness goes to our Project Coordinator, Dr. POORNIMA G R and
Prof. AVINASH J L, Department of Electronics & Communication, Sri Venkateshwara
College of Engineering, Bengaluru. We do consider ourselves privileged to have the
opportunity to work under their guidance.

Ms. AFREEN TAJ

Ms. AKSHATA B M
Ms. SWATHI L R
Ms. YASHASWINI G R

iii
 CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE NO
DECLARATION i
ABSTRACT ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iii
LIST OF CHAPTERS iv
LIST OF FIGURES vi
LIST OF TABLES vii
ABBREVIATIONS viii

LIST OF CHAPTERS
CHAPTER NO CHAPTER NAME PAGE NO

1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Overview 2
1.2 Motivation and impact on the society 9
1.3 Aim 10
1.4 Objectives 11
1.5 Outline of the report 11
1.6 Chapter Summary 12

2 LITERATURE SURVEY 13
2.1 Scope of the literature 13
2.2 Sensors utilized 13
2.3 Communication 15
2.4 Dam Structure 17
2.5 Weather Forecasting 19
2.6 Chapter Summary 21

3 METHODOLOGY 22
3.1 Block diagram of the working model 22
3.2 Flowchart of the working model 23
3.3 Calculation of the water level 25
3.4 Calculation of the flowchart 25
3.5 Algorithm 26
3.6 Chapter Summary 27

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4 HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE COMPONENTS 28
4.1 Hardware components 28
4.1.1 ESP32 Microcontroller 28
4.1.2 Ultrasonic Sensor 30
4.1.3 Water flow Sensor 31
4.1.4 Rain Sensor 33
4.1.5 GSM Modem 34
4.1.6 Buzzer 34
4.1.7 LCD Display 35
4.2 Software Components 36
4.2.1 Arduino IDE 36
4.2.2 Embedded C 37
4.2.3 Blynk 37
4.3 Chapter Summary 38

5 RESULTS 39
5.1 Display of water level, flow and rain rate 40
5.2 Notification received in Blynk application 42
5.3 Notification from GSM modem 43
5.4 Analysis of weather parameters 44
5.5 Parameter analysis 46
5.6 Chapter Summary 48

6 APPLICATIONS, ADVANTAGES AND FUTURE SCOPE 49

6.1 Application 49
6.2 Advantages 50
6.3 Disadvantages 50
6.4 Future Scope 51
6.5 Chapter Summary 51

CONCLUSION 52

REFERENCES 53

v
 LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE NO. FIGURE NAME PAGE NO.
1.1 Types of floods 4
3.1 Block diagram of the proposed work 23
3.2 Flowchart for the proposed work 24
3.3 Distance measurement using ultrasonic sensor 25
4.1 Esp32 Microcontroller 29
4.2 Ultrasonic Sensor 30
4.3 Water flow Sensor 32
4.4 Rain Sensor 33
4.5 GSM Modem 34
4.6 Buzzer 35
4.7 LCD Display 35
5.1 Working Model 40
5.2 LCD displaying sensor data 41
5.3 Output for the tabulated condition 42
5.4 Emergency alert through Blynk 43
5.5 SMS alert using GSM modem 44
5.6 Weather forecast data 45
5.7 Water flowrate measurements 46
5.8 Water level measurements 46

vi
 LIST OF TABLES
TABLE NO. TABLE NAME PAGE NO.
1.1 List of floods occurred in 20th Century 5
1.2 List of floods occurred in 21st Century 5
5.1 The expected output for various conditions 41
5.2 Humidity, Weather and Temperature data 45
5.3 Performance and analysis of the system 47

vii
 ABBREVATIONS
IoT : Internet of things

Node MCU : Node micro-control unit

GSM : Global system for mobile communication

API : Application program interface

FLoWS : Flood detection and warning system

SMS : Short message service

MMS : Multimedia messaging service

WSN : Wireless Sensor Networks

GPRS : General Packet Radio Service

GIS : Geographic Information System

LCD : Liquid Crystal Display

CSS : Cascading Style Sheet

URL : Uniform Resource Locator

EWARNS : Early Warning and Risk Navigation Systems

HTTP : Hyper Text Transfer Protocol

ANN : Artificial Neural Network

ANFIS : Adaptive Network-Based Fuzzy Inference System

USB : Universal Serial Bus

LED : Light Emitting Diode

Wi-Fi : Wireless Fidelity

SoC : System on Chip

I2C : Inter Integrated Circuit

IDE : Integrated Development Environment

viii
Early Detection of Flood Monitoring and Alerting System to save human lives.

Chapter-1
INTRODUCTION
Nature is analogous to a person with split personality; at its best it is beautiful and
mesmerizing but at its worst, can be disastrous and catastrophic. A natural disaster is the major
bad event caused by the natural processes of the Earth, consisting of floods, hurricanes,
tornadoes, volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, tsunamis and other geologic processes. A natural
disaster causes loss of life or property damage, and leaves some economic damage afterwards
costing millions. And often human activities make causes of natural disasters, such as climate
change and deforestation. It is the damage to humans and their property which counts the most.
One can say: “Disasters occur when hazardous meet vulnerability.”

There are many types of natural disasters that strike different parts of the Earth and cause
extensive damage to life, property and economic health in the affected areas.

The types of deadliest natural disasters are:

1. Hurricane A hurricane (also called tropical cyclone or typhoon) is a giant, spiralling

tropical storm characterized by a low-pressure centre and a spiral arrangement of
thunderstorms that produce heavy rain and strong winds. Wind speeds in a hurricane
can reach up to 300km/hr in very severe occurrences and can cause over 9 trillion litres
of rainfall per day. Hurricanes cause far greater damage to coastal regions and typically
weaken over land. The deadliest hurricane on record is probably the Bhola cyclone in
1970, which struck the Ganges delta in Bangladesh and killed more than 300,000
people.

2. Drought A drought is a continuous or extended period of dry spell caused by lack of

rainfall and other forms of precipitation. Depending on severity, droughts can last up to
a month or several years and have an adverse impact on ecosystem, agriculture and
economy of the affected areas. A drought can result in prolonged shortages in water
supply and loss in water quality , loss of biodiversity and agricultural output, creation
of deserts, famines and malnutrition, increased pollution levels and diseases as well as
mass migration and displacement of human and animal life. One of the worst natural
drought was in China, which began in 1875 and lasted until 1879, when the rains finally
returned.

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Early Detection of Flood Monitoring and Alerting System to save human lives.

3. Volcanic Eruption Volcanic eruption is a natural event in which lava, Ash and many
gases are expelled from a volcanic vent. There are many different types of eruptions
but in terms of activity, can be categorized as either explosive or effusive. Explosive
eruptions are primarily gas-driven explosions that propel magma and fragmented lava.
Effusive eruptions, however, involve outpouring of lava as thick, sticky liquid without
a significant eruption. One of the most powerful volcanic eruptions was the eruption of
Mount Tambura in Indonesia in 1815.

4. Flood A flood is an overflow of water from lakes, rivers or oceans that submerges
nearby land. Floods are of various types such as over-bank or Riverine(caused by
overflowing of rivers), Flash floods(caused by rapid rise of fast moving water in a very
short time frame), Coastal flooding(often caused by thunderstorms, hurricanes and
tsunamis) and Catastrophic floods(caused by engineering or infrastructural failures
such as collapse of a dam). Floods can take on severe levels and cause massive
destruction of life, property and economy of the affected area. One of the deadliest
occurrences of floods was the 1931 China floods on the Huang He, Yangtze and Huia
rivers due to Thawing after heavy snowstorms and heavy rains. It resulted in about 3.7-
4 million human deaths from drowning, starvation and water-borne diseases. It is also
a deadliest natural disaster known in terms of loss of life.

1.1 OVERVIEW

Flood occurs when water overflows from the river, lake or from heavy rainfall and it can
happen at any time of the year. Flooding can be very dangerous, when floods happen in an area
that people live, the water carries along objects like houses, cars, furniture and even people. It
can wipe away property, trees and many more heavy items. Disaster management aspires to
alleviate the possible damage as of the disasters, make certain instant and appropriate aid to the
victims, and achieve effectual and also rapid recovery. The chief characteristics of natural
disasters are randomness, availability of partial resources In impacted regions, and also
dynamic changes in the surroundings. Unpredictability entails that strict impacts on populace
and property amid natural disasters cannot envisage with satisfactory accuracy. In addition, the
upshots of disasters are considerably worse when they happen in urban places on account of
the casualties and degree of the damage to goods as well as property that is caused.

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Early Detection of Flood Monitoring and Alerting System to save human lives.

There are mainly four types of floods:

1) Fluvial floods (river floods)
A fluvial, or river flood, occurs when the water level in a river, lake or stream rises
and overflows onto the surrounding banks, shores and neighboring land. The water
level rise could be due to excessive rain or snowmelt. The severity of a river flood is
determined by the duration and intensity of rainfall, i.e. the amount (volume) of rainfall
in an area. Other factors include soil water content due to previous rainfall, and the
terrain surrounding the river system. To determine the probability of river flooding,
models consider past precipitation, forecasted precipitation, current river levels, and
well as soil and terrain conditions.

2) Pluvial floods (surface water floods)

A pluvial, or surface water flood, occurs when heavy rainfall creates a flood
independent of an overflowing water body. A common misconception about flood is
that you must be located near a body of water to be at risk.
There are two common causes of pluvial flooding:
a) Intense rain saturates an urban drainage system. The system becomes
overwhelmed and water flows out into streets and nearby structures.
b) Run-off or flowing water from rain falling on elevated terrain, e.g. hillsides,
that are unable to absorb the water. Hillsides with recent forest fires are
notorious sources of pluvial floods, as are areas where the natural ground has
been paved.

