FORMS OF COMMUNICATION

Intrapersonal Communication

Interpersonal Communication

NATURE AND PROCESS OF INTRAPERSONAL COMMUNICATION

Intrapersonal communication is communication with oneself. It is an internal dialogue with our self or in
other words, self talk. It implies individual reflection, contemplation, and meditation.

We use intrapersonal communication to plan our lives, rehearse scenarios before we act them out, and
tell ourselves what to do or not do. Some examples of this include asking our self what we want for
dinner tonight or if we should have or shouldn't have done something.

The way we communicate with ourselves greatly affects our self-esteem. A person who tells himself,
"I'm so stupid" when he fails exam will likely have poorer self-esteem than someone who thinks, "I did
really well on the previous four exams. I must have just been having an off day, and I'll do better next
time."

Self-Concept

Self concept is the self perception or view we have of our self. It is the person we think we are, formed
in our beliefs and attitudes. It is influenced by how others see us, how we were in our past, how we are
today, and how we would like to be in the future. It is made of many dimensions:

 Intellectual Self- who we are as a student and a learner; the part of us that acquires and uses
knowledge
 Emotional Self- the part of us that processes feelings
 Physical Self- who we are physically, including the concept of our own body, athletic ability,
gracefulness and coordination, level of attractiveness, physical health, and well being
 Artistic Self- the part of us that is creative or artistic
 Real Self- our "core" self; who we really are
 Perceived Self- who we see our self to be
 Ideal Self- who we want to be now or in the future
 Public Self- the self we freely disclose to others or in public situations
 Private Self- the self we do not share with others; who we are in private
 Professional Self- who we are in our job or profession
 Social Self- who we are when we interact with other individuals, groups, in society, or social
situations
FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE OUR SELF-CONCEPT

 How we perceive that we are seen and treated by others

 Our own expectations and the standards that we set for our self
 How we compare our self to others

BUILDING A POSITIVE SELF-CONCEPT

 Gives us the confidence we need to communicate effectively

 Draws from our strengths
 Knows where we need to improve
 Sets goals for change

Self-fulfilling prophecy is a prediction or expectation of an event that shapes our behavior.

Self-disclosure is the deliberate revelation of significant information about our self that is not readily
apparent to others.

Johari Window
The Johari Window is a four part diagram communicators use to identify what they know about
themselves and others. It is helpful for analyzing and evaluating the effectiveness of your
communication.

NATURE AND PROCESS OF INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION

Interpersonal communication occurs between persons; a dialogue conversation between two or more
people. It permits maximum interaction much words and gestures.
Successful interpersonal communication assumes that both the message senders and the message
receivers will interpret and understand the messages being sent on a level of understood meanings and
implications.
PURPOSES OF INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION

(1) meet social needs,

(2) achieve goals,
(3) develop a sense of self,
(4) acquire information, and
(5) influence others.

ELEMENTS

1. Participants
a. Sender/ Encoder/ Agent/ Addresser: Assumes the roles of forming message and attempting to
communicate with others
b. Receiver/ Decoder/Client/Addressee: Assumes the roles of listening, interpreting, and reacting to the
messages received

2. Messages
A person's verbal statements and nonverbal behaviors that are transmitted during the process of
communication
3. Channels
The routes by which messages travel

4. Context
The setting in which a communication encounter occurs, that could somehow affect interpersonal
communication encounters
a. Physical context,
b. Social context
c. Historical context

d. Psychological context
e. Cultural context

5. Noise/Interference
Any stimulus that interferes with shared meaning
a. Extrinsic Noise e.g. heat, noise
b. Intrinsic Noise e.g. thoughts and feelings

6. Feedback/Response
A receiver's response to a message that indicate to the sender whether or not the message was received
effectively.
 FORMS OF INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION

Direct Interpersonal Interaction vs. Technology-Mediated-Communication

Direct interpersonal communication involves a direct face-to-face relationship between the sender and
receiver of a message, who are in an interdependent relationship. Because of interpersonal
communication's immediacy (it is taking place now) and primacy (it is taking place here), it is
characterized by a strong feedback component.

Mediated interpersonal communication involves technology that assists or links the sender and receiver
of messages. This may involve immediacy (live or so-called real time). It does not involve a primary
context but instead uses technology to link the various parties in communication.
Interpersonal communication can be categorized by the number of participants.
1. Dyadic communication involves two people.
2. Group communication (Small Group) involves three or more persons.
3. Public communication

5 Stages

1. The Initiating Encounter: First impressions are important in this stage.

2. Experimentation: Information is exchanged on a variety of topics.
3. Intensification: If the communication process leads to positive mutual conclusions, then the
relationship is worth pursuing.

