Thermodynamics_Detailed_Notes
Thermodynamics_Detailed_Notes
Thermodynamic States
Definition: A thermodynamic state is the condition of a system described by its measurable
properties such as temperature, pressure, volume, and composition.
Key Points:
- Defined by state functions like internal energy (U), enthalpy (H), entropy (S).
- Independent of the path taken to reach that state.
- Two systems in the same thermodynamic state have identical properties.
Example: A beaker of water at 25 degreesC and 1 atm pressure has a defined thermodynamic
state.
Thermodynamic Systems
Definition: A system refers to the part of the universe being studied, while everything else is the
surroundings.
Key Points:
- Open system: Exchanges matter and energy (e.g., living cells).
- Closed system: Exchanges energy only.
- Isolated system: No exchange of matter or energy.
Example: A human body is an open system exchanging gases, nutrients, and heat.
Thermodynamic Properties
Definition: Characteristics of a system that define its state and can be measured or calculated.
Key Points:
- Extensive properties: Depend on system size (e.g., volume, mass).
- Intensive properties: Independent of size (e.g., temperature, pressure).
Example: Enthalpy and entropy are state functions used in calculating energy changes.