3) Flash flood
Flash floods are caused by extreme rainfall events or the sudden release of water
over a short period of time. They occur within minutes to hours after a heavy rain event,
and produce raging torrents of water that move with great speed. Flash floods are caused
by extreme rainfall events or the sudden release of water over a short period of time.
They occur within minutes to hours after a heavy rain event, and produce raging torrents
of water that move with great speed. Flash floods are very dangerous and destructive
not only because of the force of the water, but also the hurtling debris that is often swept
up in the flow.

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Early Detection of Flood Monitoring and Alerting System to save human lives.

4) Coastal flood (storm surge)

Coastal flooding is the inundation of land areas along the coast by seawater.
Common causes of coastal flooding are high tide, tsunamis and storm surge. The
severity of a coastal flood is determined by several factors, including the strength, size,
speed, and direction of the windstorm. The onshore and offshore topography also plays
an important role. To determine the probability and magnitude of a storm surge, coastal
flood models consider this information in addition to data from historical storms that
have affected the area.

Figure 1.1: Types of floods

It is the common natural disasters which can happen in any city. Climate change due to
global warming has caused an increase in unpredictability of weather patterns in the world
today. It has brought tremendous impact on the high mountainous glaciers resulting in large
discharge of water. Global warming has caused rise of sea levels due to melting of snow and
ice and with an ever-increasing regularity of flood damage, a definite need has emerged for an
early warning system for people in the regions deemed to be 'at high risk' from flooding.

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Early Detection of Flood Monitoring and Alerting System to save human lives.

Table 1.1: List of floods occurred in 20th Century

EVENT DATE EVENT NAME
(2OTH CENTURY)
October 1943, Chennai saw the worst flood to hit the city. Flood occurred due to
excessive rains that lasted for 6 days and overflowed Coovum and
the Adyar rivers.
11 August 1979 The Machchu-2 dam situated on the Machchhu River burst, thus
flooding the town of Morbi in the Rajkot district of Gujarat. It is
estimated between 1800 and 2500 people.
1987 Bihar state of India witnessed one of its worst floods till then.
Flood occurred due to overflow of the Koshi river; which claimed
lives of 1,399 humans, 302 animals and public property worth
INR ₹68 billion (US$950 million).
1988 Punjab experienced its first flood when all the rivers in Punjab
overflowed.
July 1993 Flash floods killed 530 people across the seven to eight states of
India.

Table 1.2: List of floods occurred in 21st century

EVENT DATE EVENT NAME
(21ST CENTURY)
26 July 2005 Heavy rains across the state of Maharashtra, The day is still
remembered as the day Mumbai came to a standstill, as the city faced
worst ever rain.
June 2013 North Indian floods: Heavy rain due to a burst of a cloud caused
severe floods and landslides on the North Indian states,
mainly Uttarakhand and nearby states. More than 5,700 people were
presumed dead

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Early Detection of Flood Monitoring and Alerting System to save human lives.

EVENT DATE EVENT NAME

(21ST CENTURY)
June 2015 Gujarat flood: Heavy rain in June 2015 resulted in widespread flood
in Saurashtra region of Gujarat resulting in more than 70 deaths. The
wild life of Gir Forest National Park and adjoining area was also
affected
July 2015 Gujarat flood: Heavy rain in July 2015 resulted in widespread flood in
north Gujarat resulting in more than 70 deaths.
2015 South Indian floods: Heavy rain in Nov-Dec 2015 resulted in flooding
of Adyar, Cooum rivers in Chennai, Tamil Nadu resulting in financial
loss and human lives
2016 Assam floods: Heavy rains in July–August resulted in floods affecting
1.8 million people and flooding the Kaziranga National Park killing
around 200 wild animals
2017 Gujarat flood: Following heavy rain in July 2017, Gujarat state of India
was affected by the severe flood resulting in more than 200 deaths
August 2018 Kerala Flood: Following high rain in late August 2018 and
heavy Monsoon rainfall from August 8, 2018, severe flooding affected
the Indian state of Kerala resulting over 445 deaths.
August 2019 Following high rain in late July and early August 2019, series of floods
that affected over nine states in India. The states
of Kerala, MadhyaPradesh, Karnataka, Maharashtra and Gujarat were
the most severely affected.

Natural disasters happen everywhere in the world, and they can be completely disturbing
the human life and the economy of the country. Economy and growth of any country depend
upon the agriculture proper alert forecasting makes the farmer to protect the crop from flooding.
The system is much advantaged for protecting the lives of people and animals. India is among
the top 10 in the world’s most food-threatened country. There are many effects of floods where
the material, human, economic and social losses are considered as some of the main effects of
floods. Heavy rains are also one of the major aspects for the causes of flash floods.

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Early Detection of Flood Monitoring and Alerting System to save human lives.

In order to reduce the human and economic losses there are some necessary steps to be
followed. One of the most and the preliminary step is to alert the people before the occurrence
of the disaster. There are some places with early flood alert systems but most of them are not
most efficient as they can usually send the information to only some respective organizations
with limiting distances. High level of damage to properties and loss of lives are the underlying
factor in the development of such an early warning system.

So, in case of floods it is taking more time for passing the message to the people living in
the nearby areas so that the people could not save most of their belongings as water rises rapidly
within less time. Usually, the flooding cannot be abandoned but the early detections can be
made i.e., early alerting system with help of continuous monitoring can be used to reduce the
losses faced by the society.

The author [1], created flood level sensing device using ultrasonic sensor which is
attached to Node MCU controller to process the sensor’s analog signal into a usable digital
value of distance. The user can get real time information on monitoring flooded roads over
SMS based service. Flood height is determined by subtracting the sensor’s height with respect
to the floor minus the sensed distance between the sensor and the flood water. Updates on the
height of the water level will be texted to the rescue team (Local Government Unit) and to the
residents and locals can also view level of the flood in the interface of the system. The level of
the flood will be divided into four. The flood sensor and microcontroller will be powered by a
solar power for the benefit of continuous operation of water flood height detection and network
data transmission. The Arduino Flood Detector System is developed to be one of the fastest
methods to monitor flood that will help motorists or road user to avoid problem when flood
occurred. Since solar power is not available all time, so in our project we are using a battery
for power supply to overcome this problem.

According to author [2], The system is much advantaged for protecting the lives of
people and animals. The proposed model is very much utilized for monitoring of the water
level, flow variations in rivers and the same can be used for measuring of the water level at
Dam/ Reservoirs. The measured values are regularly updated on the web server which is very
much useful to send flood alerts to consistent authority and people for faster action. The project
mainly constitutes a wireless sensor node which called as a mote and the motes are placed
along the river beds to monitor water condition. Each Node is connected with a GSM module.
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Early Detection of Flood Monitoring and Alerting System to save human lives.

The measured parameters are processed by the Raspberry pi3. The processed information
transmitted from corresponding node to alert management system using GPRS. Google spread
sheet Application program interface (API) created and this API is used as a data logger. The
google spread sheet is mapped to free analytics software which will be called as the alert
management system. The alert management System can be used to observe, record and send a
message to the people before disaster knockouts.

From the author view [3], The proposed design of the system uses Internet of Things to
monitor these conditions near the dam with the help of MEMS. Level, Temperature and
Humidity sensor. With the help of these sensors and microcontroller, the data is processed to
the database. From the database, the data is checked in the webpages and alert the surrounding
villages and living areas. Internet of Things senses the readings from the sensor and control
and monitors the data with the help of network. They mainly concentrating on IoT as alerting
system, if network is not available there is no alternative route to alert the people. To overcome
this problem in our project we are using GSM modem to send normal message when network
is not much available.

The author [4], Fluid level monitoring and managing system refers to the smart
connectivity of the water to the tanks, bore wells, dams, lakes, and other water sources. It also
refers to the remotely monitoring the applications of the water sources and performing through
it. Which will be the Fluid control management system will provide a great satisfaction for the
physically challenged people. It will provide a great assistant for them. There have been a great
and several researches and developments are going on the fluid level control and management
system. Water level control and management system refers to main two components, the first
part is android application which we give a great sufficient need for the people needs. Second
part is Arduino, this will play a very important role of the IOT system. It is the main part of the
whole implementation and give a sufficient and relevant output. To develop a system which
would be very useful for all the persons needs in doing works on their own without seeking
anyone’s help. There was no clear picture of alerting system. From which mode they are using,
to monitor and alert the people in advance.

In this paper the author [5], the Flood Detection and Warning System (FLoWS) is
proposed in helping to monitor and manage this critical situation by providing crucial
information (i.e. flood conditions, plan and preparation, and many others) to the public and the
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Early Detection of Flood Monitoring and Alerting System to save human lives.

local authorities at the affected area. The system is able to measure the water level and alert the
public and the local authorities by sending a notification (i.e. SMS and MMS) regarding the
flood conditions. Furthermore, the system enables the public and the local authorities to see the
live graph data of the water level using the Android application on the mobile phone. These
methods are inefficient as the usage of the system is limited to certain area and region only as
crucial information regarding floods only reach to the public certain area and region.

The author [6], demonstrates the design process, implementation and experimental
verification of an SMS based Flood Monitoring and Early Warning system. With tools such as
credit top-up and storing contact numbers will be done via SMS. Updates on the height of the
water level would be texted upon users’ request. The system provides timely information and
alerts at-risk or threatened populace and relevant authorities by means of SMS when the level
of water surpasses the user defined threshold value. The Global System for Mobile
Communications (GSM) module is used for sending the mobile text messages while the
Arduino Uno microprocessor is used to read in the input from the pressure sensor and then
calculate the height of water. This simple yet effective warning system is deemed to be one of
the fastest and cost-effective method of alerting the relevant authorities and the vulnerable
residence. In this paper they are mainly concentrating on sending SMS through GSM modem
and no such alternative are mentioned. Only when it exceeds the threshold then only the alerting
message would come to registered mobile number. We designed a model from which it keeps
on updating the weather condition, water level and flowrate. When it exceeds then we get an
alert notification.