4. Integration: This is the stage of intense friendships, close business partnerships, romantic
commitments, and so on.
5. Bonded Relation: This is the final stage, wherein the relationship is sealed (often formally with
contracts or written agreements) and generally is publicized (such as through announcements).

Knapp also outlined a similar "Reverse Pattern" for the unraveling of interpersonal communications.
1. Differentiation: This is the initiating phase but focuses instead on the dissimilarities that people notice
about each other.
2. Limitation: This is where communication plays a central role. Participants in the relationship begin to
minimize their communication and confine it to mainly functional topics.

3. Stagnation: This relationship becomes flat and personally unfulfilling and is continued mainly for
reasons beyond the relationship, such as religious or family obligation, contractual obligation or social
expectation.

4. Avoidance: In this stage, overt unpleasantness is evident. The participants in the interpersonal
communication both avoid each other and express mutual annoyance when they encounter each other.
5. Termination: This is the final stage of breakdown at which the communication is revoked.
INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION SKILLS

1. Communication Competence Skills

This is the ability to communicate in a socially acceptable way.
2. Listening-for-understanding skills
This is the ability to understand the speaker's intended meaning.

3. Emphatic-response Skills
This is the ability to understand and respond to the emotional experiences of another.
4. Disclosure Skills
This is the ability to share ideas and feelings honestly and sensitively.

5. Behavioral Flexibility Skills

This is the ability to analyze a communication situation and adapt your use of various communication
skills to fit the situation.

DYADIC COMMUNICATION

Dyadic communication is used to describe communication between two people. These are categorized
as either formal and informal.
When two people meet and converse, both are expected to share their ideas, common interests, and
feelings. They start by finding a common ground which could stimulate a dyadic encounter, a give-and-
take process.
TELEPHONE CONVERSATIONS

This is an example of a technology-mediated-communication. Most people spend some time in

telephone conversations. For this purpose, telephone manners facilitate the process of building and
maintaining better human relations between friends or business associates.

Telephone Etiquettes

1. Speak clearly.

2. Use your normal tone of voice when answering a call.

3. Do not use slang words or poor language.

4. Address the caller properly by his or her title.

5. Listen to the caller and what they have to say.

6. Be patient and helpful.

7. Always focus on the call.

INTERVIEWS

An interview is an example of a dyadic communication. It is a conversation between two people (the

interviewer and the interviewee) where questions are asked by the interviewer to obtain information
from the interviewee.

Interview questions are set to effect an awareness of the significance of the interview, reflect certain
general or specific attitudes, acquire relevant information, share feelings, and create some lasting
Impressions.

Types of Interview Questions

1. Open, non-restricted question

Example: Tell me about yourself.

2. Closed, restricted question

Example: What program are you taking up?

3. Prejudiced question

Example: Have you improved your oral communication skills?

4. Probe question

Example: What did you mean when you said you can't take it anymore?

GROUP COMMUNICATION

Group communication (Small Group) involves three or more persons. Small group communication refers
to communication among three or more people who interact verbally and nonverbal, perform certain
informal roles with respect to one another, feel a sense of belonging and collaborate to achieve a
desired goal.

Group communication channels

1. In-person meetings
2. Digital messages
3. Conference calls
4. Memos
Benefits of group communication:

 Providing a way for group members to generate ideas and solutions.

 Encouraging members to make decisions as a group.
 Creating a way for the team to build connection.
 Establishing mutual respect and understanding among group members.

PUBLIC COMMUNICATION

Public Communication is often thought of as public relations or mass communications. It is the process
of speaking to a group of people in a structured, deliberate männer intended to inform, influence, or
entertain the listeners. Public communication is both an art and a skill.

This type of communication is used by politicians, to get elected; advocates, to promote social causes;
studios to promote their films; and businesses, to burnish their image. Public communication is built on
ideas and images, persuasion and information, strategy and tactics.

General Purposes of Public Communication

1. To educate

2. To entertai

3. To persuade

4. To influence

Methods of Delivery

The same as with dyadic communication, public communication can also be conducted through direct
interpersonal interaction or through technology-mediated-communication.

Some forms of technology-mediated public communication are:

1. Television and Radio Broadcasting

2. Internet Social Sites

3. Multi-way Telephone Brigading

Things to know before writing the speech:

1. Topic 4. Audience’s expectations

2. Occasion 5. Setting

3. Audience 6. Goal