1.2 MOTIVATION AND IMPACT ON THE SOCIETY

The recent floods caused considerable damage to animal life, infrastructure and the
environment. While some areas are more prone to flooding than others, the establishment of
flood warning systems near any major waterway or body of water provides critical information
that can protect property and save lives. Floods impact on both individuals and communities,
and have social, economic, and environmental consequences. The consequences of floods, both
negative and positive, vary greatly depending on the location and extent of flooding, and the
vulnerability and value of the natural and constructed environments they affect.

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Early Detection of Flood Monitoring and Alerting System to save human lives.

As most people are well aware, the immediate impacts of flooding include loss of human
life, damage to property, destruction of crops, loss of livestock, and deterioration of health
conditions owing to waterborne diseases. As communication links and infrastructure such as
power plants, roads and bridges are damaged and disrupted, some economic activities may
come to a standstill, people are forced to leave their homes and normal life is disrupted.

The most effective flood warning methods extend beyond the installation of gages and
telemetry equipment, and employ qualified staff and carefully designed procedures to provide
the earliest warning about whether a flood should be expected, when it will occur, and how
severe it will be. This guide offers instruction to individuals, communities, and organizations
interested in establishing and operating flood warning systems.

1.3 AIM
Flood becomes one of the major problems in most of the countries around the world.
Although, we are able to forecast rainfall or to track storm path very precisely from the satellite
images, the need to have real-time monitored data such as flow rate or water level is essential
in order to make a reasonable decision on the actions to be performed in order to prevent
the losses that causes to human lives and properties due to flood.

The main aim of this project is to detect flood earlier using various sensors and processor
to measure and record the required parameters, monitor continuously and alert the public
through SMS and IoT (WSN) to save their life. The developed model describes a design using
water flow sensor, ultrasonic sensor and rain gauge connected with ESP32 Controller Board
which transmits the data. Early flood can be detected and the processed data will be sent as an
alert and wirelessly transmitted to the user.

Thus the main purpose of the developed system is to serve as information channel for
flooding between the involved authorities and experts to enhance their responsibilities and
collaboration to save lives.

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Early Detection of Flood Monitoring and Alerting System to save human lives.

1.4 OBJECTIVES
The objectives of our project are as follows:
1. To understand and review the literature on existing flood monitoring and alerting
system.
2. To make use of the water flow sensor to transit the environmental data remotely via
ESP32.
3. To interface an Ultrasonic sensor with ESP32 to check the level of water on the other
side of water bodies.
4. To make use of the rain sensor in order to obtain the amount of rain.
5. To use the Openweather map to access the current weather data for the location. It
provides weather and satellite data worldwide.
6. To receive all the sensor parameter / measurements and by using IoT and the GSM
module to alert the surrounding people to save their lives and properties.

1.5 OUTLINE OF THE REPORT

Chapter 1 introduces us to the project. It also deals with the how we got motivated to do
this particular project and what are it’s impacts on the society .It also briefs us about the idea
of how the system is built.

Chapter 2 of this report deals with the study of already existing flood monitoring and
alerting systems. Pagers related to the project have been studied and the observed drawbacks
have been overcome.

Chapter 3 is in regards to the methodology and the blocks involved in the project. It also
tells us the functioning and explains each of the blocks in the flood monitoring and alerting
system. The flowcharts and the algorithm of the project have been discussed here.

Chapter 4 deals with the hardware and software components involved .It also briefs us about
the specifications of the components used.

Chapter 5 deals with the result parameters which are observed on a serial monitor using
penweathermap.org, when the flowrate and the water level exceeds the sign of alert conditions
along various parameters will be sent to the rescue authorities.

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Early Detection of Flood Monitoring and Alerting System to save human lives.

Chapter 6 gives us the advantages and applications of the project. It also gives us the future
scope by telling us how the developed project can be improved in several ways .It also states
the ways in which it can be improved.

1.6 CHAPTER SUMMARY

Flood is an unavoidable natural disaster that causes severe damage to human lives and
properties. The early detection of flood monitoring and alerting system will be beneficial in
controlling the situation of the disaster. Here we represent the methods that proposes the
working of flood detection and alerting system. The flow rate and water level is monitored
continuously and alerts the rescue authorities when the parameters reaches danger level. The
project in turn benefits the society to save human lives and properties.

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Early Detection of Flood Monitoring and Alerting System to save human lives.

Chapter-2
LITERATURE SURVEY
2.1 SCOPE OF LITERATURE
The literature study provides the background information that is necessary for
understanding the feasibility of the design and the previously implemented solutions. The
survey utilizes questionnaires and interviews with people residing at the flood prone areas to
understand the actual needs and problems. The design of the prototype is based on the prior
research and the knowledge gained by interviews, thus giving an optimal architecture and
evaluating the best suited protocols for this application. The implementation follows the rules
and guidelines specified during the design. The result of this design should be a prototype that
could be adapted to address potential changes in requirements due to the addition of new
requirements or deeper interpretation of the needs that arise. Regarding the evaluation of the
system, a testing procedure should consider the end-to-end performance in order to find out if
there are any problems concerning the systems functionality or robustness. Additionally, a test
case scenario should be utilized to attract people who are interested in or worked with similar
applications in order to solicit ideas for future work or to further develop and evaluate the
proposed system.

2.2 SENSORS UTILIZED

The system [1] will function when the admin activates the system and when water along
the road detected by distance over ultrasonic sensor. When the flood occur, the ultrasonic
sensor will sent signal to the microprocessor circuit and the sense water level will be display
in the user interface and it will automatically send a Short Message Service (SMS) to those
recognized residents and it will continue update until the water level detected returns to normal.
The process repeats as the water level continuous to rise. The idea of an SMS based warning
system was proposed because mobile phone.

Natural disasters [2] happen everywhere in the world, and they can be completely
disturbing the human life and the economy of the country. Economy and growth of any country
depend upon the agriculture proper alert forecasting makes the farmer to protect the crop from
flooding. The system is much advantaged for protecting the lives of people and animals. The
proposed model is very much utilized for monitoring of the water level, flow variations in
rivers and the same can be used for measuring of the water level at Dam/ Reservoirs. The
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measured values are regularly updated on the web server which is very much useful to send
flood alerts to consistent authority and people for faster action. The project mainly constitute a
wireless sensor nodes which called as a mote and the motes are placed along the river beds to
monitor water condition. Each Node is connected with a GSM module. The measured
parameters are processed by the Raspberry pi3 which contains 64-bit ARM Cortex A53
processor. The processed information transmitted from corresponding node to alert
management system using GPRS. Google spread sheet Application program interface (API)
created and this API is used as a data logger. The google spread sheet is mapped to free
analytics software which will be called as the alert management system. The alert management
System can be used to observe, record and send a message to the people before disaster
knockouts.

Flood monitoring system [3] is a way of detecting threatening events in advance. This
enables the public to be warned in masses so that action can be taken to reduce the adverse
effects of events. This system can allow detection and assessment of threating events to take
place before it hits a community. It is necessary to design or build a system which will monitor
the flood prone area and give alert to the people of that area, so that they can shift to a safe
place. And due to alert signal people will avoid the travel to these areas. The flood monitoring
system and the alert system uses technology like wireless sensor network, embedded system
with GSM technology, a camera sensor with image processing technology and the satellite-
based monitoring software like GIS etc. In this paper is detected with the different technologies
used to monitor and alert the people in flood prone area. The implementation and technology
of the flood monitoring and alert system is mostly depending on the actual flood prone location.
Some of the people have used a single camera sensor to monitor the flood and on the other
hand some of the people have used the wireless sensor network to cover the large flood prone
area. Also, the ultrasonic sensor has the great accuracy but the distortion like wind and sound
of water are more sensible to it.

The important advantage [4] in this paper motives and cares about the environmental
circumstances and condition in such way to protect our future generation in water demand. In
this paper Arduino acts as a main server to push the water into the tank and it allows to check
the level of the water and it is used to control and maintain the fluid level. As it is automated
the Arduino plays according to the water level of the tank when it is full it automatically detect
the water level and display that the water is overflow through Liquid Crystal Display(LCD-
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screen) through Beep alarm. In such way when it becomes empty it fill the water into the tank
and display underflow. As per the condition said before if any problem arises between any
sensors inside the tank it will notify the users through beep alarm.

2.3 COMMUNICATION
The Internet of Things [5] builds on three major technology layers: Hardware
(including chips and sensors), Communication (including mostly some form of wireless
network), and Software (including data storage, analytics, and front end applications). IoT
describes a system where items in the physical world, and sensors within or attached to these
items, are connected to the Internet via wireless and wired Internet connections. The physical
objects that are being connected will possess one or more sensors. Each sensor will monitor a
specific condition such as location, vibration, motion and temperature. In IoT, these sensors
will connect to each other and to systems that can understand or present information from the
sensor’s data feeds. These sensors will provide new information to a company’s systems and
to people. An Arduino Uno microcontroller is used to control the whole system. It is interfaced
with GSM modem, ultrasonic sensor, Ethernet shield. We are using ARP33A3 device to record
voice and it is interfaced with the GSM modem so that the recorded voice is played when the
call is attended.

The static web page is created using HTML and CSS which is served from the SD
card. The Ethernet shield brings the internet connectivity to the arduino shield and make it to
act as a server. The Ethernet shield is connected to the system with internet connection with
the help of RJ45 cable. This webpage can be accessed from any system that is connected in the
same LAN as that of the Ethernet shield. A static ip address is allocated to Ethernet shield.
Whenever the user wants to access the page the user must enter the ip address of the Ethernet
shield in the URL bar. The static webpage content will be fetched from the sd card and the
dynamic content that is the water level information will be fetched from the database and
displayed in the webpage.

The demonstration of design process, implementation and experimental verification

of an SMS based Flood Monitoring and Early Warning system. [6] With tools such as credit
top-up and storing contact numbers will be done via SMS. Updates on the height of the water
level would be texted upon users’ request. The system provides timely information and alerts

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at-risk or threatened populace and relevant authorities by means of SMS when the level of
water surpasses the user defined threshold value. The Global System for Mobile
Communications (GSM) module is used for sending the mobile text messages while the
Arduino Uno microprocessor is used to read in the input from the pressure sensor and then
calculate the height of water. This simple yet effective warning system is deemed to be one of
the fastest and cost-effective method of alerting the relevant authorities and the vulnerable
residence. GSM is a standard cellular network developed to describe protocols for networks
used by mobile phones. [7] To monitor and manage the critical situation by providing crucial
information to the public and the local authorities at the affected area. The system is able to
measure the water level and alert the public and the local authorities by sending a notification
(i.e. SMS and MMS) regarding the flood conditions. There were also few systems have been
developed to solve the flood problem as follows: a) SMS - SMS Flood Warning Systems and
Services and b) EWARNS - Early Warning and Risk Navigation Systems. The short messages
system (SMS) is used to provide an alert to the officers in-charge of government agencies and
local authorities such as Police, Army, Department of Meteorology, Department of Irrigation
and Drainage, and National Security Division. The proposed prototype will use mobile and
web-based platform to share the information via MMS between the local authorities and the
public. Nevertheless, using MMS considerably has several advantages 1) with MMS, a
message including pictures, video or audio content can be shared, 2) in certain condition it is
very useful to send information of the real situation via MMS to enrich the shared information,
3) MMS can contain a lot more information than a SMS and 4) with availability of 3G/4G
networks that can support high bandwidth the use of MMS is not an issue.

Attempts to investigate the capability of internet of things (IoT) [8] technology in

reducing the impact of natural disaster specifically in flood disaster scenario. First, the concept
of Internet of Things (IoT), key technologies and its architecture are discussed. Second, related
research work on IoT in disaster context will be discussed. Third, further discussion on the
propose Internet of Things (IoT) architecture and key components in the development of flood
prediction and early warning system. The smart sensors will be placed at river basin for real-
time data collection on flood related parameter such as rainfall, river flaw, water level,
temperature, wind direction and so on. The data will be transmitted to data centre via wireless
communication technology which will be processed and measured on the cloud service, then
the alert information will be sent users via smart phone. Thus, early warning message is
received by the people in terms of location, time and other parameters relate to flood. System
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using [9] the platform of Thingspeak application for storing and retrieving data from the
systems using the HTTP protocol over Local Area Network. This system is based on one
NodeMCU board integrated with the Thingspeak application. the real-time flood monitoring
system using wireless sensor networks are introduced which monitors the altering and real-
time data of river conditions. The sensor in this utilizes the mobile GPRS communications for
transmission of data to the server. It also utilized to detect the monitor timely and sends the
location status of the control unit using relative temperature and humidity which indicates the
flood conditions whose data is gathered by the sensors. The alert system and flood monitoring
system updates the condition of the floods and sends the information or notifications in the
form of SMS to the affected zones for the further steps. There is also an implementation of
wireless sensor network using flood monitoring system based on the Zigbee technology. In this
when the water level rise to the primary level an electromagnetic water level sensor will sense
the rising in the water level and process the signals to the Central Processing Unit and triggers
Global System for Mobile modem which in turn sends an alert SMS. The main objectives are
to implement a system which covers both the NodeMCU-based technology and ultrasonic
sensor network components for detecting the floods for sending an alert to the
organizations.[10] Internet of Things is interconnecting the devices such as sensors, actuators
or embedded Items such as software/hardware. Here the network connectivity is necessary To
reduce and make the system from alert, detecting crucial conditions is very crucial. The
proposed design of the system uses Internet of Things to monitor these conditions near the dam
with the help of MEMS. Level, Temperature and Humidity sensor. With the help of these
sensors and microcontroller, the data is processed to the database. From the database, the data
is checked in the webpages and alert the surrounding villages and living areas

2.4 DAM STRUCTURE

For flood and drought disasters, [11] Reservoir dams are the one of the best protection
mechanism. While in time of flood like conditions, the gate of the dam must be open sufficient
to make sure that the reservoir potential will now not cross its limits and the discharges no
longer reason for the overflow downstream. While at some point of drought the reservoir wants
to impound water and launch properly to fulfill its purposes. Modeling of the reservoir water
launch is fundamental to help the reservoir operator to make quickly and correct choices when
dealing with each disasters. In this paper, shrewd selection help mannequin primarily based on
Artificial Neural Network (ANN) Back Propagation is proposed. While thinking about the

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floods and the disasters that can happen because of excess of water in dams and reservoirs in
surrounding areas there are many things that we have to take into consideration like rainfall,
Dead Storage, Live Storage and the float fee of the upstream river and the water level of the
concerned downstream river and out flow. These units of facts are acquired from the irrigation
department, Maharashtra. The branch is accountable for monitoring and measuring the enter
parameters of the rivers for the whole state. These facts are received from 2008 till 2018.

Accurate prediction of the water level in a reservoir is crucial to optimizing the

management of water resources. [12] A neuro-fuzzy hybrid approach was used to construct a
water level forecasting system during flood periods. In particular, we used the adaptive
network-based fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) to build a prediction model for reservoir
management. To construct 1–3 hours-ahead water level forecasting system to insure reservoir
safety, minimizing the damage resulting from a natural disaster, and sufficiently make use of
available water resources, ANFIS is a powerful fuzzy logic neural network, which provides a
method for fuzzy modelling to learn information about the data set that best allow the
associated fuzzy inference system to trace the given input/output data. To investigate whether
this neuro-fuzzy model can be cleverer (accurate) if human knowledge, i.e. current reservoir
operation outflow, is provided, we developed two ANFIS models: one with human decision as
input, another without. The results demonstrate that the ANFIS can be applied successfully and
provide high accuracy and reliability for reservoir water level forecasting in the next three
hours.

Furthermore, the model with human decision as input variable has consistently superior
performance with regard to all used indexes than the model without this input. [13] Investigates
the value of ensemble streamflow predictions and energy price forecasts as aid to decision
makers in scheduling the quantity and timing of reservoir releases for daily, weekly, and
seasonal operations while meeting regulatory constraints. A decision support system DSS is
described as it incorporates two integrated models of system operation: a simulation model that
replicates general operating rules for the hydropower system and an optimization model that
refines operations based upon forecasts of state variables.
The DSS provides a series of recommendations for the quantity and timing of reservoir
releases to optimize the economic value of the electrical energy produced, while balancing
requirements and concerns related to flood control, environmental flows, and water supply.
The DSS generates a range of optimal reservoir releases using an ensemble streamflow forecast
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and identifies robust operational solutions. The results indicate the value of the forecasts in
improving system operation.

2.5 WEATHER FORECASTING

Weather Forecasting [14] is a scientific estimation of forecasting the weather.
Weather is observing the state of atmosphere at the given period of time. To predict the weather
is one of the most challenging task to all the researchers and scientist. Parameters that are
considered for predicting weather are temperature, rainfall, humidity and wind. The prediction
is made based on the past values. The future values are estimated based on the past
meteorological record. Hence it is termed as numerical based model. Weather plays a major
role in Agriculture and the industries. Bringing out the Accuracy in the weather prediction is
still under research. In this paper we focus on various techniques that are used for weather
prediction. Developed for weather forecasting and processing information, a weather
forecasting kit, is used for transferring the data using wireless medium. Components or sensors
like wind sensor, rain sensor, thermo-hydro sensor are used. These sensors are used for
recording the parameters like wind, rainfall, temperature and humidity respectively. The
recorded parameters are shown on wireless display and also on the PC. It will classify, compare
and predict the change on other parameters of weather by changing any one parameter which
was recorded by the sensors. Most powerful prediction algorithm called back propagation
algorithm is used to predict weather. A 3-layered neural network is designed and trained with
the existing dataset and obtained a relationship between the existing nonlinear parameters of
weather. The trained neural network can predict the future temperature with less error is
examined clearly.

In this system [15] we make use of three rain sensors and three water sensors, which
are kept at three different locations; also a raspberry pi with water sensors, rain sensors. This
system predicts the flood and alert is produced for respective authorities while sounding instant
alarm in nearby villages to transmit message about possible floods using IoT. The system also
calculates the time taken for the flood to reach the desired area. Water flow sensors measure
the water level in a water body, whereas rain sensors measure the intensity of rainfall in
millimetres. The entire information can be viewed from a remote location, providing the
required information on IoT gecko platform. This paper provides the machine learning
technique, to predict the arrival of floods, by considering the rainfall data from previously

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available data to predict the rainfall for next month. While building model, it does not require
any meteorological and geographical knowledge about its hydraulic and topographic
properties.

From the survey, the existing flood forecasting models are: radar systems,
hydrographic analysis, rain gauge network, stream networks, linear statistical models and time
series analysis prediction models; these models helped to forecast rainfall in the previous years.
The ML models used in this work for training are logistic regression, linear regression, SVM,
neural networks. Rainfall prediction is considered very important, in the aspects of monsoon
times. By considering the rainfall of previous data, prediction can be done for both short-term
and long-term rainfall prediction for next consecutive months/ weeks. To predict or forecast
the rainfall, data is retained from Indian meteorological department.

Currently, weather forecasting [16] is in high demand for several applications in

agriculture, air traffic services, floods, energy and environmental control. Weather forecasting
is an exception of what the weather will resemble in next I hours, tomorrow, or 1 week from
now. It includes a combination of models, perception, and learning of patterns with precedents.
By utilizing these techniques, sensible exact estimates could be made up to 7 days ahead. There
are assortments of the end users to weather estimates. Weather notices are vital figures since
they are utilized to secure life and property. Figures in view of temperature and precipitation
are essential to planning and survive. Temperature conjectures are utilized by service
organizations to gauge request over coming days. This paper presents a hybrid neural model
that is a combination of MLP and RBF and is based on the data of last 5 years of weather
forecasting. The proposed neural structure is self-governing to decide initial and boundary
conditions to predict real-time discharge. Nonetheless, training and optimizing a neural
network is time-consuming; however, it is a valuable tool for real-time forecasting.

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2.6 CHAPTER SUMMARY

By the above study of all the existing research work we have learnt a lot about that already
existing on flood monitoring and alerting system. There are a number of algorithms used in
this field, by studying these we were able to develop an algorithm that fills in drawbacks of the
already existing research work. Also, we learnt about the working of the flood monitoring and
alerting system and gained an idea on how to make one. Hence, we would like to conclude by
telling that by doing the extensive literature survey we have gained enormous knowledge on
already existing research.

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Chapter-3
METHODOLOGY
Methodology is the systematic, theoretical analysis of the methods applied to a field of
study. It comprises the theoretical analysis of the body of methods and principles associated
with a branch of knowledge. The methodology is the general research strategy that outlines the
way in which research is to be undertaken and, among other things, identifies the methods to
be used in it. These methods, described in the methodology, define the means or modes of data
collection or, sometimes, how a specific result is to be calculated.

3.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF THE WORKING MODEL

The evaluation of the flood monitoring and alerting system is based on the block
diagram shown in Figure 3.1. All the components connected with an interface to the
microcontroller and thus operate accordingly. Here the entire operation is controlled by the
ESP32 microcontroller. The controller is powered using unregulated voltage between 5V and
12V, connected to the 5V and GND pins. This voltage is regulated on-board, thus enabling the
robot to operate in the standard specifications of the microcontroller.
The complete model is a part of different units together. The ultrasonic sensor is used to
monitor the level of water in the water bodies. Water Flow sensor is basically used to take a
note of how much water has been transferred from one area to the other and also to measure
the flow rate. The analog output of the rain sensor is used in detection of drops in the amount
of rainfall.
The micro USB jack is used to connect the ESP32 to our computer through a USB cable. It
is used to program the ESP module as well as can be used for serial debugging as it supports
serial communication. The LED is used to provide the indication of various alert conditions.
The flooding alert is given to the surrounding areas using the buzzer. The various parameters
such as water level, water flow rate and the amount of rain is displayed on the LCD display.
When there is an danger condition the alert is sent through the GSM modem and the Wi-Fi
module.
The ESP32 acts as an access point and provide Wi-Fi Network to other stations (like
mobile or laptop). The open weather map service allows you to regularly download current
weather and forecast data in JSON format.

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POWER
SUPPLY

-
-

IOT
WATER
FLOW
SENSOR
LED

ESP32 BUZZER
ULTRASON
IC SENSOR
LCD DISPLAY

RAIN
SENSOR GSM MODEM

WEATHER
FORECAST

Figure 3.1 Block diagram of the proposed work

3.2 FLOWCHART OF THE WORKING MODEL

A flowchart is a type of diagram that represents a workflow or process. The complete
working of the flood detection monitoring and alerting system is shown in the flow chart with
flow chart symbols representing different meaning.

It will start by establishing the connection between various sensor network like ultrasonic
sensor, water flow sensor, rain sensor and the network. The LCD display is used to display the
sensed data from various sensors. By using the Openweather map service one can obtain the
weather prediction of the 4 days on the serial monitor once the system is enabled by the power
supply. Distance measured using ultrasonic sensor and water flowrate measured using flow

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sensors is display continuously. The threshold values is set for different sensors. If both water
level and flowrate is LOW (or) if both water level and flowrate is HIGH then Green LED will
glow indicating a level 1 danger condition.

START

ESTABLISH CONNECTION BETWEEN THE CONTROLLER , SENSORS AND THE NETWORK

DISPLAY THE VARIOUS SENSOR PARAMETERS ON THE LCD DISPLAY SCREEN

AND THE WEATHER REPORT ON THE SERIAL MONITOR

SET THRESHOLD VALUES FOR VARIOUS SENSORS

IF WATER
N N
IF FLOWRATE <
LEVEL<
THRESHOLD?
THRESHOLD?

CONTINUE TO MONITOR

Y
N
Y

Y N

TURN ON GREEN LED

END

TURN ON THE YELLOW LED AND SIREN

ALERT NOTIFICATION SENT TO THE RESCUE AUTHORITIES USING IOT AND GSM MODEM

END

Figure 3.2 Flowchart for proposed work

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If water level is LOW obtained by the ultrasonic sensor and flowrate as per the water
flow sensor is HIGH then yellow LED will glow and BUZZER will beep . This indicates the
danger condition of the prediction of occurrence of flood. Thus the alert message is sent through
the established wi-fi network using IoT to the rescue station on the BLYNK application. Also
an SMS is sent to the registered mobile numbers.

3.3 CALCULATION OF THE WATER LEVEL

The distance can be calculated using the TRD (time/rate/distance) measurement formula. Since
the calculated distance is the distance travelled from the ultrasonic transducer to the object and
back to the transducer it is a two-way trip.

Figure 3.3 Distance measurement using ultrasonic sensor

The following equation calculates the distance to an object placed in front of an ultrasonic
sensor:
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑛 𝑥 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑
𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 = (1)
2
The microcontroller interprets the time signal into distance using the following functions:

𝑒𝑐ℎ𝑜 𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑠𝑒 𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ(𝜇𝑠)

𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒(𝑐𝑚) = (2)
58

3.4 CALCULATION OF THE FLOWRATE

The flow rate of a liquid is a measure of the volume of liquid that moves in a certain amount
of time. The flow rate depends on the area of the pipe or channel that the liquid is moving
through, and the velocity of the liquid. If the liquid is flowing through a pipe, the area is A =
πr2, where r is the radius of the pipe. For a rectangle, the area is A = wh where w is the width,
and h is the height. The flow rate can be measured in meters cubed per second (m3/s), or in
liters per second (L/s). Liters are more common for measures of liquid volume, and 1 m3/s =
1000 L/s.

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Fluid flow rate = Area of the pipe or channel × Velocity of the liquid (3)
Q = A×v (4)
Q = liquid flow rate (m3/s or L/s)
A = area of the pipe or channel (m2)
v = velocity of the liquid (m/s)

3.5 ALGORITHM
The Algorithm is a step by step procedure to solve a problem. It is carried out in a sequential
manner. The algorithm mentioned below travels through series of steps in achieving the
solution for monitoring and alerting the occurrence of flood.

STEP 1: Start

STEP 2: Power up microcontroller ESP32 and GSM

STEP 3: With help of OpenWeatherMap various weather parameters is recorded and displayed
on monitor.

STEP 4: Water flow sensor measures rate of flow of water

STEP 5: The value from step 4 is given to ESP32

STEP 6: Water level sensor measures the variation in level of water

STEP 7: The value from step 6 is recorded in ESP32

STEP 8: The rain sensor senses the precipitation and records the value

STEP 9: Rain sensor value is sent to microcontroller

STEP 10: The microcontroller then displays the value of above sensors on LCD display

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STEP 11: The recorded values are sent to IoT platform, Blynk application

STEP 12: The ESP32 checks for various condition which being satisfied will alert through
buzzer and LED

STEP 13: An alert message is then sent through SMS and on Blynk App

STEP 14: Sensors and Microcontroller continuously monitor the parameters and update on real
time basis

STEP 15: Stop

After the defined steps are completed, the process repeats again in order to continuously
monitor the various conditions and parameters. This is crucial especially in Monsoon season.

3.6 CHAPTER SUMMARY

This chapter deals with key interesting internal block diagram of robot. The chapter
explains each block of the proposed model and about the connections between every
component. The purpose of using different hardware components and software is also
explained. The flow of the actual working of the flood detection monitoring and alerting system
is understood by the help of a flowchart. The algorithm which explicate the operations which
tells any user to operate the system with just mere instructions given in the chapter.

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Chapter-4
HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE COMPONENTS
Hardware consists of interconnected electronic devices that can be used to control
operation, input and output. Hardware components is a collection of several components
working together. Some parts are essential and others are added advantages. Software is a set
of instructions that drives computer to do stipulates tasks. Software instructions are
programmed in a computer language, translated into machine language and executed by
computer. System software is a type of computer program that is run a computer’s hardware
and application programs. System software is the interface between the hardware and user
applications.
4.1 HARDWARE COMPONENTS
The major building blocks are:
1. ESP32 Microcontroller
2. Ultrasonic sensor
3. Water flow sensor
4. Rain sensor
5. GSM modem
6. Buzzer
7. LCD display
8. LED
4.1.1 ESP32 MICROCONTROLLER
The ESP32 microcontroller board is as shown in Figure 4.1. It is a feature rich MCU with
integrated Wi-Fi and Bluetooth connectivity for a wide-range of applications. It is a low-cost
system-on-chip (SoC) series created by Espressif Systems. The microcontroller is an
improvement on the popular ESP8266 that is widely used in IoT projects. The ESP32 has both
Wi-Fi and Bluetooth capabilities, which make it an all-rounded chip for the development of
IoT projects and embedded systems in general.

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Figure 4.1 : ESP32 microcontroller

ESP32 uses CMOS for single-chip fully-integrated radio and baseband, and also integrates
advanced calibration circuitries that allow the solution to dynamically adjust itself to remove
external circuit imperfections or adjust to changes in external conditions. As such, the mass
production of ESP32 solutions does not require expensive and specialized Wi-Fi test
equipment.
• Microprocessor: Tensilica Xtensa LX6
• Maximum Operating Frequency: 240MHz
• Operating Voltage : 3.3V
• Analog Input Pins : 12-bit, 18 Channel
• DAC Pins : 8-bit, 2 Channel
• Digital I/O Pins : 39 (of which 34 is normal GPIO pin)
• DC Current on I/O Pins : 40 mA
• DC Current on 3.3V Pin : 50 mA
• SRAM : 520 KB
• Communication : SPI(4), I2C(2), I2S(2), CAN, UART(3)
• Wi-Fi : 802.11 b/g/n
• Bluetooth : V4.2 – Supports BLE and Classic Bluetooth

To power the ESP32 kit we have mainly three options. Firstly, the easiest way to power the
ESp32 kit is to use the USB port. The kit includes a micro USB port through which one can
both supply power to the board, and implement serial communication with the host computer
for uploading the sketch. The second option is to connect an external unregulated power supply
to the 5V pin and ground pins. Anything between 5V and 12 V will work. But it is best to keep
the input voltage to around 6 or 7 volts to avoid losing too much power as heat on voltage

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regulator. Another option that one have is to power the ESP32 is to use a 3.3V regulated power
supply. For this, the 3.3 volt and GND pins are used.

There are about 212 libraries involved to program ESP32 microcontroller board. The few
important libraries used are the astra_esp8266, BlynkESP32_BT_WF , BlynkGSM_Manager,
Blynk_WiFiManager and many more. Most of the 38 pins of the ESP32 module are broken out
into two rows of pins in the ESP32. On the left are the wireless capabilities, namely Wi-Fi and
Bluetooth. And on the right are the wired capabilities, which allow the ESP32 to be connected
to either other ESP32 and microcontrollers or smaller devices like sensors. There are three SPI
channels. There are two I2C channels and the two I2S which is a lesser-known communication
technology. The serial interfaces are, an Ethernet MAC interface, a CAN bus. And finally,
there are hardware for infrared serial communications. The ESP32 has a robust design and is a
ultra-low power consumption microcontroller.

4.1.2 ULTRASONIC SENSOR

The ultrasonic / level sensor as shown in Figure 4.2 is used to measure the distance using
the ultrasonic waves. It is an electronic device that measures the distance of a target object by
emitting ultrasonic sound waves, and converts the reflected sound into an electrical
signal. Ultrasonic waves travel faster than the speed of audible sound.

Figure 4.2: ultrasonic sensor

The ultra-sonic sensor will give the accurate distance with minimum error possible. It
consists of four pins; those are VCC, TRIG(signal output pin), ECHO(signal input pin) , GND
pins. It requires 5v to operate and it ranges is up to 5 meters far from the sensor. The ultrasonic
sensor works on the same principles as a radar system. An ultrasonic sensor can convert
electrical energy into acoustic waves and vice versa. The acoustic wave signal is an ultrasonic

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wave traveling at a frequency above 18kHz. The famous HC SR04 ultrasonic sensor generates
ultrasonic waves at 40kHz frequency.

Typically, a microcontroller is used for communication with an ultrasonic sensor. To begin

measuring the distance, the microcontroller sends a trigger signal to the ultrasonic sensor. The
duty cycle of this trigger signal is 10µS for the HC-SR04 ultrasonic sensor. When triggered,
the ultrasonic sensor generates eight acoustic (ultrasonic) wave bursts and initiates a time
counter. As soon as the reflected (echo) signal is received, the timer stops. The output of the
ultrasonic sensor is a high pulse with the same duration as the time difference between
transmitted ultrasonic bursts and the received echo signal.

Theoretically, the distance can be calculated using the TRD (time/rate/distance)

measurement formula. Since the calculated distance is the distance travelled from the ultrasonic
transducer to the object and back to the transducer it is a two-way trip. By dividing this distance
by 2, the actual distance from the transducer to the object is calculated.
The following equation calculates the distance to an object placed in front of an ultrasonic
sensor:
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑛 𝑥 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑
𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 = (5)
2
The microcontroller interprets the time signal into distance using the following functions:

𝑒𝑐ℎ𝑜 𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑠𝑒 𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ(𝜇𝑠)

𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒(𝑐𝑚) = (6)
58

Multiple areas of engineering use ultrasonic sensors. “No-contact” distance measuring is very
useful in automation, robotics, and instrumentation.

4.1.3 WATER FLOW SENSOR

A water flow meter is an instrument capable of measuring the amount of water passing through
a pipe. Several water flow meter technologies are available for selection depending on
the water measurement applications, budgetary terms, and maintenance requirements. The
flow sensor is as shown in the Figure 4.3.

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Figure 4.3: Water flow sensor

It consists of 3 pins. VCC(Red), GND(Black) and Data pin(Yellow). It requires 5V to

operate. The sensor contains three wires. Red wire to connect with supply voltage. Black wire
to connect to ground and a yellow wire to collect output from Hall effect sensor. For supply
voltage 5V to 18V of DC is required. Water flow sensor is used to find the water flow rate and
to find the quantity of water that is flowing through river.
The main working principle behind the working of this sensor is the Hall effect.
According to the Hall effect, a voltage difference is induced in a conductor transverse to the
electric current and the magnetic field perpendicular to it. Here, the Hall effect is utilized in
the flow meter using a small fan/propeller-shaped rotor, which is placed in the path of the liquid
flowing.
As the water flows through the valve it rotates the rotor. By this, the change can be
observed in the speed of the motor. This change is calculated as output as a pulse signal by
the hall effect sensor. Thus, the rate of flow of water can be measured. When the moving fan
is rotated due to the flow of water, it rotates the rotor which induces the voltage. This induced
voltage is measured by the hall effect sensor. The sensor is placed at the water source inlet or
at the opening of the pipe.
When the microcontroller detects the pulse, it Immediately triggers the pulsecounter() function.
This function then counts the total number of pulses. In the ESP32 flowrate sensor, for every
litre of liquid passing through it per minute, it outputs about 4.5 pulses. Dividing the total pulse
count by 4.5 will give the total amount of liquid passing through it in litres per minute.
Multiplying that by 60 will give the flowrate in litres per hour, which gives the total amount or
quantity of liquid that has passed through it.

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The rain sensor has only 4 pins. AO (Analog Output) pin gives us an analog signal between
the supply value (5V) to 0V. DO (Digital Output) pin gives Digital output of internal
comparator circuit. GND is a ground connection. VCC pin supplies power for the sensor. It is
recommended to power the sensor with between 3.3V – 5V.

4.1.4 RAIN SENSOR

A rain sensor as shown in Figure 4.4 is one kind of switching device which is used to
detect the rainfall

Figure 4.4 :Rain Sensor

It works like a switch and the working principle of this sensor is, whenever there is rain, the
switch will be normally closed. AO (Analog Output) pin gives us an analog signal between the
supply value (5V) to 0V. DO (Digital Output) pin gives Digital output of internal comparator
circuit. GND is a ground connection. VCC pin supplies power for the sensor. It is
recommended to power the sensor with between 3.3V – 5V.

The working of the rain sensor is pretty straightforward. The sensing pad with series
of exposed copper traces, together acts as a variable resistor (just like a potentiometer) whose
resistance varies according to the amount of water on its surface. This resistance is inversely
proportional to the amount of water: (a) The more water on the surface means better
conductivity and will result in a lower resistance. (b) The less water on the surface means poor
conductivity and will result in a higher resistance. The sensor produces an output voltage
according to the resistance, which by measuring we can determine whether it’s raining or not.

To get accurate readings out of your rain sensor, calibration of the rain sensor is required. The
module has a built-in potentiometer for calibrating the digital output (DO). By turning the knob

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of the potentiometer, you can set a threshold. So that when the amount of water exceeds the
threshold value, the Status LED will light up and the digital output (DO) will output LOW.

4.1.5 GSM MODEM

GSM (Global System for Mobile communication) is a digital mobile network that is widely
used by mobile phone users. GSM modem is as shown in the Figure 4.5.

Figure 4.5: GSM modem

GSM digitizes and compresses data, then sends it down a channel with two other streams of
user data, each in its own time slot. A GSM modem is a specialized type of modem which
accepts a SIM card, and operates over a subscription to a mobile operator, just like a mobile
phone. The core module of GSM modem is actually the core module of the mobile phone. In
fact, it is also an important module supplier for GSM mobile phones. Therefore, when it is
powered on, the built-in software of the GSM modem starts to work. If a SIM card of a mobile
operator is inserted, the GSM modem is completely connected to the mobile communication
network as the mobile phone.

The main purpose of GSM modem is to send and receive short messages, saving time
for sending short messages, and messages can be sent within a short time. In addition, it is
small and convenient to carry, no need to go online, as long as the phone has a signal, it can
send and receive short messages via the connection with the computer.

4.1.6 BUZZER
A buzzer or beeper is an audio signalling device, which may be mechanical,
electromechanical or piezoelectric. The operating voltage is usually higher and may be

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between 12V and 220V, while the current is less than 20mA. The buzzer is as shown in Figure
4.6.

Figure 4.6: Buzzer

The buzzer can be used by simply powering it using a DC power supply ranging from
4V to 9V. A simple 9V battery can also be used, but it is recommended to use a regulated +5V
or +6V DC supply. It is very small and compact 2-pin structure hence can be easily used
on breadboard. When an alternating voltage is applied to the piezoceramic element, the element
extends and shrinks diametrically. This characteristic of piezoelectric material is utilized to
make the ceramic plate vibrate rapidly to generate sound waves.

4.1.7 LCD DISPLAY

A liquid-crystal display (LCD) as shown in Figure 4.7 is a flat-panel display or other

electronically modulated optical device that uses the light-modulating properties of liquid
crystals combined with the polarizers. Many LCD Modules will require more than one internal
voltage/current. This may make it necessary for the customer to supply the needed inputs. They
may need to supply 3V, 5V, 9V, -12V etc.

Figure 4.7: LCD display

The voltages VCC, VDD, VSS and VEE are used in describing voltages at various
common power supply terminals. Liquid crystals do not emit light directly,[1] instead using

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a backlight or reflector to produce images in colour or monochrome.[2] LCDs are available to

display arbitrary images (as in a general-purpose computer display) or fixed images with low
information content, which can be displayed or hidden, such as preset words, digits, and seven-
segment displays, as in a digital clock.

They use the same basic technology, except that arbitrary images are made from a matrix
of small pixels, while other displays have larger elements. LCDs can either be normally on
(positive) or off (negative), depending on the polarizer arrangement. For example, a character
positive LCD with a backlight will have black lettering on a background that is the color of the
backlight, and a character negative LCD will have a black background with the letters being of
the same color as the backlight. Optical filters are added to white on blue LCDs to give them
their characteristic appearance.

4.2 SOFTWARE COMPONENTS

4.2.1 ARDUINO IDE

The Arduino Integrated Development Environment (IDE) is a cross-platform application

(for windows, macOS, Linux) that is written in future from C and C++. It is used to upload
program to Arduino compatible board, but also, with the help of 3rd party cores, other vendor
development.

The source code for the IDE is released under the GNU General Public Licence, version2.
The Arduino IDE supplies a software library from the wiring project, which provides many
common input and output procedures. User-written code only requires two basic functions, for
starting the sketch and the main program loop, that are compiled and linked with a program
stub main() into an executable cyclic executive program with the GNU toolchain, also included
with the IDE distribution. The Arduino IDE employs the program avrdude to convert the
executable code into a text file in hexadecimal encoding that is loaded into the Arduino board
by a loader program in the boards firmware. By default, avrdude is used as the uploading tool
to flash the user code onto official Arduino boards.

With the rising popularity of Arduino as a software platform, other vendors started to
implement custom open source compiler and tools that can build and upload sketches to other
MCUs that are not supported by Arduino’s official line of MCUs.

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4.2.2 EMBEDDED C

Embedded C Programming is the soul of the processor functioning inside each and every
embedded system we come across in our daily life, such as mobile phone, washing machine,
and digital camera.

Each processor is associated with an embedded software. The first and foremost thing is
the embedded software that decides functioning of the embedded system. Embedded C
language is most frequently used to program the microcontroller. Earlier, many embedded
applications were developed using assembly level programming. However, they did not
provide portability. This disadvantage was overcome by the advent of various high-level
languages like C, Pascal, and COBOL. However, it was the C language that got extensive
acceptance for embedded systems, and it continues to do so. The C code written is more
reliable, scalable, and portable; and in fact, much easier to understand.
The embedded system designers must know about the hardware architecture to write
programs. These programs play prominent role in monitoring and controlling external devices.
They also directly operate and use the internal architecture of the microcontroller, such as
interrupt handling, timers, serial communication and other available features. The data type
refers to an extensive system for declaring variables of different types like integer, character,
float, etc. The embedded C software uses four data types that are used to store data in the
memory. The ‘char’ is used to store any single character, ‘int’ is used to store data in the
memory.
The size and range of different data types on a 32-bit machine is given in the following
table. The size and range may vary on machines with different word sizes. There are certain
words that are reserved for doing specific tasks. These words are known as keywords. They
are standard and predefined in the embedded C. keywords are written in lowercase. These
keywords must be defined before writing the main program.

4.2.3 BLYNK

Blynk is a new platform that allows you to quickly build interfaces for controlling and
monitoring your hardware projects from the iOS and Android device. Blynk supports hardware
platforms such as Arduino, Raspberry Pi, and similar microcontroller boards to build
hardware for your projects.

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After downloading the Blynk app, one can create a project dashboard and arrange
buttons, sliders, graphs, and other widgets onto the screen. Using the widgets, user can turn
pins on and off or display data from sensors. With Blynk, though, the software side is even
easier than the hardware. Blynk is perfect for interfacing with simple projects like monitoring
the temperature of your fish tank or turning lights on and off remotely.

Currently, Blynk supports most Arduino boards, Raspberry Pi models, the ESP8266,
Particle Core, and a handful of other common microcontrollers and single-board computers,
and more are being added over time. Arduino Wi-Fi and Ethernet shields are supported, though
user can also control devices plugged into a computer’s USB port as well. While there are other
platforms for controlling hardware over the internet (Particle, ThingSpeak, Temboo, IFTTT),
Blynk is one of the most user-friendly.

4.3 CHAPTER SUMMARY

The different components play an important role in integrating into a complete system to
provide more number of features. This enables the system to give more number of ways for
effective monitoring and alerting mechanism. The process of detection, monitoring and alerting
mechanism with its block diagram and flow chart has been explained in this chapter. There is
always a different scope of explanation of every different system in future. This chapter
explains the features, working principle and use of the different components in a general
context as well as in particular to the project.

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Chapter-5

RESULTS
Analysed the working of existing flood monitoring and alerting system, and done
extensive literature survey, to understand the basic principles of already existing systems.
Based on this analysis we were able to detect the faults, or drawbacks in the models built before.
With all this knowledge we came up with a perfect idea to overcome few of the faults or defects
we had seen in earlier. By understanding the basic design of early system, and obtained the
required model.

The basic circuit was designed using various sensors like ultrasonic, water flow, rain
sensor to sense the different parameters that can cause a flood. For measuring the water level,
the Ultra-Sonic sensor is used. This Ultra-Sonic sensor will emit the high frequency sound
waves which can’t be heard by human ears through a transducer. When this wave travels and
hit a planer surface the ultra-sonic waves will travel backward and again reaches the ultra-sonic
sensor via same transducer. The sensor will calculate the time lapse difference from those two
waves and gives the approximate distance. The ultra-sonic sensor gives very accurate value
than other things, so ultra-sonic sensor is more reliable 1for calculating the water flow rate.

The water flow sensor is being used in the proposed project, its operating flow rate is
0L/min to 50L/min. This sensor is sufficient to calculate the flowrate of a river. For processing
of the data, we are using ESP32 latest version. ESP 32 microcontroller which is series of low-
power system on chip microcontroller with integrated Wi-Fi and dual-mode Bluetooth. Esp32
can send different data from sensors to cloud.

These are the following results obtained:

➢ The early flood detection, monitoring and alerting system is developed by integrating
various sensors and the different output components to the ESP32 microcontroller.
➢ The weather parameters of 4 days are observed on the serial monitor using the
penweathermap.org. These parameters are updated once in every 3 hours.
➢ The water level, water flowrate and the amount of rain is continuously monitored on
the Blynk application once connected to the surrounding hotspot network. The values
are as well displayed on the LCD display screen.
➢ For the threshold set, when the flowrate and the water level exceeds the threshold then
the yellow LED and the buzzer is turned on. This is a sign of alert condition and hence

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the alert along the values of the parameters and sent to the rescue authorities and to the
registered phone numbers using IoT and the GSM respectively.
➢ If the water level and the flowrate is low or both the water level and flowrate is high
then the Green LED is lit as a level 1 of alert condition.
➢ The flood monitoring and detection system monitors and know the development of
floods and then send flood notifications using IoT and GSM to the central rescue team
for necessary action to be taken to save human lives and properties.
➢ The developed system is robust and give timely alert of flood occurrences.

Figure 5.1: Working model

5.1 DISPLAY OF THE WATER LEVEL, FLOW AND RAIN RATE (LCD
DISPLAY)

The 16x2 LCD (liquid crystal display) display is used to display the sensed data. In the
project the water level, flowrate and the amount of rain which is sensed by the ultrasonic sensor
, water flow sensor and the rain sensor respectively. Water flow rate is calculated by dividing
the total pulse count by the calibration factor will give the total amount of liquid passing
through it in litres per minutes. The rain switch gives the amount of rain of a particular time.
These values are continuously displayed in the first row of the LCD display.

The ultrasonic sensor emitting sound waves at a frequency is too high to humans to
hear. The sensor wait for the sound to be reflected back, calculating distance based on the time
required. This calculated distance is displayed in the second row of the LCD display.

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Figure 5.2 :LCD displaying sensor data

The output for different conditions is tabulated below

Table 5.1 : The expected output for various conditions

Flowrate Distance Output obtained

HIGH LESS Buzzer

Yellow LED
Alert notification

HIGH MORE Green LED

LOW LESS Green LED

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Figure 5.3: Output for the tabulated conditions

When the flow rate is HIGH and distance is LOW then the buzzer will beep and Yellow
LED will glow. if flowrate is LOW and distance is HIGH then Green LED will glow also if
both the flowrate and distance is HIGH then Green LED will glow.

5.2 NOTIFICATION RECEIVED IN BLYNK APPLICATION

This system is based on technology integrated using Blynk application (IOS or

android). The wireless sensor network systems can help the citizens by detecting the water
levels and give an early warning when a flood occurs faster and easy. Basically, there are two
part of the system which are the sensor node and the base station. The sensor node detects the
water level using an ultrasonic sensor and displays the current distance and flowrate.

The model is placed at the identified flood area, while the base station is central rescue
team which get alert when flood occur. Data detected from the ultrasonic sensors, water flow
sensor and rain switch are sent to the Blynk application via wireless connection. It can be found
that this prototype able to detect, monitor and give alarm to the affected area if the flood
happens in the future.

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Figure 5.4: emergency alert through Blynk

When water flow rate is exceeds the threshold, it will send the notification to Blynk
application. The threshold set for the flow rate and the water level is of 3000 milli litre per
minute and 15centimeters respectively. When these conditions exceed the notification is
popped up in the status bar of the phone. The emergency alert notification is as shown in the
above Figure 5.4.

5.3 NOTIFICATION FROM GSM MODEM

A GSM modem is a device which can be either a mobile phone or a modem device
which can be used to make a computer or any other processor communicate over a network. A
GSM modem requires a SIM card to be operated and operates over a network range subscribed
by the network operator. This alert is the most reliable mechanism for sending notifications
about system failures or serious degradation in application performance.

Delivery of SMS alerts do not depend of your network resources state and users
network provider availability, so one will be alerted even if the mail server or internet
connection is down and other alerts might fail. A GSM modem can be a dedicated modem
device with a serial, USB or Bluetooth connection, or a cell (mobile) phone that provides GSM
modem capabilities.

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Figure 5.5 : GSM modem with SIM card

The threshold set for the flow rate and the water level is of 3000 milli litre per minute
and 15centimeters respectively .When water flow rate is exceeds the threshold, the GSM
modem will send the notification to the registered mobile numbers. The emergency alert text
message is as shown in the above Figure 5.5.

5.4 ANALYSIS OF WEATHER PARAMETERS

Floods tend to be associated with many types of storms, all capable of producing excessive
rainfall amounts over a particular area, so detection remains a challenge. Sometimes a flood
threat is overshadowed by other severe weather events happening at the same time. Using an
ESP32 or ESP8266 forecast of the weather by reading air pressure from a sensor is displayed
on the serial monitor of the Arduino IDE.

This sensor provides pressure, temperature and humidity, which is mounted at an outside
location and provides more advanced forecasting rather than using pressure alone.

By applying the changes to a set of rules enables the weather to be forecast based on air
pressure at a particular location and then by monitoring changes over 3 hours of time leading
to a prediction with a good level of certainty.

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Figure 5.6: Weather forecast data

Table 5.2: Humidity, weather and temperature data

Date 22/06/2020 23/06/2020 24/06/2020 25/06/2020

Humidity 82.00 53.00 67.00 74.00

Weather Moderate rain Overcast clouds Light rain Overcast

clouds

temperature 23.84 25.95 24.60 22.81

The weather is forecasted by incorporating with the microcontroller and its parameters
like humidity, temperature and weather nature as such is monitored and displayed once in 3
hours, for 4 days as shown in the Figure 5.6.

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5.5 PARAMETER ANALYSIS

Water flow is usually calculated using a structure built across an open channel. Flow is
measured using water flow sensor. The corresponding values are obtained. Depending on the
various values the water flow rate graph is plotted. By taking the different values at different
time as shown in below figure.

water flowrate
4500
water flowrate in milli litres

4000
3500
3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
time in hours

water flow rate in day 1 water flow rate in day 2 water flow rate in day 3
water flow rate in day 4 water flow rate in day 5

Figure 5.7: water flow rate measurements

In Figure 5.8, The water level is measured from an ultrasonic sensor and depending on
the sensors value, water level graph is plotted as shown in the figure. The water level is
measured as it flows through the structure. It varies depending on the time and it is measured
in terms of centimetre.

water level rate

35
30
water level in cm

25
20
15
10
5
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
time in hours

water level in day 1 water level in day 2 water level in day 3

water level in day 4 water level in day 5

Figure 5.8: water level measurements

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By taking different readings from the experiments. Below is a tabular column of the water
level sensor and ultrasonic sensor reading for different conditions. Flow rate readings is taken
in term of milli litre and distance is taken in term of centimetre. The threshold is set 15cm for
a distance and 3000 millilitre per minutes for water flowrate, if it exceeds then yellow LED
and buzzer will used as alert system. If both level sensors and distance is HIGH or LOW then
green LED will glow. For normal condition there is no alerting system.

Table 5.3 : Performance and analysis of the system

Alert conditions Flowrate(ml) Distance(cm)

No LED 0 300

2376 1987

3000 1345

Green LED 0 13

3203 765

434 178

YELLOW LED+BUZZER 3054 8

3000 14

3254 6

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5.6 CHAPTER SUMMARY

This chapter tells us about all the results that have been obtained in the project and also
tells us about the complete functioning of the model. The sensors and the communication
components are integrated to the microcontroller and the different sensor parameters are
obtained. The obtained parameters are monitored of the IoT platform. According to the
conditions set the alert is being sent to the rescue team / local authorities by the IoT or the
GSM. The weather parameters of 4 days are observed on the serial monitor using the
penweathermap.org. These parameters are updated once in every 3 hours.

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Chapter-6

APPLICATIONS, ADVANTAGES AND FUTURE SCOPE

The early flood detection, monitoring and alerting system is done to save the lives on the
people by reducing the human quick out at the emergency conditions. Here the maximum
conditions are observed, and the risk alert is provided to the management.

6.1 APPLICATION

The below listed are the applications of the project:

• Real time flood monitoring system

Users can view real-time water conditions well as the forecasting of the water condition
directly from the web via web browser. The developed system has demonstrated the
applicability of today’s sensors in wirelessly monitor real-time water conditions.

• Flood monitoring from satellite data

Flood monitoring from satellite data provides the opportunity to quickly and precisely
overview flooded areas. The extent of the flooding and affected areas can be delivered
to water authorities, civil protection agencies or insurances.

• Innovation solutions in monitoring system in flood protection

The results are important to create the comprehensive and inexpensive monitoring
system, which could be helpful for state authorities and local governments in flood
protection.

• IoT-based flood embankment monitoring system

A concept of flood embankment monitoring system based on using Internet of Things

approach and Cloud Computing technologies.

• An experimental system for flood risk forecasting and monitoring at global scale

There is an increasing demand from users to integrate flood early warning system with
risk-based forecasting, which show the potential of in supporting emergency response
and management.

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Early Detection of Flood Monitoring and Alerting System to save human lives.

6.2 ADVANTAGES

The advantages of the proposed project is as follows:

➢ Ultrasonic techniques

Ultrasonic sensing is its outstanding capability to probe inside objective non-

destructively because ultrasound can propagate through any kinds of media including
solids, liquids and gases. This study focuses only on the water level detection and early
warning system (via website and/or SMS) that alerts concern agencies and individuals
for a potential flood event.

➢ System and methods for monitoring of flood conditions

The system and method provide real-time data. The system and method can further be
integrated with a complementary flood monitoring system and method.

➢ GSM and Wi-Fi based flood monitoring system

The purpose of this project is to develop a local real-time river flood monitoring and
warning system for the selected communities. This study focuses only on the detection
and early warning alert system (via website and/or cell phone text messages) that alerts
local subscribers of potential flood events.

➢ Using sensors

The fixed sensing system is based on the combination of ultrasonic range-finding with
water flow sensing, and can sense both phenomena with a high degree of accuracy.

➢ Warning system

The impact of flooding is reduced. Warning give people time to move possessions
upstairs, put sandbags in position and to evacuate.

➢ The use of the ESP32 microcontroller it reduces the burden of adding the Wi-Fi module
as it is in built in the controller board.

6.3 DISADVANTAGES

❖ Some people may not be able to access the warnings.

❖ They do not stop land from flooding we just warn people that flood is likely.

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Early Detection of Flood Monitoring and Alerting System to save human lives.

❖ Battery has to checked and changed manually.

❖ The detection and verification of the failure of the sensors is not known without human
intervention.

6.4 FUTURE SCOPE

The project which we have developed is just a prototype and which acts as a preliminary
version of a device and where we can extend sensor for longer meters and a longer range of
Wi-Fi module, therefore it can be developed in real time application Therefore, in future a
system can be built so that it can automatically monitors and alert the people earlier by sending
message through GSM modem and Wi-Fi module. This system can also be monitor by other
technology. By using this system, the system can consequently reduce the flooding so we can
predict on coming of flooding. In future it may be enhanced to monitor multiple locations at
the same time and the web page must be able to display the information based on the selection
done by the authority. According to definitions of IOT, if a sensor is an element of IOT which
enables to communicate its current status and be published on Internet, then the project is very
close to what we are intending to achieve within the concept of Internet of things.

6.5 CHAPTER SUMMARY

The Early flood detection, monitoring and alerting system will be a great impact on the
society. The project brings a new phase for alerting and rescuing people as it contains a number
of features updated every time. This will give the new features for the authorities to save human
lives and their properties. There is always a scope for new innovative technology by every new
innovator.

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Early Detection of Flood Monitoring and Alerting System to save human lives.

CONCLUSION
The early detection of flood monitoring and alerting system was designed to minimize the
amount of loss caused to the human lives and properties that happens during the flood. Since
flooding is the major issue of the nation introduction of this project will lead to a little safer
nation during the natural disaster. Based on the surveys made, and the drawbacks observed an
efficient system is designed. Thus, the developed system aims at monitoring the water level
and flowrate in one particular water body. As it is equipped with various sensors the values are
monitored and the emergency alert is sent beforehand to the rescue authorities and to the
registered mobile numbers using IoT and GSM respectively. By using the open weather map
the weather conditions can be monitored 4 days in advance which is updated every 3 hours
once. The performance of the system is improved in comparison with the existing ones and
found that the system works in a much efficient way.

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